The opinion of the Court w&s delivered by
Mr. Chief Justice Pope.
The defendant, Gus Lee, wias tried in May, 1907, before the Court of General Sessions for Chester Counity, on the charge of mlurder and sentenced to be hanged.
Tine defendant appealed from the sentence and it remains for this Court to pass upon the appeal.
The record does not contain the testimony in this case, but by agreement of counsel the testimony was to the following effect: “Admitted the killing and attempted to show: that the deceased was trying to shoot the defendant when he fired the fatal shot, and relying on evidence introduced by him to bring out his pleia of scif-d'efense, there was testimony introduced for and against the contention that there was an altercation between the two men just prior to, 'and also- at the time that the fatal shot wias fired, and overt acts committed by the deceased which, if believed by the jury, might ‘have been sufficient to have made out the defendant’s plea or to have reduced! the crime to manslaughter.”
Judge Danfzler defined the crime of murder and he also defined the crime of manslaughter and very fully defined what was meant by the law of self-defense. There was no application to' the judge to .amplify the charge of manslaughter.
“Homlicide, Mr. Foreman and gentlemen, is the killing of any humlan being. Homicide may be felonious, may be justifiable, may- be excusable. Murder is Mbnious homicide, so is manslaughter; both of them are felonies. Murder
being a capital felony and miansl'arrghter not being a capital felony; the difference between the two-. But whenever one kills another unlawfully it is either murder oir 'manslaughter, depending, of course, upon the presence or the absence oif the ingredient of malice. If one kills another unlawfully and does it maliciously, with malice, ithat is murder; if he kills another unlawfully without mall’ice, that is manslaughter. Now you have the distinction clearly defined between mlurder and manslaughter. Malice is a tenm imposing ¡wickedness, and excluding a just or legal cause of excuse.. It is expressed where there is positive, direct evidence showing that at the time of the killing it was really entertained; and if is implied a-s* where the 'evidence do;es not directly- show that the malice was entertained at that time, but it is necessarily -indirectly implied from the circumstances and facts which have been proved.
“If you find the defendant is guilty on the first count, but desire to recommend him' to the mlercy of the Court, and you find him guilty on the second count write ‘We find the defendant guilty on the first count with recommendation to the mercy of the 'Court, guilty on the second count.’ ”
The 'Circuit Judge laid' great stress upon the absence of malice but described self-defense as follows': “Self-defense is an affirmative defense, and he who would interpose it as a plea must establish it ¡by the greater weight of the evidence to the satisfaction! of the jury, and there are three elements concurring to make out self-defense: First, the accused must not have been at fault about bringing about the difficulty which resulted in the death o-f another. He must not be at fault, because nobody is allowed, under the law, to make a necessity and then avail himself of the necessity of which he alone is responsible; that -would' not do. Second, he must have actually believed -at the time oif the killing ithat he was in such immediate danger of losing his own life, or of sustaining serious bodily harm, that it was necessary for him for his own protection to take the life oif 'his assailant. Third, that the 'circumstances in which the accused was placed were such
as would, in the opinion of the jury, justify such a belief in the mind of a person possessed of ordinary reason and firmness. We wall see, therefore, Mr. Foreman and gentlemen, that self-defense rests- upon the laws and rute of necessity.
“Years -ago-, in ancient times, before the modern firearms were invented, the laiwi said a man mulct retreat to the wall before he-could plead necessity; that was -because mm fought then with swords, the combat -was hand to hand; and while the same rule of necessity prevails and is observed -today and is required -to be observed in these modem times under the law, yet tine application of the rule has been -modified by the fact that modem firearm© have -been invented -and the law does not require a man to retreat when by retreating he endangers his safety. No man is required to -do that. The law -does not say 'that -there must be no possible mleans of escape, — not at all, — but there must be no probable means of escape. Now, Mr. Foreman and gentlemen, the law! requires one interposing such an- affirmative defense a© self-defense to establish it by 'the greater -weiglht of the evidence to the satis faction of the jury, yet if 'he should interpose such a defense and fail in it, — fail! -to establish it toi the satisfaction of the jury, by the greater weight of the evidence should fail to'db that — yet,if the jury entertain© a reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the accused, they must acquit -him, even though the accused shall fail to' 'establish the plea- of self-defense, if one is interposed, by the preponderance of the evidence.
“So jealous is the law in regard to the liberty and rights of the peopll'e charged with crime that they are presumed to be innocent until they are proved- to' be guilty -beyond all reasonable doubt. 'And if one interposes- a plea of self-defense, should the jury, from the consideration of the -testimony, entertain a reasonable doubt -as to whether or not that plea had been established by the greater weight of the evidence, then the defendant would be entitled to an acquittal, a reasonable doubt.”
The judge goes forward in his charge to explain what is meant by a reasonable doubt in a very lucid mlanner.
Thus it will be seen that the Circuit Judge, -with great -care, has defined “murder,” “manslaughter,” -and “self-defense” so much- so that no request to change, modify or amplify his description of these offenses was- m-ade.
Under such -circumstances we fail to see how the jury could have erred respecting the guilt of the accused; hence .the presiding judge was not in -error as selt out -in Exceptions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, which- are as fallows:
1. “Because the error of law Jn- faffing to charge the jury that manslaughter i-s the unlawful killing o-f another without ma-li-ce -expressed or implied, and' -that the malice must he proved by the State beyond all reasonable doubt, there being no charge in respect t-o the duty of the State to prove the material -elements of the offense, as -charged in the indictment, beyond all! reasonable doubt, in connection with the definition given b-y ’his Honor of murder or manslaughter, o-r anywhere else in -the charge.
2.
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The opinion of the Court w&s delivered by
Mr. Chief Justice Pope.
The defendant, Gus Lee, wias tried in May, 1907, before the Court of General Sessions for Chester Counity, on the charge of mlurder and sentenced to be hanged.
Tine defendant appealed from the sentence and it remains for this Court to pass upon the appeal.
The record does not contain the testimony in this case, but by agreement of counsel the testimony was to the following effect: “Admitted the killing and attempted to show: that the deceased was trying to shoot the defendant when he fired the fatal shot, and relying on evidence introduced by him to bring out his pleia of scif-d'efense, there was testimony introduced for and against the contention that there was an altercation between the two men just prior to, 'and also- at the time that the fatal shot wias fired, and overt acts committed by the deceased which, if believed by the jury, might ‘have been sufficient to have made out the defendant’s plea or to have reduced! the crime to manslaughter.”
Judge Danfzler defined the crime of murder and he also defined the crime of manslaughter and very fully defined what was meant by the law of self-defense. There was no application to' the judge to .amplify the charge of manslaughter.
“Homlicide, Mr. Foreman and gentlemen, is the killing of any humlan being. Homicide may be felonious, may be justifiable, may- be excusable. Murder is Mbnious homicide, so is manslaughter; both of them are felonies. Murder
being a capital felony and miansl'arrghter not being a capital felony; the difference between the two-. But whenever one kills another unlawfully it is either murder oir 'manslaughter, depending, of course, upon the presence or the absence oif the ingredient of malice. If one kills another unlawfully and does it maliciously, with malice, ithat is murder; if he kills another unlawfully without mall’ice, that is manslaughter. Now you have the distinction clearly defined between mlurder and manslaughter. Malice is a tenm imposing ¡wickedness, and excluding a just or legal cause of excuse.. It is expressed where there is positive, direct evidence showing that at the time of the killing it was really entertained; and if is implied a-s* where the 'evidence do;es not directly- show that the malice was entertained at that time, but it is necessarily -indirectly implied from the circumstances and facts which have been proved.
“If you find the defendant is guilty on the first count, but desire to recommend him' to the mlercy of the Court, and you find him guilty on the second count write ‘We find the defendant guilty on the first count with recommendation to the mercy of the 'Court, guilty on the second count.’ ”
The 'Circuit Judge laid' great stress upon the absence of malice but described self-defense as follows': “Self-defense is an affirmative defense, and he who would interpose it as a plea must establish it ¡by the greater weight of the evidence to the satisfaction! of the jury, and there are three elements concurring to make out self-defense: First, the accused must not have been at fault about bringing about the difficulty which resulted in the death o-f another. He must not be at fault, because nobody is allowed, under the law, to make a necessity and then avail himself of the necessity of which he alone is responsible; that -would' not do. Second, he must have actually believed -at the time oif the killing ithat he was in such immediate danger of losing his own life, or of sustaining serious bodily harm, that it was necessary for him for his own protection to take the life oif 'his assailant. Third, that the 'circumstances in which the accused was placed were such
as would, in the opinion of the jury, justify such a belief in the mind of a person possessed of ordinary reason and firmness. We wall see, therefore, Mr. Foreman and gentlemen, that self-defense rests- upon the laws and rute of necessity.
“Years -ago-, in ancient times, before the modern firearms were invented, the laiwi said a man mulct retreat to the wall before he-could plead necessity; that was -because mm fought then with swords, the combat -was hand to hand; and while the same rule of necessity prevails and is observed -today and is required -to be observed in these modem times under the law, yet tine application of the rule has been -modified by the fact that modem firearm© have -been invented -and the law does not require a man to retreat when by retreating he endangers his safety. No man is required to -do that. The law -does not say 'that -there must be no possible mleans of escape, — not at all, — but there must be no probable means of escape. Now, Mr. Foreman and gentlemen, the law! requires one interposing such an- affirmative defense a© self-defense to establish it by 'the greater -weiglht of the evidence to the satis faction of the jury, yet if 'he should interpose such a defense and fail in it, — fail! -to establish it toi the satisfaction of the jury, by the greater weight of the evidence should fail to'db that — yet,if the jury entertain© a reasonable doubt as to the guilt of the accused, they must acquit -him, even though the accused shall fail to' 'establish the plea- of self-defense, if one is interposed, by the preponderance of the evidence.
“So jealous is the law in regard to the liberty and rights of the peopll'e charged with crime that they are presumed to be innocent until they are proved- to' be guilty -beyond all reasonable doubt. 'And if one interposes- a plea of self-defense, should the jury, from the consideration of the -testimony, entertain a reasonable doubt -as to whether or not that plea had been established by the greater weight of the evidence, then the defendant would be entitled to an acquittal, a reasonable doubt.”
The judge goes forward in his charge to explain what is meant by a reasonable doubt in a very lucid mlanner.
Thus it will be seen that the Circuit Judge, -with great -care, has defined “murder,” “manslaughter,” -and “self-defense” so much- so that no request to change, modify or amplify his description of these offenses was- m-ade.
Under such -circumstances we fail to see how the jury could have erred respecting the guilt of the accused; hence .the presiding judge was not in -error as selt out -in Exceptions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8, which- are as fallows:
1. “Because the error of law Jn- faffing to charge the jury that manslaughter i-s the unlawful killing o-f another without ma-li-ce -expressed or implied, and' -that the malice must he proved by the State beyond all reasonable doubt, there being no charge in respect t-o the duty of the State to prove the material -elements of the offense, as -charged in the indictment, beyond all! reasonable doubt, in connection with the definition given b-y ’his Honor of murder or manslaughter, o-r anywhere else in -the charge.
2. “Because of error of law in defining manslaughter, and limiting it simply to- the -defense o-f mlurder with the element of malice left out; whereas manslaughter is -the taking of the life of -another in s-udden healt and passion upon sufficient legal provocation, without premeditation or malice, and nowhere in his Honor’s charge was the jury instructed to consider the element -o-f sudden heat and passion, upon sufficient legal provocation as cir-oumlstances going to show a lade of malice or -premeditation-.
3. “Because o-f -error of law in failing to- differentiate between- murder and manslaughter, not only u-pon tire presence or absence o-f the ingredient of malice, but also- upon whether -the killing was under sudden heat and passi-oo, up-on sufficient legal provocation which would destroy any implication -o-f malice and reduice the killing to man-slaughter, or whether the killing was from a certain- deliberate purpose from which rnaiioe -could be implied'. And the jury was given no test, no standard, no criterion -by which they could determine the presence or absence of infa-lice, and thereby determine whether the -offense was murder or manslaughter,
and in 'case of doubt as between the two' offenses to' give the defendant the benefit of the doubt and find the 'lesser offense.
4. “Because of error of lawi in not charging the jury that implied malice must be established beyond all reasonable doubt from the facts and circumstances, and 'that where the billing was the result of a sudden heat and .passion.' on sufficient legal provocation there could' be no malice, either expressed or implied, and the offense, if. any, -would be manslaughter and not murder.
5. “Because of error of lawi in failing to differentiate between murder and manslaughter, and leaving it to tíre jury to decide which the offense was, both as to matters of law and fa'ct, and the jury, under the charge given, bad nio test and no .alternative but to find a verdict of murder or not guilty, and this error was not cured later in the charge by stating the different forms of the verdict, for the jury were given no instruction as to the effect of sudden beat and passion upon sufficient legal provocation, and no test to direct it as to what conclusion to reach.
6. “Because of error of law in failing to charge the jury the effect of a recommiendation to mercy by its verdict upon the Court, in the event of a verdict of guilty of murder which would reduce the punishment to life imprisonment, thus depriving the defendant of the benefit of his rights to have 'the jury know their power to fix the penalty as between death .and life imprisonment.
7. “Because of error of law in failing to charge the jury as to the difference in punishment between murder, manslaughter, and murder with recommendation to mercy — thus depriving the defendant of his right to be tried by a jury who knew that they had the right by law to decide upon tire extent of the punishment between life and death.
8. “Because of error of law in not fully declaring the law, as above stated,to the jury, but leaving them uninformed and unenlightened as to the effect of sudden heat amid passion, upon sufficient legal provocation, in reducing the offense to manslaughter, and manslaughter under the law of recoin
miendation to miercy of the Court, in a case of a verdict of murder; and as to tire necessity of the State proving each and every materiall element of the offense, as charged in the indictment, beyond all reasonable doubt, thus, confusing and misleading the jury as to their duty and powers; there being no presumption that the jury wiere learned in the law, or knew these propositions of law. All of which the defendant was entitled to the benefit of in his Honor’s charge to the jury.”
We affirm: the judgment of the Circuit Court, and the cast is remanded to that Court for 'the purpose of -having a new day assigned for carrying into execution the sentence of the Court.