State v. Kremer

2018 Ohio 3339

• Court: Ohio Court of Appeals
• Decided: August 20, 2018
• Docket: CA2017-07-115, CA2017-07-116
• Status: Published

Opinion

[Cite as State v. Kremer, 2018-Ohio-3339.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

TWELFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO

WARREN COUNTY

STATE OF OHIO, : CASE NOS. CA2017-07-115 Plaintiff-Appellee, : CA2017-07-116

: OPINION - vs - 8/20/2018 :

VINCENT W. KREMER, :

Defendant-Appellant. :

CRIMINAL APPEAL FROM WARREN COUNTY COURT OF COMMON PLEAS Case No. 16 CR 31735

David P. Fornshell, Warren County Prosecuting Attorney, Kirsten A. Brandt, 520 Justice Drive, Lebanon, Ohio 45036, for plaintiff-appellee

Repper-Pagan Law, Ltd., Christopher Pagan, 1501 First Avenue, Middletown, Ohio 45044, for defendant-appellant

RINGLAND, J.

{¶ 1} Defendant-appellant, Vincent Kremer, appeals his conviction and sentence in

the Warren County Court of Common Pleas. For the reasons detailed below, we affirm in

part, reverse in part, and remand this matter to the trial court.

{¶ 2} On March 14, 2016, Kremer was indicted in Case No. 16CR31735 on three

counts of aggravated trafficking in 25C-NBOMe, aggravated trafficking in Psilocyn [sic]

mushrooms, aggravated possession of Psilocyn [sic] mushrooms, aggravated possession of Warren CA2017-07-115 CA2017-07-116

25C-NBOMe, possession of Clonazepam, and possession of criminal tools. Kremer was

released on bond and placed on electronic monitored house arrest ("EMHA").

{¶ 3} One day before he was scheduled to appear for a negotiated plea hearing,

Kremer removed his EMHA device. Kremer was found later that day selling drugs at the

Baymont Inn located in Mason. As a result, the trial court revoked Kremer's bond. While in

jail, Kremer called an individual, accused him of stealing drugs, and threatened that he would

"get it" if the individual did not put $500 in his commissary account.

{¶ 4} On August 8, 2016, Kremer was indicted on new charges in Case No.

16CR32152 for possession of LSD, trafficking in LSD, aggravated possession of DMT,

aggravated trafficking in DMT, aggravated possession of Fluoro-AMB, aggravated trafficking

in Fluoro-AMB, possession of criminal tools, and extortion. Thereafter, on April 12, 2017,

Kremer pled guilty to all charges contained in both indictments and received a 13-year prison

sentence. Kremer now appeals, raising five assignments of error for review. For ease of

discussion, we have reordered Kremer's assignments of error.

{¶ 5} Assignment of Error No. 1:

{¶ 6} KREMER'S CONVICTION IS CONTRARY TO LAW AS THE COURT LACKED

SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION TO ENTER A CONVICTION.

{¶ 7} In his first assignment of error, Kremer argues the trial court lacked subject

matter jurisdiction to enter a conviction. The limited issue before this court is whether the

indictments charge an offense, which properly invokes the trial court's subject matter

jurisdiction. We find Kremer's argument lacks merit.

{¶ 8} "[T]he Ohio Constitution guarantees an accused that the essential facts

constituting the offense for which he is tried will be found in the indictment by the grand jury."

State v. Jackson, 134 Ohio St.3d 184, 2012-Ohio-5561, ¶ 12. "An indictment meets

constitutional requirements if it 'first, contains the elements of the offense charged and fairly -2- Warren CA2017-07-115 CA2017-07-116

informs a defendant of the charge against which he must defend, and, second, enables him

to plead an acquittal or conviction in bar of future prosecutions for the same offense.'" State

v. Mielke, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2012-08-079, 2013-Ohio-1612, ¶ 30, quoting Jackson at

¶ 13.

{¶ 9} In Jackson, the Ohio Supreme Court held that "for the purpose of identifying the

drug involved in a drug-trafficking offense under R.C. 2925.03(A), an indictment is sufficient if

it names the schedule in which the drug appears." Id. at paragraph one of the syllabus. In

so holding, the Ohio Supreme Court noted "that the schedule of the drug involved"

sufficiently puts the defendant "on notice of the severity of the offense, i.e., trafficking or

aggravated trafficking." Id. at ¶ 20, citing State v. Headley, 6 Ohio St.3d 475, 479 (1983).

{¶ 10} Kremer challenges counts one, two, three, and six in Case No. 16CR31735

and counts five and six in Case No. 16CR32152 arguing the respective drugs, i.e., 25C-

NBOMe and Fluoro-AMB, were not Schedule I controlled substances at the time of his arrest.

{¶ 11} However, following review, we find Kremer's argument is without merit. In the

first indictment, the state stated that Kremer trafficked and possessed "25C-NBOMe, a

Schedule I controlled substance." Likewise, the second indictment stated that Kremer

possessed and trafficked "Fluoro-AMB, a schedule I controlled substance." As a result, the

challenged counts in Kremer's indictments properly identified the schedule of the drug.

Therefore, the indictments satisfy Jackson for purposes of identifying the drug offense.

Kremer's claim otherwise lacks merit.

{¶ 12} In reaching this decision, we also disagree with Kremer's contention that forms

the basis of this assignment of error. Though he claims otherwise, 25C-NBOMe and Fluoro-

AMB were both Schedule I controlled substances at the time of his arrest. 21 C.F.R.

1308.11(h)(5); Ohio Adm.Code 4729-11-02(B). Finally, we note the well-established law that

"by pleading guilty, a defendant admits to committing the offense as charged." State v. -3- Warren CA2017-07-115 CA2017-07-116

Jordan, 12th Dist. Warren No. CA2014-04-051, 2015-Ohio-575. Simply stated, a guilty plea

is a complete admission of the defendant's guilt, and also waives "any deficiency in the

indictment." State v. Barton, 108 Ohio St.3d 402, 2006-Ohio-1324, ¶ 73. Kremer's claim

otherwise lacks merit. Therefore, finding no merit to Kremer's claims raised herein, Kremer's

first assignment of error is overruled.

{¶ 13} Assignment of Error No. 2:

{¶ 14} THE TRIAL COURT'S SENTENCE ENHANCEMENT VIOLATED KREMER'S

CONSTITUTIONAL DUE PROCESS RIGHTS.

{¶ 15} Relying on the Ohio Supreme Court's decision in State v. Hand, 149 Ohio

St.3d 94, 2016-Ohio-5504, Kremer argues in his second assignment of error that the trial

court committed plain error by imposing a sentencing enhancement based on a prior juvenile

adjudication. Kremer also argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because

counsel did not raise this issue before the trial court. We agree that counsel was ineffective

for failing to raise this issue.

{¶ 16} In Hand, the Ohio Supreme Court held that it "is a violation of due process to

treat a juvenile adjudication as the equivalent of an adult conviction for purposes of

enhancing a penalty for a later crime." Id. at ¶ 1. In so holding, the Ohio Supreme Court

explained that "[q]uite simply, a juvenile adjudication is not a conviction of a crime and should

not be treated as one." Id. at ¶ 38.

{¶ 17} There are only limited instances where a defendant who pleads guilty to an

offense may claim ineffective assistance of counsel on appeal. Indeed, a plea of guilty

waives the right to claim that one was prejudiced by ineffective assistance of counsel, except

to the extent that such ineffective assistance made the plea less than knowing, intelligent,

and voluntary. State v. McMahon, 12th Dist. Fayette No. CA2009-06-008, 2010-Ohio-2055,

¶ 33. When the alleged error underlying a motion to withdraw a guilty plea is ineffective -4- Warren CA2017-07-115 CA2017-07-116

assistance of counsel, the movant must show that (1) his counsel's performance was

deficient; and (2) there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel's errors, he would not

have pled guilty. Id. at ¶ 34.

{¶ 18} Kremer pled guilty to count seven in Case No. 16CR31735 for possession of

drugs with a previous conviction for a drug abuse offense in violation of R.C.

2925.11(C)(2)(b). That statute provides that possession of drugs is a first-degree

misdemeanor unless the offender has previously been convicted of a drug abuse offense,

thereby raising the offense to a fifth-degree felony. Here, Kremer had a prior juvenile

adjudication for a drug abuse offense, but no prior adult conviction. Consistent with Hand,

Kremer's juvenile adjudication should not have been used to enhance his penalty to a fifth-

degree felony. Nevertheless, Kremer's trial counsel did not raise this issue below.

{¶ 19} We agree that trial counsel was ineffective for having failed to raise this issue

in the trial court. Unlike in prior cases where this issue has been raised on appeal, the

decision in Hand was released prior to Kremer's guilty plea or conviction. See State v.

Carney, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-160660, 2017-Ohio-8585, ¶ 10. A review of the decision in

Hand should have alerted Kremer's trial counsel to the fact that Kremer should have only

been charged with a first-degree misdemeanor, as opposed to the fifth-degree felony.

Therefore, we find Kremer's counsel fell below an objective standard of reasonableness with

respect to count seven, possession of drugs with a previous conviction for a drug abuse

offense in violation of R.C. 2925.11(C)(2)(b).

{¶ 20} We also find that Kremer was prejudiced by counsel's actions in entering his

guilty plea on that count. In this case, there is a reasonable probability that Kremer would not

have pled guilty to count seven as an enhanced penalty because, pursuant to Hand, his

juvenile adjudication could not be used as a sentence enhancement on that charge.

Although we acknowledge that Kremer pled guilty to numerous offenses and his sentence on -5- Warren CA2017-07-115 CA2017-07-116

that count was ordered to be served concurrently with several other sentences, Kremer is still

prejudiced by pleading guilty to an enhanced penalty for which an underlying conviction did

not exist. The additional felony conviction in this case is prejudicial.

{¶ 21} In light of the foregoing, we find Kremer received ineffective assistance of

counsel only as to count seven in Case No. 16CR31735 for possession of drugs with a

previous conviction for a drug abuse offense in violation of R.C. 2925.11(C)(2)(b). As a

result, we find his conviction on that count should be reversed and remanded to the trial court

for further proceedings. Kremer's second assignment of error is sustained.

{¶ 22} Assignment of Error No. 4:

{¶ 23} THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY HOLDING KREMER WITHOUT BAIL AND

BY NOT IMPOSING A NEW BAIL AMOUNT FOLLOWING NEW CRIMINAL CHARGES.

{¶ 24} In his fourth assignment of error, Kremer argues the trial court erred by

denying him bail following his indictment on new criminal charges. Kremer also alleges a

new charge of ineffective assistance of counsel. We disagree.

{¶ 25} "When a 'court determines that the accused has violated conditions of bail,

whether the conditions be express or implied, the accused is subject to the court's

sanctioning authority for violation of the conditions, including revocation of bail.'" State v.

Wright, 6th Dist. Sandusky No. S-09-023, 2010-Ohio-2620, ¶ 32, quoting In re Mason, 116

Ohio App.3d 451, 454 (7th Dist.1996). The decision of the trial court in this regard is

reviewed on an abuse of discretion standard. Id., citing State v. Clinkscale, 177 Ohio App.3d

294, 2008-Ohio-1677, ¶ 18 (10th Dist.). An abuse of discretion is more than a mistake of law

or a lapse of judgment, the term connotes that the court's attitude is arbitrary, unreasonable

or unconscionable. State v. Statzer, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2017-02-022, 2018-Ohio-363, ¶

14.

{¶ 26} In the present case, Kremer was originally indicted and released on EMHA -6- Warren CA2017-07-115 CA2017-07-116

pending trial. However, the day before he was scheduled to appear for a negotiated plea

hearing, Kremer removed his EMHA device and was later located at the Baymont Inn selling

drugs, which led to the new charges. Based on these facts, the trial court did not abuse its

discretion by revoking Kremer's bail and ordering that he be held in custody until trial.

{¶ 27} Kremer next argues his counsel was ineffective for failing to file a motion to

suppress statements made while "illegally detained." However, as noted above, Kremer was

not illegally detained. Furthermore, Kremer argues his counsel was ineffective for failing to

move to suppress statements made on the telephone while in jail that ultimately resulted in

the extortion offense. Contrary to Kremer's argument otherwise, counsel was not deficient in

this regard as any motion would have been meritless. State v. Yarbrough, 104 Ohio St.3d 1,

2004-Ohio-6087, ¶ 117 ("counsel is not deficient for failing to raise a meritless issue"). See,

e.g., State v. Perez, 124 Ohio St.3d 122, 2009-Ohio-6179, ¶ 122 (jailhouse conversations

admissible in evidence); State v. Harper, 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-15-1310, 2017-Ohio-1395, ¶

42-46. Kremer's fourth assignment of error is overruled.

{¶ 28} Assignment of Error No. 3:

{¶ 29} THE TRIAL COURT FAILED TO MERGE, AND TRIAL COUNSEL FAILED TO

RAISE AND ARGUE THAT ALLIED OFFENSES MUST MERGE UNDER R.C. 2921.45.

{¶ 30} Assignment of Error No. 5:

{¶ 31} THE RECORD DOES NOT SUPPORT THE SENTENCE.

{¶ 32} We will address Kremer's third and fifth assignments of error together. In his

third assignment of error, Kremer argues his convictions for trafficking in drugs and

possession of drugs in counts one through six in Case No. 16CR32152 are allied offenses of

similar import that should merge for purposes of sentencing. In his fifth assignment of error,

Kremer argues the record does not support the 13-year sentence imposed by the trial court.

{¶ 33} Pursuant to R.C. 2941.25, Ohio's allied-offenses statute, the imposition of -7- Warren CA2017-07-115 CA2017-07-116

multiple punishments for the same criminal conduct is prohibited. State v. Rodriguez, 12th

Dist. Butler No. CA2015-02-024, 2016-Ohio-452, ¶ 23. If any of the following occurs, the

defendant may be convicted and sentenced for multiple offenses: "(1) the offenses are

dissimilar in import or significance – in other words, each offense caused separate,

identifiable harm, (2) the offenses were committed separately, or (3) the offenses were

committed with separate animus or motivation." State v. Ruff, 143 Ohio St.3d 114, 2015-

Ohio-995, ¶ 25. Two or more offenses of dissimilar import exist "when the defendant's

conduct constitutes offenses involving separate victims or if the harm that results from each

offense is separate and identifiable." Id. at ¶ 23.

{¶ 34} "At its heart, the allied-offense analysis is dependent upon the facts of a case

because R.C. 2941.25 focuses on the defendant's conduct." Id. at ¶ 26. An appellate court

applies a de novo standard of review in reviewing a trial court's R.C. 2941.25 merger

determination. State v. Williams, 134 Ohio St.3d 482, 2012-Ohio-5699, ¶ 28. "The

defendant bears the burden of establishing his entitlement to the protection provided by R.C.

2941.25 against multiple punishments for a single criminal act." State v. Lewis, 12th Dist.

Clinton No. CA2008-10-045, 2012-Ohio-885, ¶ 14; State v. Davis, 12th Dist. Butler No.

CA2012-09-194, 2013-Ohio-2637, ¶ 8.

{¶ 35} After reviewing the limited record before us, we find that we are unable to

determine whether Kremer's convictions for the possession and trafficking in LSD, DMT, and

Fluoro-AMB should have merged. At the plea hearing, the state presented the following

facts:

In reference to case number 32152, these occurred - - all but one occurred on July 5th, 2016 at the Baymont Inn in Mason, Warren County, Ohio, the Defendant possessed and as well had prepared [sic] for sale three differed drugs.

Counts I and II are in reference to 0.79 grams of LSD, 39 squares. Again, bulk amount is 10. -8- Warren CA2017-07-115 CA2017-07-116

Counts III and Count IV is in reference to DMT, a Schedule I controlled substance, was determined to be 0.42 grams.

Count V and Count VI was 2.99 grams of a Fluoro-AMB, a Schedule I controlled substance. Again, each of these were - - substances were located on or about the Defendant's person or in his possession in a bag that belonged to him. He admitted that these items were his and they were prepared for sale.

At the sentencing hearing, the state again stated:

That, of course, was before what happened on the night of July 5th, 2016. Before he was able to come in and plead guilty, he slipped off his electronic monitor. He obtains drugs, whether he's had it before or he obtained it that evening, it is unknown.

He has his girlfriend pick him up, drive him to the Baymont Inn in Mason and they get a room and he sells drugs from that room. He tells officers that money that was found, the money part of the specification were the result of trafficking in drugs, and he had a barrage of different drugs. And he was busted then, taken into jail, his bond was revoked.

{¶ 36} Initially, we note that possession and trafficking can constitute allied offenses

of similar import, except in instances where the offenses are committed separately or where

a different animus or motivation is apparent. Rodriguez, 2016-Ohio-452 at ¶ 31; State v.

Montoya, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2012-02-015, 2013-Ohio-3312, ¶ 64; State v. Bennett,

5th Dist. Ashland No. 14-COA-029, 2015-Ohio-3560, ¶ 19

{¶ 37} This court addressed a similar issue in State v. Whitaker, 12th Dist. Preble No.

CA2012-10-013, 2013-Ohio-4434, where we reversed and remanded the matter to the trial

court to conduct the necessary allied offense analysis. Id. at ¶ 61. In that case, we noted

that allied offenses of similar import must be merged at sentencing. Id. at ¶ 46. "'Thus, a

trial court is prohibited from imposing individual sentences for counts that constitute allied

offenses of similar import." Id., quoting State v. Underwood, 124 Ohio St.3d 365, 2010-Ohio-

1, ¶ 26. Furthermore, "'[u]nder R.C. 2941.25, the court must determine prior to sentencing

whether the offenses were committed by the same conduct.'" Id., quoting State v. Johnson, -9- Warren CA2017-07-115 CA2017-07-116

128 Ohio St.3d 153, 2010-Ohio-6314, ¶ 47. "A defendant's plea to multiple counts does not

affect the court's duty to merge those allied counts at sentencing. This duty is mandatory,

not discretionary." Underwood at ¶ 26.

{¶ 38} Similarly, based on the limited information in the record, we cannot determine

whether Kremer was sentenced to allied offenses of similar import for the possession and

trafficking of LSD, DMT, and Fluoro-AMB at the Baymont Inn. A review of the indictment, bill

of particulars, and the comments made on the record do not indicate one way or another. In

addition, the trial court did not state its findings or otherwise determine whether the charges

were allied offenses of similar import. As a result, we remand this matter to the trial court to

determine whether Kremer's convictions for the possession and trafficking of LSD, DMT, and

Fluoro-AMB in counts one through six were committed separately or with a different animus

or motivation, and thus whether the offenses should merge for sentencing purposes.

Whitaker at ¶ 61. As a result, we sustain Kremer's third assignment of error.

{¶ 39} Turning to his fifth assignment of error, Kremer argues the trial court's

sentence was contrary to law. This court reviews felony sentences pursuant to the standard

of review set forth in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) to determine whether the imposition of those

sentences is clearly and convincingly contrary to law. State v. Julious, 12th Dist. Butler No.

CA2015-12-224, 2016-Ohio-4822, ¶ 8. Pursuant to that statute, an appellate court may

modify or vacate a sentence only if, by clear and convincing evidence, "the record does not

support the trial court's findings under relevant statutes or that the sentence is otherwise

contrary to law." State v. Harp, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2015-12-096, 2016-Ohio-4921, ¶

7.

{¶ 40} As noted above, we must remand counts one through six in the second

indictment regarding the charges for possession and trafficking of LSD, DMT, and Fluoro-

AMB. This is in addition to count seven in the first indictment, which we must remand - 10 - Warren CA2017-07-115 CA2017-07-116

following our resolution of Kremer's second assignment of error. As to the remaining counts,

we find the trial court did not err in its sentencing decision, as the trial court's sentence was

not contrary to law and was supported by the record. The trial court stated that it considered

the purposes and principles of sentencing as required by R.C. 2929.11 and R.C. 2929.12.

The trial court found that Kremer was not amenable to community control, which would not

adequately punish him for his actions and a prison sentence was necessary to the purposes

and principles of sentences. Furthermore, the trial court-imposed prison sentences within the

permissible range for each offense.

{¶ 41} The trial court's decision is also well-supported by the record. The record

reveals that Kremer repeatedly sold drugs throughout the community. Within months of

leaving a treatment facility, Kremer was caught selling illegal drugs. While out on bond,

Kremer removed his EMHA device and was found selling and possessing illegal drugs out of

a hotel room at the Baymont Inn. Thereafter, while he was in jail following his latest arrest,

Kremer made a threatening phone call that led to additional extortion charges.

{¶ 42} Based on review of the record, we find the trial court's sentencing decision on

the remaining counts was not contrary to law and was supported by the record. Kremer's fifth

assignment of error as it relates to the undisturbed counts is overruled.

{¶ 43} Judgment affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for further

proceedings as outlined above.

HENDRICKSON, P.J., and M. POWELL, J., concur.

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