SECOND DIVISION RICKMAN, C. J., MILLER, P. J., and PIPKIN, J.
NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be physically received in our clerk’s office within ten days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed. https://www.gaappeals.us/rules
July 1, 2022
In the Court of Appeals of Georgia A22A0589. THE STATE v. DORSEY.
PIPKIN, Judge.
Jimmy Dorsey rejected a plea offer extended by the State and proceeded to a
jury trial, after which he was convicted of armed robbery and related crimes and
sentenced as a recidivist to serve life in prison without the possibility of parole plus
five years probation. Dorsey moved for a new trial arguing, in relevant part, that his
trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective by misadvising him regarding the
consequences of rejecting the State’s favorable plea offer and the effect his status as
a recidivist would have on his sentence if he were convicted after a trial. The trial court agreed and granted Dorsey a new trial. The State appeals that ruling.1 For the
reasons explained below, we affirm the trial court’s conclusion that Dorsey’s trial
counsel was constitutionally ineffective, but we vacate the part of the trial court’s
judgment setting aside Dorsey’s convictions and granting him a new trial because,
under the circumstances of this case, such relief is not the proper remedy.
1. Whether trial counsel rendered constitutionally ineffective assistance
presents a mixed question of law and fact. See State v. Lexie, 331 Ga. App. 400, 400
(771 SE2d 97) (2015). When this Court reviews a trial court’s judgment with respect
to a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, “we defer to the trial court’s findings
of fact unless clearly erroneous, but owe no such deference to its conclusions of law
which we apply independently to the facts.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Id.
The record shows that, in July 2014, Dorsey was indicted for and pleaded not
guilty to armed robbery, aggravated assault, false imprisonment, and possession of
1 Nearly three months after Dorsey’s responsive brief in this case was originally due, Dorsey’s counsel moved for and was granted an extension of time to file a brief. Despite our granting the requested extension, no brief has been filed on Dorsey’s behalf in this Court.
2 a firearm during the commission of a crime.2 In April 2017, the State filed notice of
its intent to seek recidivist punishment pursuant to OCGA § 17-10-7 (a) and (c). In
the weeks before Dorsey’s September 2017 trial, the State extended a plea offer of
twenty years to serve seven on a reduced charge of “some form of robbery.” In
response, trial counsel e-mailed the prosecutor on September 6, 2017, indicating that
Dorsey would “plea to everything in the original plea offer if [the State] would come
down on the probation time (from 20 serve 7 to 10 serve 7).” On September 17, 2017,
the day before Dorsey’s trial commenced, trial counsel again e-mailed the prosecutor,
this time to ask whether Dorsey could accept the State’s original plea offer. The
prosecutor responded, “No, he rejected that offer and a few subsequent ones.” Before
jury selection commenced, the trial court inquired whether a plea offer was on the
table. Trial counsel responded that Dorsey had previously rejected a plea offer and
that, as a result, the offer had been withdrawn. The prosecutor later explained that she
withdrew the plea offer because Dorsey “was going back and forth and he was
waffling.”
2 Dorsey was indicted alongside his co-defendant Milton Gainer. Gainer negotiated a plea agreement with the State pursuant to which he pleaded guilty to robbery and was sentenced to serve ten years on probation.
3 Following a jury trial, Dorsey was found guilty of all counts. At the sentencing
hearing, Dorsey’s counsel informed the trial court that, when discussing with Dorsey
the State’s plea offer and the possible sentence Dorsey faced if he proceeded to trial,
he failed to account for the effect of the sentencing provisions of both OCGA § 17-
10-7 (a) and (c),3 as well as the prohibition against probating a life sentence.4 As a
result, trial counsel incorrectly informed Dorsey that the trial court had discretion to
impose a sentence of life imprisonment with or without parole on a conviction for
armed robbery when, in fact, the trial court had no discretion but to sentence Dorsey
to serve life without parole. Trial counsel also misadvised Dorsey that, if the trial
court imposed a sentence of life with the possibility of parole, the court could “decide
how much of [his] sentence would be parole eligible.” Trial counsel did not realize
his errors until after the trial had concluded. Trial counsel stated that Dorsey told him
3 Under these subsections, which must be read in tandem, a trial court has no discretion to impose anything but a sentence of life without the possibility of parole for an armed robbery conviction. See Blackwell v. State, 302 Ga. 820, 830 (4) (809 SE2d 727) (2018) (“All of [the] subsections of OCGA § 17-10-7 must be read together.”); Wynn v. State, 332 Ga. App. 429, 437 (5) (773 SE2d 393) (2015) (“The trial court . . . properly sentenced [defendant] to life imprisonment without parole on his armed robbery conviction, and in fact had no discretion to do otherwise” under OCGA § 17-10-7 (a) and (c).). 4 See OCGA § 17-10-1 (a) (1) (A).
4 “that had he known that the [trial court] would not have any discretion at sentencing
that he would have gone ahead and pled guilty.”
Dorsey timely moved for a new trial, alleging as error trial counsel’s failure to
correctly advise him during plea negotiations as to the sentence he faced if he
proceeded to trial and was found guilty of armed robbery. Testifying at the motion for
new trial hearing, trial counsel elaborated on the erroneous advice he gave during
plea negotiations. According to trial counsel, he advised Dorsey that an armed
robbery conviction carries a ten-year mandatory minimum sentence but that Dorsey
“would have to receive the maximum sentence,” that is, life imprisonment. Trial
counsel explained to Dorsey — incorrectly — that while he would be required to
serve the ten-year mandatory minimum in prison, the trial court could probate the
remainder of the sentence at its discretion. He also told Dorsey — again, incorrectly
— that any sentence beyond the mandatory minimum ten years was parole eligible.
In a thorough and well-reasoned order, the trial court agreed that trial counsel was
ineffective and granted Dorsey a new trial. The State challenges that ruling on appeal.
“If a plea bargain has been offered, a defendant has the right to effective
assistance of counsel in considering whether to accept it.” Lafler v. Cooper, 566 U. S.
156, 168 (II) (B) (132 SCt 1376, 182 LE2d 398) (2012). To prevail on a claim that
5 his trial counsel was constitutionally ineffective, a defendant must demonstrate both
that counsel’s performance was deficient and that he suffered prejudice as a result of
that deficient performance. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U. S. 668, 687 (III)
(104 SCt 2052, 80 LE2d 674) (1984); Walker v. State, 341 Ga. App. 742, 745 (2)
(801 SE2d 621) (2017) (Strickland test applies to claims of ineffective assistance
during plea negotiations). While “[t]here is a strong presumption that trial counsel
provided effective representation[,] [w]hen trial counsel misunderstands the law . . .
a defendant can establish that his trial counsel’s conduct fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Daniel v. State, 342
Ga. App. 448, 451 (2) (803 SE2d 603) (2017).
(a) We first consider whether trial counsel’s performance was deficient.
Relying on trial counsel’s statements at sentencing and his testimony at the motion
for new trial hearing, the trial court found that it was. Specifically, the trial court
concluded that counsel was deficient by failing to take into account both of the
recidivist-sentencing statutes at play in this case and by subsequently misadvising
Dorsey that the trial court was not required impose a life sentence when, in fact, the
court had no discretion to do otherwise given Dorsey’s status as a recidivist.
6 With regard to the offer of a plea bargain, “[a] defendant is entitled to be fully
informed of certain consequences of his decision to accept or reject a plea offer,
including the right to the informed legal advice of counsel regarding the possible
sentences that could be imposed following a conviction at trial.” (Emphasis supplied.)
Gramiak v. Beasley, 304 Ga. 512, 514 (I) (A) (820 SE2d 50) (2018). In addressing
a claim of ineffective assistance similar to that at issue here, our Supreme Court has
held that
an attorney’s failure to inform his or her client that he or she would be ineligible for parole as a recidivist for the entirety of a lengthy prison sentence is constitutionally deficient performance. . . . [T]he recidivist statute is, and has been, a prominent feature of our criminal justice system — anyone who is subject to it should be informed accurately about its consequences.
Alexander v. State, 297 Ga. 59, 65 (772 SE2d 655) (2015). See also Daniel, 342 Ga.
App. at 451 (2) (a) (trial counsel was deficient where he mistakenly believed that trial
court had discretion not to sentence defendant as a recidivist and, as a result, failed
to advise defendant during plea negotiations that, if convicted at trial, he faced a
mandatory sentence and would be ineligible for parole). The record supports the trial
7 court’s finding that trial counsel misadvised Dorsey about the sentence he faced if he
proceeded to trial, and we agree that counsel’s performance was deficient.
The State challenges this conclusion, asserting that because Dorsey “knew that
a life sentence was a possibility” when he rejected the plea, “he was not denied
effective assistance of counsel merely because he was not told that a life sentence was
mandatory.” In the State’s view, “[t]he law only requires that a defendant be informed
that the consequences of rejecting a plea could be harsher than the consequences of
accepting the plea.” But the United States Supreme Court has roundly repudiated
such an analysis, holding that “[a]n inquiry into whether the rejection of a plea is
knowing and voluntary . . . is not the correct means by which to address a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel.” Lafler, 566 U. S. at 173 (III). See also Missouri v.
Frye, 566 U. S. 134, 141 (II) (A) (132 SCt 1399, 182 LE2d 379) (2012) (noting the
Court’s previous rejection of the argument that “a knowing and voluntary plea [or
rejection thereof] supersedes defense counsel’s errors”); Gramiak, 304 Ga. at 515 (I)
(B) (“Georgia courts must apply the standard established in Lafler and Frye for
demonstrating compliance with the Sixth Amendment right of counsel in cases
involving plea offers.”). We likewise reject this argument.
8 (b) Having determined that the trial court properly concluded that trial
counsel’s performance was deficient, we turn our focus to the prejudice prong of the
Strickland analysis because, of course, Dorsey is not entitled to relief unless he was
prejudiced by trial counsel’s error. To establish prejudice in the context of a rejected
plea offer, a defendant “must show the outcome of the plea process would have been
different with competent advice.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Gramiak, 304
Ga. at 515 (I) (B). This three-part inquiry requires that a defendant demonstrate
[1] that but for the ineffective advice of counsel there is a reasonable probability that the plea offer would have been presented to the court (i.e., that the defendant would have accepted the plea and the prosecution would not have withdrawn it in light of intervening circumstances), [2] that the court would have accepted its terms, and [3] that the conviction or sentence, or both, under the offer’s terms would have been less severe than under the judgment and sentence that in fact were imposed.
(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Id. In making this showing, a defendant must
point to “some indication that he was amenable to the offer made by the State.”
(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Daniel, 342 Ga. App. at 452 (2) (b).
Addressing the inquiry in reverse, there is no question that the State’s offer of
twenty years to serve seven with no recidivist treatment was less severe than the life
9 sentence without the possibility of parole that Dorsey received. As to the trial court’s
acceptance of the plea, the court found that it would have been willing to accept a
plea agreement had one been reached, and “[w]e cannot second guess the trial court’s
findings regarding its own consideration of the plea offer[.]” Lexie, 331 Ga. App. at
404.
Turning then to whether the plea offer would have been presented to the trial
court, the court found that Dorsey presented credible evidence that he would have
accepted the plea deal but for his counsel’s deficient performance. In support of this
finding, the trial court highlighted trial counsel’s testimony that Dorsey stated he
would have accepted the plea offer had he known that he faced a mandatory sentence
of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole, as well as counsel’s e-mail to
the prosecutor the night before the trial began inquiring whether the State’s original
offer remained open. We agree that this “provides objective evidence of [Dorsey’s]
intention” to accept the State’s offer. Id. at 403-404 (defendant’s letter to counsel
stating that he wanted to accept State’s plea offer if it was still available was
“sufficient evidence” to demonstrate that defendant would have accepted offer).
Moreover, as the trial court correctly noted, the “significant difference” between the
punishment offered by the State as compared to the mandatory sentence of life
10 without parole that Dorsey faced upon conviction “serves as additional evidence that
could support an inference regarding the reasonable probability that [Dorsey] would
have accepted the plea offer” but for his counsel’s erroneous advice. Gramiak, 304
Ga. at 518 (I) (C).
Though the State asserts that its withdrawal of the plea offer precludes Dorsey
from establishing that the offer would have been presented to the trial court, the State
fails to acknowledge that it withdrew the offer because Dorsey, misled by trial
counsel’s flawed advice, rejected the State’s terms and attempted to negotiate a better
deal or, as the prosecutor put it, because he “was waffling.” In other words, but for
counsel’s ineffective advice, Dorsey would have accepted the terms of the plea as
presented by the State and the plea would not have been withdrawn. Indeed, Dorsey’s
rejection of the plea offer and his efforts to negotiate a more favorable sentence —
as well as the State’s resultant withdrawal of the offer — cannot be divorced from the
fact that he did so while blind to “the gravity of the risk of losing at trial given that
he was not properly advised that he would necessarily be sentenced as a recidivist and
ineligible for parole.” Daniel, 342 Ga. App. at 453 (2) (b). See also Walker, 341 Ga.
App. at 746 (2). The trial court did not err in finding that, had Dorsey been properly
11 advised, he would have accepted the State’s plea offer and that the offer would not
have been withdrawn.
Because the trial court’s factual findings relevant to Dorsey’s claim of
ineffective assistance are supported by the record, we defer to them. And because
those findings in turn support the conclusion that Dorsey’s plea counsel was
constitutionally ineffective, we affirm the trial court’s judgment in that respect.
2. We cannot, however, affirm the relief implemented by the trial court —
namely, a new trial — because this remedy does not redress the constitutional injury
at issue. “Sixth Amendment remedies should be tailored to the injury suffered from
the constitutional violation and should not unnecessarily infringe on competing
interests. Thus, a remedy must ‘neutralize the taint’ of a constitutional violation[.]”
(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Lafler, 566 U. S. at 170 (II) (C). And where trial
counsel’s ineffective assistance results in the rejection of a plea offer and subsequent
imposition of a greater sentence upon conviction after a trial, “[t]he remedy would not
be the grant of a new trial[.]” Walker, 341 Ga. App. at 747 (2). See also Gramiak, 304
Ga. at 524 (III). We have observed that, in a “typical case . . . involv[ing] charges that
would have been admitted as part of the plea bargain that are the same as the charges
the defendant was convicted of after trial,” resentencing is an appropriate remedy.
12 (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Walker, 341 Ga. App. at 747 (2). But this is not
a “typical case” because the plea offer involved lesser included charges and Dorsey’s
armed robbery conviction mandates the imposition of recidivist penalties. As a result,
resentencing alone, or even a new trial, will not remedy the violation of Dorsey’s
right to effective counsel.
While we have no trouble determining that a new trial is not an appropriate
remedy under the facts of this case, determining what is an appropriate remedy
presents a far more substantial hurdle and is an issue that neither this Court nor the
Georgia Supreme Court has considered. Lafler offers some guidance, opining that,
under circumstances like those present in this case, “the proper exercise of [the trial
court’s] discretion to remedy the constitutional injury may be to require the
prosecution to reoffer the plea proposal. . . . [T]he judge can then exercise discretion
in deciding whether to vacate the conviction from trial and accept the plea or leave
the conviction undisturbed.” (Emphasis supplied.) Lafler, 566 U. S. at 171 (II) (C).
But besides the fact that Lafler’s remedy analysis is couched in permissive, rather
13 than mandatory, language,5 we question whether a trial court’s ordering the State to
extend a plea offer anew comports with the separation of powers principles enshrined
in our state constitution. See 1983 Ga. Const. Art. I, Sec. II, Par. III (“The legislative,
judicial, and executive powers shall forever remain separate and distinct[.]”).
As we have recognized, “[o]ur adversary system of criminal justice demands
that the respective roles of the prosecution and defense and the neutral role of the
court be kept separate and distinct in a criminal trial.” (Citation and punctuation
omitted.) State v. Santiago, 333 Ga. App. 742, 743 (776 SE2d 824) (2015). Within
that system, the district attorney, as an “administrator of justice, . . . has broad
discretion in making decisions prior to trial about [whom] to prosecute, what charges
5 As was stressed by then-Judge Peterson, “[t]he full text of judicial decisions is not law. Only the holdings of judicial decisions are law. And a decision’s holding is limited to the factual context of the case being decided and the issues that context necessarily raises. Language that sounds like a holding — but actually exceeds the scope of the case’s factual context — is not a holding no matter how much it sounds like one.” (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Classic Commercial Svcs. v. Baldwin, 336 Ga. App. 183, 190 (784 SE2d 44) (2016) (Peterson, J., concurring). See also Natson v. United States, 494 Fed. Appx. 3, 5 n.2 (11th Cir. 2012) (“The opinions of the Supreme Court are not the United States Code. Every sentence in a Supreme Court opinion is not law. Only the holdings of Supreme Court decisions are law.”); Watts v. BellSouth Telecommunications, Inc., 316 F3d 1203, 1207 (11th Cir. 2003) (“Whatever their opinions say, judicial decisions cannot make law beyond the facts of the cases in which those decisions are announced.”).
14 to bring, and which sentence to seek.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Wooten, 273 Ga.
529, 531 (2) (543 SE2d 721) (2001). Likewise, “[t]he authority and discretion to plea
bargain rest with the State . . . . The authority of the prosecutor to bargain is inherent
in his [or her] office and is of utmost importance in the orderly administration of
criminal justice.”6 (Citations and punctuation omitted; emphasis supplied.) State v.
Kelley, 298 Ga. 527, 529-530 (783 SE2d 124) (2016).
For sure, had he accepted the plea agreement offered by the State, Dorsey
would have pleaded guilty to and been convicted of “some type” of robbery and
sentenced to twenty years with seven to serve. That said, the remedy issue was not
6 Indeed, a trial court may not interfere “with the State’s right to prosecute without a legal basis to do so.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) State v. Bachan, 321 Ga. App. 712, 714 (742 SE2d 526) (2013). Among other things, a trial court is “prohibited from participating in plea negotiations,” “may not oblige the State to have its case adjudicated by way of a bench trial,” “lacks the authority to dismiss a criminal charge over the State’s objection when there is no legal basis for that dismissal,” and “may not compel the State to accept a plea to an offense other than that which is charged in the charging instrument.” (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Kelley, 298 Ga. at 529-530. In light of these settled principles, a trial court’s forcing the State to reoffer a plea bargain certainly has the potential “to upend the plea bargaining process, transforming it from its historic role as an act of executive discretion to one of judicially enforceable right. [A court], rather than the State, would assume the job of selecting charges and offering plea terms.” Williams v. Jones, 571 F3d 1086, 1110-1111 (IV) (10th Cir. 2009) (Gorsuch, J., dissenting). See also Lafler, 566 U. S. at 183-185 (III) (Scalia, J., dissenting); id. at 187-188 (Alito, J., dissenting). In effect, requiring the State to reoffer the plea bargain may remedy a federal constitutional violation at the expense of creating a state constitutional violation.
15 briefed by the parties on appeal — as noted above, Dorsey has not even filed a brief
with this Court — thus, we leave the issue to be briefed by the parties and considered
by the trial court on remand.7 Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s conclusion that
Dorsey was denied the effective assistance of counsel, vacate the part of the court’s
judgment setting aside Dorsey’s convictions and granting him a new trial, and remand
the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Judgment affirmed in part and vacated in part, and case remanded with
direction. Rickman, C. J., concur. Miller, P. J., concurs in judgment only.
7 Of course, nothing in our opinion should be understood as preventing the parties from reaching an agreement regarding an appropriate remedy, with the approval of the trial court.