State v. Luzietti

646 A.2d 85, 230 Conn. 427, 1994 Conn. LEXIS 248

• Court: Supreme Court of Connecticut
• Decided: August 2, 1994
• Docket: 14828
• Status: Published

Opinions

Norcott, J.

The dispositive issue in this certified appeal is whether the trial court had jurisdiction to grant the defendant’s motion for judgment of acquittal six weeks after the defendant had begun serving his sentence. We conclude that the trial court had no such jurisdiction and that it, therefore, improperly granted the defendant’s motion for judgment of acquittal. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the Appellate Court, which reversed the trial court’s judgment of acquittal and remanded the case with direction to reinstate the judgment of conviction.

The relevant procedural facts are undisputed. On March 31, 1992, the defendant, Dennis Luzietti, was convicted, after a jury trial, of reckless driving in violation of General Statutes § 14-222,¹ and operating a motor vehicle while his license was under suspension in violation of General Statutes § 14-215 (c).² The trial court sentenced the defendant as follows: (1) on the charge of operating a motor vehicle while his license was under suspension, one year imprisonment, execution suspended after nine months, two years probation, 200 hours of community service and a $750 fine; and (2) on the charge of reckless driving, thirty days imprisonment, one year probation and a $300 fine. The second sentence was to run consecutive to the first, resulting in a total effective sentence of one year and thirty days imprisonment, execution suspended after ten months, two years probation, 200 hours of community service and $1050 in fines.

The execution of the defendant’s sentence was stayed pending the trial court’s disposition of the defendant’s posttrial motions, including a motion for judgment of acquittal that the court denied on April 7, 1992. Thereafter, the defendant was committed to the custody of the department of correction by way of a judgment mittimus dated April 7, 1992, and he began serving his sentence.

On May 19, 1992, the defendant filed a motion to reargue the motion for judgment of acquittal that previously had been denied. The trial court granted rear-gument and held a hearing on May 22, 1992. The defendant argued, on the basis of a case that he had recently discovered, that there had been insufficient evidence before the jury to support its verdict on the count of operating a motor vehicle while his license was under suspension.³ The state opposed the motion, claiming that the trial court did not have jurisdiction to vacate the judgment of conviction because the defendant had already begun serving his sentence. The trial court granted the defendant’s motion, concluding that it had jurisdiction and that the defendant had been convicted on insufficient evidence.

Pursuant to General Statutes § 54-96,⁴ the state appealed to the Appellate Court, contesting both the trial court’s jurisdiction to grant the motion and its decision on the merits. The Appellate Court reversed the trial court’s judgment concluding: “The trial court’s granting of the defendant’s motion [for judgment] of acquittal after the start of his sentence violated the common law rule that a court is without jurisdiction to modify its judgment in the absence of appropriate enabling legislation.” State v. Luzietti, 32 Conn. App. 1, 5, 628 A.2d 8 (1993). Because this conclusion disposed of the case, the court did not reach the state’s claim that there was sufficient evidence to support the jury verdict. Id., 5-6.

We granted the defendant’s petition for certification, pursuant to General Statutes § 51-197f, limited to the following question: “Does the trial court have jurisdiction to reconsider the defendant’s motion for judgment of acquittal after the defendant had begun serving his sentence?” State v. Luzietti, 227 Conn. 919, 632 A.2d 697 (1993). We now affirm the judgment of the Appellate Court.

We first consider the defendant’s claim that the inherent power of a trial court over its judgments conferred jurisdiction on the trial court to grant his judgment of acquittal six weeks after he had begun serving his sentence. The defendant relies on State v. Avcollie, 178 Conn. 450, 455, 423 A.2d 118, cert. denied, 444 U.S. 1015, 100 S. Ct. 667, 62 L. Ed. 2d 645 (1979), in which we held that a trial court has the inherent authority to set aside an unreasonable jury verdict as part of its supervisory power. Id. The state contends to the contrary that a trial court’s inherent authority over its criminal judgments ends when the defendant begins serving the sentence. Notwithstanding the trial court’s authority to set aside a jury verdict before rendering judgment in a criminal case, we conclude that once judgment has been rendered and the defendant has begun serving the sentence imposed, the trial court lacks jurisdiction to modify its judgment in the absence of a legislative or constitutional grant of continuing jurisdiction.

The Superior Court is a constitutional⁵ court of general jurisdiction. State v. Carey, 222 Conn. 299, 305-306, 610 A.2d 1147 (1992). In the absence of statutory or constitutional provisions, the limits of its jurisdiction are delineated by the common law. Cichy v. Kostyk, 143 Conn. 688, 690, 125 A.2d 483 (1956). It is well established that under the common law a trial court has the discretionary power to modify or vacate a criminal judgment before the sentence has been executed. State v. Walzer, 208 Conn. 420, 426-28, 545 A.2d 559 (1988); State v. Nardini, 187 Conn. 109, 123, 445 A.2d 304 (1982); State v. Pallotti, 119 Conn. 70, 74, 174 A. 74 (1934); State v. Vaughan, 71 Conn. 457, 460-61, 42 A. 640 (1899).⁶ This is so because the court loses jurisdiction over the case when the defendant is committed to the custody of the commissioner of correction and begins serving the sentence. State v. Walzer, supra, 427.

Applying these principles to the present case, we conclude that the trial court lacked jurisdiction to grant the defendant’s motion for judgment of acquittal on May 22, 1992, six weeks after he had begun serving his sentence. The trial court heard and denied all of the defendant’s posttrial motions on April 7, 1992. A judgment mittimus was issued immediately and custody of the defendant was transferred thereby to the department of correction. At that time, the court lost jurisdiction over the case and, in the absence of a statutory grant of jurisdiction, it had no power to set aside the conviction.

We next consider the defendant’s claim that General Statutes § 53a-39⁷ conferred continuing jurisdiction on the trial court to grant the motion for judgment of acquittal six weeks after he had begun serving his sentence. He argues that § 53a-39 manifests a legislative intent that trial courts retain continuing jurisdiction to set aside their judgments when the sentence imposed is for less than three years. Specifically, the defendant contends that because the statute allows the sentencing judge to reduce the sentence to time served and “discharge” the defendant, the trial court’s action in this case served “to effectuate the intent of the legislature.” In response, the state argues that although § 53a-39 grants continuing jurisdiction to modify or reduce the sentence resulting in the defendant’s discharge, the plain language of the statute applies only to the sentence and does not authorize the trial court to change the underlying judgment of conviction. We agree with the state and accordingly decline to adopt the defendant’s unduly broad reading of § 53a-39.

“The objective of statutory construction is to give effect to the intended purpose of the legislature. State v. Delafose, 185 Conn. 517, 521, 441 A.2d 158 (1981). It is axiomatic that, where the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, construction of the statute by reference to its history and purpose is unnecessary. Winslow v. Lewis-Shepard, Inc., 216 Conn. 533, 538, 582 A.2d 1184 (1990).” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Forsyth v. Rowe, 226 Conn. 818, 828, 629 A.2d 379 (1993). Furthermore, “[n]o statute is to be construed as altering the common law, farther than its words import [and ... a statute] is not to be construed as making any innovation upon the common law which it does not fairly express.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) State v. Sanchez, 204 Conn. 472, 479, 528 A.2d 373 (1987).

The plain language of § 53a-39 allows the sentencing court or judge to “reduce the sentence, order the defendant discharged, or order the defendant discharged on probation or conditional discharge . . . The statute refers only to the reduction of the term of imprisonment of the defendant. It does not refer to the underlying judgment of conviction. The defendant’s broad reading would alter the common law rule that a trial court may not vacate a criminal judgment after the sentence has been executed. Moreover, such a construction would go beyond the words of the statute in contravention of well established rules of statutory construction. Accordingly, we conclude that § 53a-39 did not confer continuing jurisdiction on the trial court to entertain the defendant’s motion for judgment of acquittal.

The defendant finally claims that a rule of continuing jurisdiction is necessary in this case in order to avoid an injustice, namely, his conviction on insufficient evidence. Implicit in the defendant’s argument is the premise that without this rule he would be left without a remedy. Even if it is assumed for the sake of argument that the case discovered by the defendant subsequent to trial would have rendered the jury verdict without a valid foundation, the defendant’s claim lacks merit because he has alternative remedies.

For example, General Statutes § 52-270 (a)⁸ authorizes the Superior Court to grant a new trial upon petition by the defendant showing “reasonable cause.”⁹ A meritorious claim that a verdict is against the evidence may constitute reasonable cause for the grant of a new trial. Jenkins v. Bishop Apartments, Inc., 144 Conn. 389, 391, 132 A.2d 573 (1957); Bissell v. Dickerson, 64 Conn. 61, 66, 29 A. 226 (1894). A petition for a new trial must be “brought but within three years next after the rendition of the judgment or decree complained of.” General Statutes § 52-582. The judgment of the court in this case was rendered on March 31, 1992. The defendant thus has until March 31, 1995, to file a petition for new trial on the basis that the jury verdict was unreasonable in light of the evidence presented at trial. Any claimed injustice could be avoided thereby. Accordingly, we conclude that the defendant’s claim that continuing jurisdiction is necessary in this case in order to avoid an injustice is meritless.

The judgment of the Appellate Court is affirmed.

In this opinion Peters, C. J., and Borden, J., concurred.

1 General Statutes § 14-222 provides: “reckless driving, (a) No person shall operate any motor vehicle upon any public highway of the state, or any road of any specially chartered municipal association or of any district organized under the provisions of chapter 105, a purpose of which is the construction and maintenance of roads and sidewalks, or in any parking area for ten cars or more or upon any private road on which a speed limit has been established in accordance with the provisions of section 14-218a or upon any school property recklessly, having regard to the width, traffic and use of such highway, road, school property or parking area, the intersection of streets and the weather conditions. The operation of a motor vehicle upon any such highway, road or parking area for ten cars or more at such a rate of speed as to endanger the life of any person other than the operator of such motor vehicle, or the operation, downgrade, upon any highway, of any motor vehicle with a commercial registration with the clutch or gears disengaged, or the operation knowingly of a motor vehicle with defective mechanism, shall constitute a violation of the provisions of this section. The operation of a motor vehicle upon any such highway, road or parking area for ten cars or more at a rate of speed greater than eighty-five miles per hour shall constitute a violation of the provisions of this section.

“(b) Any person who violates any provision of this section shall be fined not less than one hundred dollars nor more than three hundred dollars or imprisoned not more than thirty days or be both fined and imprisoned for the first offense and for each subsequent offense shall be fined not more than six hundred dollars or imprisoned not more than one year or be both fined and imprisoned.”

2 General Statutes § 14-215 (c) provides: “Any person who operates any motor vehicle during the period his operator’s license or right to operate a motor vehicle in this state is under suspension or revocation on account of a violation of subsection (a) of section 14-227a or section 53a-56b or 53a-60d or pursuant to section 14-227b, shall be fined not less than five hundred dollars nor more than one thousand dollars and imprisoned not more than one year, thirty consecutive days of which may not be suspended or reduced in any manner.”

3 Relying on State v. Haight, 2 Conn. Cir. Ct. 79, 194 A.2d 718 (1963), the defendant argued that in order to violate General Statutes § 14-215 (c) one must have operated a motor vehicle on a “public highway.” The defendant then claimed that the evidence presented at trial showed that he had driven in a privately owned parking lot and not on a public highway.

4 General Statutes § 54-96 provides: “appeals by state prom superior court in criminal cases. Appeals from the rulings and decisions of the superior court, upon all questions of law arising on the trial of criminal cases, may be taken by the state, with the permission of the presiding judge, to the supreme court or to the appellate court, in the same manner and to the same effect as if made by the accused.”

5 The constitution of Connecticut, article fifth, § 1, provides: “The judicial power of the state shall be vested in a supreme court, a superior court, and such lower courts as the general assembly shall, from time to time, ordain and establish. The power and jurisdiction of these courts shall be defined by law.”

6 At common law, the trial court’s jurisdiction to modify or vacate a criminal judgment was also limited to the “term” in which it had been rendered. State v. Pallotti, supra, 119 Conn. 74. Since our trial courts no longer sit in “terms,” that particular common law limitation no longer has vitality in this state.

7 General Statutes § 53a-39 provides: “reduction op definite sentence OP THREE YEARS OR LESS. DISCHARGE OP DEFENDANT. At any time during the period of a definite sentence of three years or less, the sentencing court or judge may, after hearing and for good cause shown, reduce the sentence, order the defendant discharged, or order the defendant discharged on probation or conditional discharge for a period not to exceed that to which he could have been originally sentenced.”

8 General Statutes § 52-270 provides in relevant part: “causes for which new trials may be granted, (a) The superior court may grant a new trial of any action that may come before it, for mispleading, the discovery of new evidence or want of actual notice of the action to any defendant or of a reasonable opportunity to appear and defend, when a just defense in whole or part existed, or the want of actual notice to any plaintiff of the entry of a nonsuit for failure to appear at trial or dismissal for failure to prosecute with reasonable diligence, or for other reasonable cause, according to the usual rules in such cases. The judges of the superior court may in addition provide by rule for the granting of new trials upon prompt request in cases where the parties or their counsel have not adequately protected their rights during the original trial of an action.”

9 The defendant also had, and still has, a variety of other possible remedies, including but not limited to: (1) filing an appeal under Practice Book § 4009; (2) requesting permission to file a late appeal under Practice Book § 4183; and (3) filing a writ of habeas corpus. See Summerville v. Warden, 229 Conn. 397, 422, 641 A.2d 1356 (1994).