IN THE SUPREME COURT OF TENNESSEE AT KNOXVILLE
FILED STATE OF TENNESSEE, ) January 24, 2000 ) Appellee, ) Cecil Crowson, Jr. ) Appellate Court Clerk v. ) NO. E1995-00017-SC-R11-CD ) HOWARD BROWN, ) ) Appellant. )
DISSENTING OPINION
I agree with the majority’s conclusion that the rape shield law does not
prohibit evidence of the victim’s prior consensual sexual activity when the State
has introduced evidence of the injury to the victim’s hymen. The defendant then
could have introduced admissible, competent, and reliable evidence to show
prior sexual activity by simply asking the victim whether she had prior sexual
contact. The defendant’s counsel failed to elicit this information from the victim
and attempted to “back door” the information via inadmissible hearsay testimony.
I depart from the majority’s opinion allowing the introduction of the inadmissible
hearsay as substantive evidence in lieu of admissible testimony from the
declarant who was present at trial to testify.
I disagree with the majority’s conclusion that the United States Supreme
Court decisions, Green v. Georgia, 442 U.S. 95 (1979) (Rehnquist, J.,
dissenting), and Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 (1973) (Rehnquist, J.,
dissenting), abrogate a valid and nonarbitrary rule against hearsay evidence and
mandate a reversal of this case. The majority's holding potentially abridges other
exclusionary rules such as the rape shield rule and places an extremely onerous burden on trial judges. The majority has misapplied two extremely narrow United States Supreme
Court holdings and has created a new constitutional evidentiary principle merely
because an attorney failed to follow established evidentiary procedures that were a prerequisite to admission of the desired hearsay testimony. See Montana v.
Egelhoff, 518 U.S. 37, 42 (1996) (“Relevant evidence may . . . be excluded on
account of a defendant's failure to comply with procedural requirements.”); see
also Michigan v. Lucas, 500 U.S. 145 (1991) (preclusion of evidence concerning
the defendant's past sexual relations with victim was no violation where the
defendant failed to comply with procedures). Moreover, the majority applies this new constitutional principle in a manner that relieves criminal defendants from
complying with rules of evidence and procedure that are designed to ensure both
fairness and admission of reliable evidence in criminal trials.
I would limit the application of both Green and Chambers to the facts of
those cases and would apply their holdings to hearsay issues only when the
following factors are present: (1) the statement is a declaration against a penal
interest; (2) the declarant is unavailable to testify; 1 (3) the statement is a third- party confession to a crime in which the confession is substantially corroborated
by direct evidence; (4) the veracity or reliability of the statement is not
questionable; and (5) the defendant otherwise would be absolutely precluded from introducing the evidence.2 These are the determinative factors in
Chambers and Green. Moreover, this limitation would be consistent with every
jurisdiction having assessed the application of Chambers and Green to hearsay issues; perhaps most importantly the limitation is consistent with Egelhoff, 518
U.S. at 42. The hearsay evidence in the case now before us fails to meet any of
the above criteria. Accordingly, I would hold that our valid hearsay rule designed
1 In Cham bers, the trial judge’s application of the voucher rule effectively precluded the declarant from testifying that he had previously confessed to the killing for which Chambers was being tried. Accordingly, the declarant in Cham bers was unavailable as a witness to provide direct evide nce of h is previous confes sions. See Unite d Sta tes v. Mac Don ald, 688 F.2d 224, 232 fn. 13 (4th Cir. 1982 ) (“One could arg ue that Cham bers applie s only w here the d ecla rant is available” but unavailable to testify.). 2 The United States Supreme Court placed particular emphasis on the fifth factor, that the defendant was otherwise precluded from introducing the evidence. While the case now before us fails to meet all five elements, it is important to note that our rules of evidence would have allowed the defendant to place this information before a jury had coun sel followed proper evidentiary procedure.
2 to exclude testimony whose trustworthiness is inherently suspect should not be
abridged by a due process right to present testimony in this case.
RIGHT TO PRESENT EVIDENCE
The majority erroneously concludes that “[e]xcluding the proffered evidence essentially deprived Brown of an opportunity to present to the jury an
alternative explanation for the complainant’s hymenal injury.” I disagree. The
victim herself was present and available to testify. When the State made an issue of the hymenal tear, the defendant could have simply asked the victim
whether she had previously engaged in sexual activity. The failure to pursue this
line of questioning is essentially what deprived Brown of an opportunity to present an alternative theory explaining the hymenal tear.
In response to counsel’s failure, the majority fashions a rule which in
effect permits a party who fails to comport with established evidentiary
procedures to present inadmissible forms of the desired evidence. Moreover,
the majority allows hearsay to be considered as substantive evidence even
though the hearsay statement would have been admissible only for
impeachment purposes had the defendant complied with the rules of evidence. This elevation of the statement to substantive evidence due merely to a failure to
comply with evidentiary procedures is illogical. The troubling aspect of this
elevation is that the proffered evidence was subject to multiple layers of reliability and evidentiary problems: (1) the victim may have been lying or boasting when
she made the statement to third parties; and (2) it is entirely possible that the
victim never made this statement to the third-party witnesses. Accordingly, such evidence should not be admissible as substantive evidence.
The right to present relevant testimony is not without limitation. Michigan
v. Lucas, 500 U.S. 145, 149 (1991); Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44, 54 (1987); see also United States v. Scheffer, 523 U.S. 303 (1998). The right to present
evidence may in appropriate cases bow to accommodate other legitimate
interests in the criminal trial process. Lucas, 500 U.S. at 149. Stated simply,
"[t]he accused does not have an unfettered right to offer [evidence] that is
3 incompetent, privileged, or otherwise inadmissible under standard rules of
evidence." Montana v. Egelhoff, 518 U.S. 37, 42 (1996).
States are afforded “broad latitude under the Constitution to establish
rules excluding evidence from criminal trials.” Scheffer, 523 U.S. at 306. States
shall evaluate whether the interests served by evidentiary rules justify the limitations imposed on the defendant's constitutional right to testify. Rock, 483
U.S. at 55. Rules of exclusion “do not abridge an accused's right to present a
defense so long as they are not ‘arbitrary’ or ‘disproportionate’ to the purposes they are designed to serve.” Scheffer, 523 U.S. at 306, citing Rock, 483 U.S. at
55.
The rule against hearsay is predicated on the notion that untrustworthy
evidence should not be presented to a trier of fact. See Egelhoff, 518 U.S. at 42
(“Hearsay rules . . . prohibit the introduction of testimony which, though
unquestionably relevant, is deemed insufficiently reliable.”). Out-of-court
statements are traditionally excluded because those statements “lack the
conventional indicia of reliability: they are usually not made under oath or other
circumstances that impress the speaker with the solemnity of his statements; the
declarant's word is not subject to cross-examination; and he is not available in order that his demeanor and credibility may be assessed by the jury.”
Chambers, 410 U.S. at 299. Accordingly, the Constitution should not be
interpreted in a manner that relieves a defendant from compliance with rules of evidence and procedure that are designed to ensure both fairness and reliability.
Id. at 302.
CASES CITED BY MAJORITY
The majority cites the following cases for the proposition that the
“constitutional right to present a defense has been held to ‘trump’ a number of other state and federal rules of procedure and evidence including the prohibition
of the state rape shield statutes”: State v. Jalo, 557 P.2d 1359 (Or. Ct. App.
1976); Commonwealth v. Black, 487 A.2d 396 (Pa. Super. Ct. 1985); Tague v.
Richardson, 3 F.3d 1133 (7th Cir. 1993); United States v. Begay, 937 F.2d 515
4 (10th Cir. 1991). These cases are readily distinguishable from the case now
before us and did not involve issues concerning hearsay evidence.
The cited cases hold that evidence generally precluded by a rape shield
law may be admissible if the State either opens the door for admission of the
evidence or if the evidence is offered for purposes other than to show the victim's moral defect or consent. See generally Jalo, 557 P.2d at 1361 (motive); Black,
487 A.2d at 400 (bias or motive). The State may open the door for evidence
concerning a victim's prior sexual behavior by presenting expert evidence of an injured hymen or other evidence indicating that a victim has been sexually
penetrated. See generally Tague v. Richardson, 3 F.3d 1133 (7th Cir. 1993);
United States v. Begay, 937 F.2d 515 (10th Cir. 1991). The key distinction between these holdings and the case now before us is that the proffered
evidence of prior sexual contact in the above cases was precluded only by the
rape shield laws but was otherwise admissible under the general rules of
evidence.
The majority’s conclusion that the defendant was denied a right to present
testimony of an alternative theory explaining the hymenal tear may have been
correct pursuant to the above cases if, and only if, the defendant was prohibited, once the condition of the hymen was made an issue, from asking the victim in
this case on cross-examination whether she had previously had consensual
sexual contact. The mere fact that evidence is not precluded by a rape shield law does not automatically entitle the defendant to present the evidence in a
rape trial. The evidence must still otherwise be admissible. Accordingly, the
above-cited holdings would not allow admission of inadmissible hearsay and are limited to otherwise admissible evidence being admitted under narrow exceptions
to the rape shield laws.
UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT DECISIONS
The majority opinion cites two United States Supreme Court decisions,
Green v. Georgia, 442 U.S. 95 (1979) (Rehnquist, J., dissenting), and Chambers
v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 (1973) (Rehnquist, J., dissenting), for the proposition
5 that “the constitutional right to present a defense has been held to ‘trump’ the
rule against hearsay.” Both Green and Chambers, however, merely mandated
exceptions to Georgia's and Mississippi's rules against hearsay for declarations made against a penal interest. See Rock v. Arkansas, 483 U.S. 44, 53 (1987)
(noting Court in Chambers “invalidated State's hearsay rule . . .”). Both holdings
were narrowly tailored and premised on the “unique” circumstances of each case. Green, 442 U.S. at 97; Chambers, 410 U.S. at 1048-49.
The majority cites Green for the proposition that “[r]egardless of whether the proffered testimony comes within Georgia's hearsay rule, under the facts of
this case its exclusion constituted a violation of the Due Process Clause of the
Fourteenth Amendment.” Green, 442 U.S. at 97. Green, however, is readily
distinguishable from the case now before us. In Green, the defendant (“Green”)
and a co-defendant (“Moore”) were both indicted for the rape and murder of a
victim. Moore was tried separately and sentenced to death. During Moore's trial,
the State introduced the testimony of a Thomas Pasby. Pasby testified that
Moore had confided to Pasby that Moore had killed the victim. Moore informed
Pasby that he shot the victim twice after ordering Green to run an errand.
Green was subsequently convicted by a jury of murder. A second trial was conducted to determine whether Green should be sentenced to death.
During the sentencing trial, Green attempted to introduce Pasby's testimony to
show that Green was not present when the victim was killed and that Green had not participated in the victim's death. When the case was tried, Georgia
recognized an exception to the hearsay rule for declarations against pecuniary
interest but not for declarations against penal interest. Accordingly, the trial court held that Pasby's testimony constituted inadmissible hearsay and refused to
allow Green to introduce the evidence.
The United States Supreme Court granted certiorari and held that under the facts of Green the exclusion of Pasby's testimony constituted a violation of
the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. The basis for the
Supreme Court's ruling was that the absence of an exception to the hearsay rule
for declarations against penal interest precluded Green from proffering relevant
6 evidence even though "substantial reasons existed to assume its reliability." Id.
at 97.
In Green, the Court was particularly troubled by the “unique
circumstances” of Green. Id. at 97. Pasby's testimony was admissible in
Moore's trial and the State “considered the testimony sufficiently reliable to use it against Moore, and to base [Moore's] sentence of death upon it.” Id. Moore's
statement to Pasby was a spontaneous confession to a close friend. The
evidence corroborating the confession was ample. Id. The confession was against Moore's interest, and there was no reason to believe that Moore had any
ulterior motive in making the confession. Under these unique circumstances, the
Court held that “the exclusion of Pasby's testimony denied the Petitioner a fair trial on the issue of punishment.” Id.
Similar to Green, the United States Supreme Court in Chambers v.
Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284 (1973), was confronted with a defendant's inability to
introduce evidence that a third person had repeatedly confessed orally to
committing the murder with which the defendant was charged. When Chambers
was tried, the Mississippi Rules of Evidence did not recognize an exception to
the hearsay rule for declarations against penal interest and adhered to the common law “voucher rule.”3 The Supreme Court held that the exclusion of the
evidence constituted a violation of the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth
Amendment. As in Green, the Court seemed troubled by Mississippi's absence
of an exception to the rule against hearsay which would allow introduction of a
declaration against penal interest when the declaration was exculpatory and
“bore persuasive assurances of trustworthiness.” Id. at 302.
In Chambers, the Court explicitly noted that the third party's confessions
“were originally made and subsequently offered at trial under circumstances that
provided considerable assurances of their reliability.” Id. at 300. The third party confessed to three different individuals. The confessions were made
spontaneously and to close acquaintances shortly after the murder occurred.
3 This rule prevents a party from impeaching its own witness; its corollary is that a party calling a witn ess is bou nd by a nythin g the witne ss m ight s ay.
7 The confessions were corroborated by substantial independent evidence. The
declarant did not stand to benefit from disclosing his role in the murder, and the
declarant was present in the courtroom and could have been cross-examined under oath. Id. at 300-01.
The Court briefly noted that a rationale for the rule against hearsay is to exclude untrustworthy testimony. Id. at 298. Where the testimony bears
persuasive assurances of trustworthiness and the testimony is exculpatory in
nature, the hearsay rule should “not be applied mechanistically to defeat the ends of justice.” Id. at 302. Accordingly, Chambers effectively held that stringent
application of the rule against hearsay may violate fundamental standards of due
process when the rule is applied mechanistically and in a manner precluding introduction of statements against penal interest that are both reliable and
“directly affecting the ascertainment of guilt.” Id.
The crux of the Chambers and Green decisions is that a defendant has a
fundamental right to present reliable evidence of a third party’s confession to a
crime for which the defendant is being tried. Evidence of a spontaneous
confession by a third party that is corroborated by direct evidence satisfies a
showing of “particularized guarantees of trustworthiness” and is sufficiently reliable to be admissible as an exception to the rule against hearsay. State v.
Bunyan, 712 A.2d 1091, 1094 (N.J. 1998). A child's off-hand and perhaps
boastful remarks, however, to other children concerning the child's sexual prowess lack the particular guarantees of trustworthiness indicative of
statements generally admissible under the exceptions to the hearsay rule.
LIMITATION OF CHAMBERS AND GREEN
The majority holds that the defendant was denied the opportunity to
present a defense pursuant to Chambers because hearsay evidence relating to an element of the State’s case was excluded. The majority, however, fails to
recognize the limited application of Chambers articulated in subsequent
Supreme Court decisions.
8 In Montana v. Egelhoff, 518 U.S. 37 (1996), a plurality of the Court noted
the limited application of Chambers by stating:
the holding of Chambers–if one can be discerned from such a fact- intensive case–is certainly not that a defendant is denied “a fair opportunity to defend against the State’s accusations” whenever “critical evidence” favorable to him is excluded, but rather that erroneous evidentiary rulings can, in combination, rise to a level of a due process violation.
Id. at 53. The limitation on Chambers was subsequently confirmed by an eight-
Justice majority, excluding Justice Stevens, in United States v. Scheffer, 523
U.S. 303, 118 S. Ct. 1261 (1998). In Scheffer, eight Justices agreed that “Chambers specifically confined its holding to the ‘facts and circumstances’
presented in that case.” 118 S. Ct. at 1268. Both state and federal courts that
have been confronted with Chambers have explicitly limited Chambers and Green to the facts of those cases. See Welcome v. Vincent, 549 F.2d 853, 857
(2nd Cir. 1977); Little v. Johnson, 162 F.3d 855 (5th Cir. 1998) (“In Montana v.
Egelhoff, the Supreme Court explained, ‘[T]he holding of Chambers–if one can
be discerned from such a fact-intensive case . . .’”); Barefoot v. Estelle, 697 F.2d
593, 597 (5th Cir. 1983) (“We think that Green is limited to its facts . . . .”); Maness v. Wainwright, 512 F.2d 88, 91 (5th Cir. 1975) (recognizing factual limits
on Chambers holding); McGinnis v. Johnson, 181 F.3d 686, 693 (5th Cir. 1999);
Gacy v. Welborn, 994 F.2d 305, 316 (7th Cir. 1993); United States v. Fowlie, 24 F.3d 1059, 1069 (9th Cir. 1994) (noting that Chambers was based on addressing
antiquated rules of evidence that precluded admission of a third party’s
confession); Jones v. State, 709 So. 2d 512, 524 (Fla. 1998) (noting that Chambers was “limited to its facts due to the peculiarities of Mississippi evidence
law which did not recognize a hearsay exception for declarations against penal
interest.”); Gudinas v. States, 693 So. 2d 953, 965 (Fla. 1997) (limiting
Chambers to “its facts due to the peculiarities of Mississippi evidence law which did not recognize a hearsay exception for declarations against penal interest.”);
State v. Bunyan, 712 A.2d 1091, 1095 (N.J. 1998).
Because it is clear that the application of both Chambers and Green
should be limited to the facts of those cases when applied to issues involving
9 hearsay evidence, this Court should have examined the facts of those cases.
Both Chambers and Green involved: (1) declarations against a penal interest;
(2) hearsay statements in which the declarant was unavailable to testify; (3) third-party confessions to a crime that were substantially corroborated with direct
evidence; (4) hearsay statements in which the veracity or reliability of the
statement was not questionable; and (5) situations in which the defendant would otherwise absolutely have been precluded from introducing the evidence. I read
factor (5) as being the key consideration by the Court in both Chambers and
Green. See also Gacy v. Welborn, 994 F.2d 305, 316 (7th Cir. 1993) (noting challenge would lie if evidentiary rules were “to blot out a substantial defense”
and direct evidence of the defense was unavailable). While both Chambers and
Green are readily distinguishable from the case now before us because direct evidence was available to the defendant to establish the defense, I will also
address the applicability of each of the remaining factors.
Declarations Against Penal Interest
Both Chambers and Green involved hearsay testimony that should have
been admissible as a declaration against the declarant’s penal interest. The
majority is now applying Chambers to a hearsay statement it classifies as a party opponent admission. The majority, however, is unable to cite any authority for
applying Chambers and Green to issues involving hearsay statements other than
statements against interest. Courts having previously considered the application of Chambers to other classifications of hearsay have not only declined to extend
Chambers but have also refused to extend Chambers to cases involving
statements by a party. See Gacy, 994 F.2d at 316 (refusing to apply Chambers
to party admissions).
While the majority’s classification of the hearsay statement is beyond the
ambit of Chambers and Green, I believe that the majority erroneously equates the hearsay in this case to a party opponent admission. The majority reaches its
conclusion by referring to the victim as a “party.” Again, the majority does not
cite any law in support of this reasoning. Moreover, the majority’s position is
inconsistent with both Tennessee law and other jurisdictions that have
10 addressed the issue and held that a victim is not a party to a criminal proceeding.
See City of Chattanooga v. Swift, 442 S.W.2d 257, 258 (Tenn. 1969) (defining
the term “party” as meaning “one having a right to control proceedings, to make a defense, to adduce and cross-examine witnesses, and to appeal from
judgment.”).
A victim in a sexual assault case is not a party for purposes of a party
opponent admission. In State v. Antillon, 426 N.W.2d 533 (Neb. 1988), the
defendant in a child sexual assault case attempted to introduce hearsay statements of the victim. In Antillon, the court addressed whether hearsay
evidence of a victim’s statement was admissible as a statement of a party. The
court held that a sexual abuse victim was not party to the criminal proceeding because the victim did not possess the right “to control the proceedings, to make
a defense, to adduce and cross-examine witnesses, and to appeal from the
judgment.” Id. at 538 (citing City of Chattanooga v. Swift, 442 S.W.2d 257
(Tenn. 1969); Gibbons v. Belt, 33 N.W.2d 374 (Iowa 1948)). Moreover, the
common rationales present for admitting statements of a party are inapplicable
to the victim of a crime.
I, therefore, disagree with the majority's assertion that a child victim to a sexual assault crime is or should be treated in the same manner as a party for
purposes of a party opponent admission. The victim in this case did not possess
the right “to control the proceedings, to make a defense, to adduce and cross- examine witnesses, and to appeal from the judgment.” See City of Chattanooga,
442 S.W.2d at 258.
Declarant Unavailable to Testify
In both Chambers and Green, the declarants, i.e., the third parties
confessing to the crimes for which Green and Chambers were being tried, were unavailable to testify. Had the declarants been available to testify, the hearsay
evidence would likely have been properly excluded. See Gacy, 994 F.2d at 316
(holding when direct evidence is available the constitution does not provide “an
accused the privilege of proffering, through hearsay, his self-serving
11 statements. . . .”). A declarant must be unavailable to testify for the declaration
against penal interest exception to be applicable.
As noted in the previous section, the victim in this case was a non-party.
The declarations against interest exception applies to non-parties. Accordingly,
the majority should have analyzed this issue under the exception for declarations against interest. While such an analysis would have met one of the factors of
Chambers and Green, the hearsay exception would not apply as the declarant
was available to testify. State v. Dicks, 615 S.W.2d 126, 129 (Tenn. 1981); Smith v. State, 587 S.W.2d 659, 661 (Tenn. 1978).
Corroboration or Reliability
The majority also concludes that because the victim was “analogous to a
party” the victim's out-of-court statement was reliable because “such testimony is
quite similar to hearsay evidence which is currently admissible under Rule 803
(1.2)(A).” This logic is circular and assumes reliability without examining the
content of the statement.
The defendant attempted to proffer hearsay evidence that the eleven- year-old victim had stated that she had previously engaged in sexual intercourse
with an adolescent male. In examining the potential veracity or reliability of this
statement, one must examine both the content of the statement and the context in which the statement was made. Moreover, one must also consider the age of
the declarant in this case.
Children and teenagers may be prone to fabricate or exaggerate both the
status of their consensual sexual activity and their sexual prowess. Children may
succumb to peer pressure or fabricate stories of sexual promiscuity to be viewed
as “cool” or “mature.” The mere fact that the victim was a rape victim does not automatically render the victim’s hearsay allegations of sexual promiscuity with
an adolescent male reliable. The victim simply may have been attempting to
impress a friend.
12 The majority further asserts the hearsay statement was “corroborated by
the non-hearsay proof” that a defense witness observed the victim kissing and
fondling the adolescent male. This evidence is analogous to evidence that the rape shield rule was designed to prohibit. That the victim consented to “kissing
and fondling,” if true, would not indicate that the victim consented to or did have
sexual intercourse with either the adolescent male or the defendant. This evidence corroborates nothing except the fact that the victim had an adolescent
boyfriend.
In both Chambers and Green, the Court went through numerous factors
that supported persuasive assurance of trustworthiness concerning the hearsay
statements. In both cases the declarants had confessed to committing the criminal acts for which the defendants were being tried. The declarant’s
statements were admissible against the declarants. In Green, the declarant's
statement was sufficiently reliable to use against the declarant and to impose a
sentence of death. Moreover, considerable direct evidence corroborated the
declarants’ confessions in Chambers and Green whereas the corroborating
evidence in the case now before us is at best circumstantial in nature and is
irrelevant to the crime charged.4
Preclusion from Presenting Exculpatory Evidence
Of primary concern to the Court in both Chambers in Green was that the absence of a hearsay exception for declarations against a penal interest
precluded the defendants from introducing reliable evidence that others had
confessed to committing the crimes for which the defendants were being tried. Such evidence, if believed by a jury, could have the effect of exonerating a
defendant in a criminal proceeding. Accordingly, the Court in both Chambers
and Green effectively created exceptions to Georgia’s and Mississippi’s rules
against hearsay for declarations against penal interest due to: (1) the exculpatory nature of the third parties’ confessions; (2) the confessions’
4 Proper “corroborating evidence” in the case now before us would have been evidence that the witne ss a ctua lly viewe d the victim havin g inte rcou rse w ith the adole sce nt m ale, th ereb y direc tly corrob orating the veracity of the hearsa y statem ent.
13 persuasive assurances of trustworthiness; and (3) the lack of an evidentiary rule
allowing a defendant to introduce evidence of a party’s confession to the crime
charged.
Unlike the defendants in either Chambers or Green, the defendant in the
case now before us was not precluded by the Tennessee Rules of Evidence from introducing evidence of the victim’s statement. Pursuant to Tennessee
Rule of Evidence 613 the defendant’s counsel could have simply elicited from
the victim whether she had ever told anyone that she had previously had sexual contact with an adolescent male. The victim could have then either admitted
making the statement and explained the content or the circumstances
surrounding the statement or the victim could have denied making the statement. If the victim denied making the statement, the defendant could have then
introduced the hearsay evidence for impeachment purposes pursuant to
Tennessee Rule of Evidence 613. See State v. Martin, 964 S.W.2d 564 (Tenn.
1998). The defendant, however, did not follow the established procedure in
Tennessee for introducing this type of evidence. Moreover, the statement was
not truly exculpatory in the sense that even if the victim had engaged in prior
sexual activity with an adolescent male she still could have been a victim of rape
at the hands of the defendant.
BURDEN ON TRIAL COURTS
While the majority has not clearly articulated the precise new hearsay
exception created by this case, the exception would appear to be as follows:
The rule against hearsay may be abridged whenever the rule against hearsay excludes evidence that may negate an essential element of the State's case thereby impeding a defendant's ability to present a complete defense.
Such a broad holding is dangerous precedent and places trial judges in a “Catch-
22” situation. Hearsay evidence is generally relevant evidence proffered to negate an element of the State's case. The preclusion of any evidence that
tends to negate an element of the State’s case impedes a defendant’s ability to
14 present a defense. Accordingly, the majority’s analysis and its failure to
articulate a precise and narrow exception to be applied in similar cases
effectively abolish our rule against hearsay and potentially abolish other evidentiary rules such as the rape shield law which, as a matter of policy,
preclude admissibility of specific and relevant evidence.
Trial judges may now face a difficult task in deciding the admissibility of
generally inadmissible evidence. Trial judges in a criminal proceeding when
faced with proffered hearsay evidence must: (1) decide whether the evidence is hearsay; (2) decide whether the evidence is admissible as an exception to the
rule against hearsay; and (3) determine whether the hearsay evidence negates
an element of the State’s case. If the trial judge admits the hearsay, the trial judge may have committed error by allowing introduction of inadmissible
evidence. If the trial judge precludes the hearsay, the trial judge, according to
the majority, may have committed reversible error by impeding the defendant’s
right to present a case. Accordingly, the trial judge faces potential error
regardless of the evidentiary ruling. Furthermore, the trial court has neither the
appellate court’s benefit of hindsight nor a complete trial record with which to
determine whether the error of admitting or the error of excluding is egregious
error or harmless error.
CONCLUSION
Chambers and Green did not technically “trump” a valid rule against
hearsay evidence. Both cases operated to create a clearly enunciated and
recognized exception to the hearsay rule for declarations against a penal interest. The majority in the case now before us does not create a narrow and
recognized exception to the rule against hearsay for a specific type of testimony
or evidence. Absent an articulation of a new exception to the rule against
hearsay, the majority has strayed from the analysis in Chambers and Green.
Moreover, absent a recognized and articulated exception, the majority is creating
an amorphous rule that will abridge an established hearsay rule precluding
admission of unreliable and untrustworthy evidence.
15 The proper procedure in the case now before us would have been for trial
counsel to ask the victim whether she had ever told anyone that she had
previously engaged in consensual sexual activity. Counsel did not do so. Trial counsel, not the trial court, essentially deprived Brown of the opportunity to
present an alternative explanation to the jury.
The rule this Court fashions today allows an inadmissible hearsay remark
to be introduced and treated as substantive evidence regardless of the veracity
of the remark. The testimony in question would not have risen to the level of substantive evidence had defense counsel followed evidentiary procedures.
This inconsistency is precisely why Tennessee Rule of Evidence 613 exists and
why such evidence should be subject to our established procedure. I, therefore, believe that this Court need not invoke the narrow due process right to present
third-party confessions articulated in Chambers and Green merely because trial
counsel in the case now before us failed to follow established procedure. See
Montana v. Egelhoff, 518 U.S. 37, 42 (1996) (stating relevant evidence may be
excluded “on account of a defendant's failure to comply with procedural
requirements”). While the majority’s result in this case may be desirable, the
means to accomplish this desired result at this stage of the proceedings defies
precedent and undermines our evidentiary policies of assuring reliable and trustworthy evidence.
For the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent.
I am authorized to state that Justice Barker joins in this dissenting opinion.
JANICE M. HOLDER, JUSTICE