ZIMMERMAN, Justice:
Defendant James Lamper was convicted of sodomy on a child, a first degree felony, and sexual abuse of a child, a second degree felony. Utah Code Ann. §§ 76-5-403.1, 76-5-404.1 (Supp.1989). He was sentenced to a minimum mandatory term of ten years on the first count and a concurrent term of one to fifteen years on the second. Lamper appeals on two grounds. First, he claims that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence a videotaped interview of the child victim without first making specific findings regarding the reliability and trustworthiness of the child’s out-of-court statements, as required by section 76-5-411 of the Code and State v. Nelson, 725 P.2d 1353, 1356 n. 3 (Utah 1986). Second, Lamper argues that if the videotaped interview is excluded from evidence, what remains is insufficient to support a conviction. We agree with Lamper’s first contention but conclude that the error was harmless. His convictions are affirmed.
On February 15, 1986, James Lamper took care of his three-year-old niece, the alleged victim, and her two-year-old brother while their mother, Lamper’s sister, sought medical care at a local hospital. During the afternoon, the three-year-old girl’s babysitter, LaRue, LaRue’s mother and brother, and LaRue’s friend, Tina, picked up the three-year-old to spend the night at Tina’s house, as prearranged. Some two hours later, the three-year-old told LaRue and Tina that her “peepee” hurt and that “Jim” had “put his finger in her peepee and his tail in her bum.” In response to questions from the two girls, the victim said that “Jim” was “Jim Lamper.” La-Rue and Tina inspected the victim’s vaginal area and found that it was red and that “white stuff” was coming out of the vaginal orifice.
The following morning, LaRue telephoned her mother and told her what the three-year-old had said. LaRue’s mother had her call an older sister, who picked the three girls up and took them to her home. From there, LaRue called the police. Officers took the three-year-old to Tooele Valley Hospital, where she was examined by Dr. Nichol, an emergency room physician, at approximately 2:00 p.m. on February 16th, some twenty hours after the first allegations of abuse. Dr. Nichol found the introitus and the perianal areas to be red and sore and also found the muscle tone of the anus to be diminished. On the basis of these findings, he concluded that she had suffered some form of abuse. A second exam, conducted four days later at the request of the police department, revealed no signs of abuse.
On February 19, 1986, Nancy Fieldman, a social worker from the Division of Family Services, took the victim to the Tooele Police Department for an interview. That interview was videotaped. During the interview, the three-year-old told Fieldman, Sergeant Sutherland, and Lieutenant Scharmann essentially the same story she had told the babysitter: to wit, Lamper “had stuck his tail in [her] bum and his finger in [her] peepee.” Later that day, Fieldman met with the victim and the victim’s mother and father. During that meeting, the girl told essentially the same story. Charges were then filed against Lamper.
[1127]*1127In June of 1986, the prosecutor made a pretrial motion to have the videotape ruled admissible under section 77-85-15.5(1) of the Code.1 Judge Rokich was sitting in Tooele at the time. A hearing was held over parts of two days during which the judge viewed the videotape and heard testimony from four witnesses, including Detective Sutherland and Ms. Fieldman, both of whom had been present at the interview. Defense counsel cross-examined some of the witnesses at this hearing. Judge Ro-kich then entered a minute order holding the tape admissible.
In January of 1987, when the case came on for trial, Judge Baldwin was sitting in Tooele. Lamper’s counsel made a motion to have Judge Baldwin consider anew the admissibility of the videotape. Counsel contended that under our decision in State v. Nelson, 725 P.2d 1358 (Utah 1986), handed down in September of 1986, two months after Judge Rokich’s initial ruling, the admissibility of any out-of-court statements by child victims of sexual abuse must be determined under section 76-5-4112 and that in making such a determination, the trial court must enter findings and conclusions explaining in detail its analysis of the reliability and trustworthiness of the statements. Since Judge Rokich analyzed the admissibility of the videotape only under section 77-35-15.5, defense counsel contended that Nelson had not been satisfied and the issue should be revisited. Judge Baldwin reviewed the record and heard from counsel on the issue, ultimately concluding that he was bound by Judge Ro-kich’s earlier ruling because it was the law of the case.
At trial, the victim testified. Her testimony was confused. She seemed to acknowledge that someone named Paul [1128]*1128Tassehous had sexually abused her, but she denied that this person was Lamper, and she specifically denied telling anyone that Lamper had abused her.3 The videotape was then shown to the jury. In this videotape, the alleged victim testified to sexual abuse by Lamper in terms consistent with the statements made to the babysitter and her friend.4 The babysitter, La-Rue, her friend, Tina, Sergeant Sutherland, and Nancy Fieldman all testified to their observations and to the statements made to them by the victim. The two doctors who examined the girl also testified to the results of those examinations.
Lamper took the stand and denied the abuse. His defense focused on the testimony of the second doctor, who found no indication of abuse four days after the reported incident, and on testimony by a clinical psychologist specializing in sex abuse treatment that Lamper “is not an incest offender as far as his psychological and test patterns suggest.”5 The jury found him guilty on both counts. He was sentenced to a minimum mandatory term of ten years on one count and a concurrent term of one to fifteen years on the second.
On appeal, Lamper’s first argument is that the trial court erred when it admitted the victim's videotaped interview into evidence without first making the determination required by section 76-5-411(2) that “the interest of justice will best be served by the admission” of the out-of-court statements and without making the detailed findings and conclusions in support of that conclusion, as required by State v. Nelson. His second claim is that absent the videotape testimony, the evidence was insufficient to convict him. Although we find the judge erred in not making the findings required under section 76-5-411(2) of the Code and Nelson, we conclude the error was harmless.
We think the critical issue here is properly framed in a slightly different fashion than Lamper has put it. It is true that Judge Baldwin declined to consider the admissibility of the videotape under 76-5-411 and that he declined to make the findings required by Nelson. However, this decision was not based on his conclusion that Nelson or section 76-5-411 did not apply; rather, he thought that Judge Rokich’s earlier ruling on the admissibility of the videotape was the law of the case and that he was precluded from reconsidering it. Judge Baldwin acknowledged that he thought the requirements of Nelson
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ZIMMERMAN, Justice:
Defendant James Lamper was convicted of sodomy on a child, a first degree felony, and sexual abuse of a child, a second degree felony. Utah Code Ann. §§ 76-5-403.1, 76-5-404.1 (Supp.1989). He was sentenced to a minimum mandatory term of ten years on the first count and a concurrent term of one to fifteen years on the second. Lamper appeals on two grounds. First, he claims that the trial court erred in admitting into evidence a videotaped interview of the child victim without first making specific findings regarding the reliability and trustworthiness of the child’s out-of-court statements, as required by section 76-5-411 of the Code and State v. Nelson, 725 P.2d 1353, 1356 n. 3 (Utah 1986). Second, Lamper argues that if the videotaped interview is excluded from evidence, what remains is insufficient to support a conviction. We agree with Lamper’s first contention but conclude that the error was harmless. His convictions are affirmed.
On February 15, 1986, James Lamper took care of his three-year-old niece, the alleged victim, and her two-year-old brother while their mother, Lamper’s sister, sought medical care at a local hospital. During the afternoon, the three-year-old girl’s babysitter, LaRue, LaRue’s mother and brother, and LaRue’s friend, Tina, picked up the three-year-old to spend the night at Tina’s house, as prearranged. Some two hours later, the three-year-old told LaRue and Tina that her “peepee” hurt and that “Jim” had “put his finger in her peepee and his tail in her bum.” In response to questions from the two girls, the victim said that “Jim” was “Jim Lamper.” La-Rue and Tina inspected the victim’s vaginal area and found that it was red and that “white stuff” was coming out of the vaginal orifice.
The following morning, LaRue telephoned her mother and told her what the three-year-old had said. LaRue’s mother had her call an older sister, who picked the three girls up and took them to her home. From there, LaRue called the police. Officers took the three-year-old to Tooele Valley Hospital, where she was examined by Dr. Nichol, an emergency room physician, at approximately 2:00 p.m. on February 16th, some twenty hours after the first allegations of abuse. Dr. Nichol found the introitus and the perianal areas to be red and sore and also found the muscle tone of the anus to be diminished. On the basis of these findings, he concluded that she had suffered some form of abuse. A second exam, conducted four days later at the request of the police department, revealed no signs of abuse.
On February 19, 1986, Nancy Fieldman, a social worker from the Division of Family Services, took the victim to the Tooele Police Department for an interview. That interview was videotaped. During the interview, the three-year-old told Fieldman, Sergeant Sutherland, and Lieutenant Scharmann essentially the same story she had told the babysitter: to wit, Lamper “had stuck his tail in [her] bum and his finger in [her] peepee.” Later that day, Fieldman met with the victim and the victim’s mother and father. During that meeting, the girl told essentially the same story. Charges were then filed against Lamper.
[1127]*1127In June of 1986, the prosecutor made a pretrial motion to have the videotape ruled admissible under section 77-85-15.5(1) of the Code.1 Judge Rokich was sitting in Tooele at the time. A hearing was held over parts of two days during which the judge viewed the videotape and heard testimony from four witnesses, including Detective Sutherland and Ms. Fieldman, both of whom had been present at the interview. Defense counsel cross-examined some of the witnesses at this hearing. Judge Ro-kich then entered a minute order holding the tape admissible.
In January of 1987, when the case came on for trial, Judge Baldwin was sitting in Tooele. Lamper’s counsel made a motion to have Judge Baldwin consider anew the admissibility of the videotape. Counsel contended that under our decision in State v. Nelson, 725 P.2d 1358 (Utah 1986), handed down in September of 1986, two months after Judge Rokich’s initial ruling, the admissibility of any out-of-court statements by child victims of sexual abuse must be determined under section 76-5-4112 and that in making such a determination, the trial court must enter findings and conclusions explaining in detail its analysis of the reliability and trustworthiness of the statements. Since Judge Rokich analyzed the admissibility of the videotape only under section 77-35-15.5, defense counsel contended that Nelson had not been satisfied and the issue should be revisited. Judge Baldwin reviewed the record and heard from counsel on the issue, ultimately concluding that he was bound by Judge Ro-kich’s earlier ruling because it was the law of the case.
At trial, the victim testified. Her testimony was confused. She seemed to acknowledge that someone named Paul [1128]*1128Tassehous had sexually abused her, but she denied that this person was Lamper, and she specifically denied telling anyone that Lamper had abused her.3 The videotape was then shown to the jury. In this videotape, the alleged victim testified to sexual abuse by Lamper in terms consistent with the statements made to the babysitter and her friend.4 The babysitter, La-Rue, her friend, Tina, Sergeant Sutherland, and Nancy Fieldman all testified to their observations and to the statements made to them by the victim. The two doctors who examined the girl also testified to the results of those examinations.
Lamper took the stand and denied the abuse. His defense focused on the testimony of the second doctor, who found no indication of abuse four days after the reported incident, and on testimony by a clinical psychologist specializing in sex abuse treatment that Lamper “is not an incest offender as far as his psychological and test patterns suggest.”5 The jury found him guilty on both counts. He was sentenced to a minimum mandatory term of ten years on one count and a concurrent term of one to fifteen years on the second.
On appeal, Lamper’s first argument is that the trial court erred when it admitted the victim's videotaped interview into evidence without first making the determination required by section 76-5-411(2) that “the interest of justice will best be served by the admission” of the out-of-court statements and without making the detailed findings and conclusions in support of that conclusion, as required by State v. Nelson. His second claim is that absent the videotape testimony, the evidence was insufficient to convict him. Although we find the judge erred in not making the findings required under section 76-5-411(2) of the Code and Nelson, we conclude the error was harmless.
We think the critical issue here is properly framed in a slightly different fashion than Lamper has put it. It is true that Judge Baldwin declined to consider the admissibility of the videotape under 76-5-411 and that he declined to make the findings required by Nelson. However, this decision was not based on his conclusion that Nelson or section 76-5-411 did not apply; rather, he thought that Judge Rokich’s earlier ruling on the admissibility of the videotape was the law of the case and that he was precluded from reconsidering it. Judge Baldwin acknowledged that he thought the requirements of Nelson were sound; he simply felt bound by the earlier [1129]*1129ruling. Therefore, the question for review is whether Judge Baldwin erred in declining to reconsider Judge Rokich’s ruling.
The general rule is that one judge may not redetermine a previous ruling made by another judge in the same case. E.g., Sittner v. Big Horn Tar Sands & Oil, Inc., 692 P.2d 735, 736 (Utah 1984); Salt Lake City Corp. v. James Constructors, Inc., 761 P.2d 42, 44-45 (Utah Ct.App.1988). However, if relevant circumstances change in the intervening period, the second judge may then reexamine the earlier ruling. 692 P.2d at 736. Such a change of circumstances includes a change in the governing law. See Paulson v. Lee, 745 P.2d 359, 360 (Mont.1987); State v. Scott, 68 Or.App. 386, 681 P.2d 1188, 1190-91 (1984); Vestal, Law of the Case: Single-Suit Preclusion, 1967 Utah L.Rev. 1. In the present case, Nelson did clarify and change the governing law. After Nelson, it was clear that a trial court faced with the admissibility of out-of-court statements by an alleged victim of child sexual abuse must determine the admissibility of that evidence under section 76-5-411 and, in making that determination, must enter express findings and conclusions explaining why it finds that “the interest of justice will best be served by admission of that statement.” Utah Code Ann. § 76-5-411(2) (Supp.1989) (amended effective July 1, 1990); see State v. Nelson, 725 P.2d at 1356 n. 3. Such findings are to focus on the trustworthiness and reliability of the out-of-court statements. 725 P.2d at 1356 n. 3.
The State agrees that the trial judge should have made the reliability and trustworthiness findings required by Nelson. However, it argues that the lack of such findings did not result in harmful error because the judge made assessments of the trustworthiness and reliability of the taped interview under section 77-35-15.5(1) and determined it to be trustworthy.
The standard for determining whether an error is harmful is well settled. State v. Rimmasch, 775 P.2d at 407; State v. Verde, 770 P.2d 116, 122 (Utah 1989); State v. Bell, 770 P.2d 100, 106 (Utah 1988); State v. Hackford, 737 P.2d 200, 204 n. 1 (Utah 1987); State v. Knight, 734 P.2d 913, 919-20 (Utah 1987). An error is harmful when there is a reasonable probability that absent the error, the outcome would have been more favorable for the defendant. In other words, “the likelihood of a different outcome must be sufficiently high to undermine confidence in the verdict.” State v. Knight, 734 P.2d at 920. We cannot say that had the trial judge made the required inquiry under section 76-5-411 and made the Nelson findings, the outcome likely would have been different.
It is true that Judge Rokich did not consider the requirement of section 76-5-411(2) that “the interest of justice will best be served by admission of that [out-of-court] statement.” However, he did consider the analogous, if not identical, requirement of section 77-35-15.5(l)(g) that the videotape not be admitted unless the court determines that the recording is “sufficiently reliable and trustworthy and that the interest of justice will best be served by admission of the statement into evidence.” During the two-day hearing on the State’s motion to admit the videotape, Judge Ro-kich heard evidence on the question and defense counsel had an opportunity to examine the witnesses and call his own. Pour witnesses testified, and the court and counsel viewed the tape. At the conclusion of the hearing, the court found the videotape admissible under section 77-35-15.5, thus implicitly finding that it satisfied the requirements of section 76-5-411. Under these circumstances, since Judge Rokich made an inquiry similar to that required by Nelson, we conclude that although Judge Baldwin erred in failing to reopen the matter after Nelson was decided and make findings required by that decision, we cannot say that the error was harmful.6
[1130]*1130For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Lamper’s convictions.
HALL, C.J., and HOWE, Associate C.J., and STEWART, J., concur.