[Cite as State v. Hilliard, 2017-Ohio-2952.] IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-160263 TRIAL NO. B-150874 Plaintiff-Appellee, : O P I N I O N. vs. :
GARRISON HILLIARD, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: May 24, 2017
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Philip R. Cummings, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
Ravert J. Clark, for Defendant-Appellant. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
M ILLER , Judge.
{¶1} Garrison Hilliard admitted to shooting his niece’s boyfriend in the face
with a flare gun modified to shoot .410 shotgun shells. Hilliard and members of his
extended family shared a large property with two houses. Hilliard lived in the main
house with his mother and his niece Samantha’s children. Samantha lived in the second
house—which the parties call the “pink house”—with her brother and her boyfriend,
Andrew Davis, the victim. After a jury trial, Hilliard was found guilty of one count of
felonious assault under R.C. 2903.11(A)(2) with two firearm specifications and an
additional count of felonious assault under R.C. 2903.11(A)(1). He was also convicted of
unlawful possession of dangerous ordnance with one firearm specification, which is not
the subject of this appeal. The trial court sentenced him to an aggregate term of five
years.
I. Manifest Weight
{¶2} In his first assignment of error, Hilliard argues that his convictions are
against the manifest weight of the evidence because the evidence established that he
acted in self-defense. A review of the manifest weight of the evidence puts the appellate
court in the role of a “thirteenth juror.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387,
678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). Our duty is to review the entire record, weigh the evidence,
consider the credibility of the witnesses, and resolve whether the trier of fact clearly lost
its way and created a manifest miscarriage of justice. Id.
{¶3} Self-defense is an affirmative defense that legally excuses admitted
criminal conduct. State v. Poole, 33 Ohio St.2d 18, 19, 294 N.E.2d 888 (1973). The
accused bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence (1) that he was
not at fault in creating the violent situation, (2) that he had a bona fide belief that he was
in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm and that his only means of escape was
2 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
the force used, and (3) that he did not violate a duty to retreat or to avoid the
danger. R.C. 2901.05(A); State v. Robbins, 58 Ohio St.2d 74, 388 N.E.2d 755 (1979),
paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶4} Under R.C. 2901.05(B)(1), “a person is presumed to have acted in self
defense * * * when using defensive force that is intended or likely to cause death or great
bodily harm to another if the person against whom the defensive force is used is in the
process of unlawfully and without privilege to do so entering, or has unlawfully
and without privilege to do so entered, the residence * * * occupied by the person using
the defensive force.” But that presumption does not apply “if the person against whom
the defensive force is used has a right to be in, or is a lawful resident of, the residence.”
R.C. 2901.05(B)(2)(a).
{¶5} Here, the evidence relating to the elements of self-defense and the Castle
Doctrine presumption was contradictory. Samantha testified that she was at work that
night, but she was having trouble getting her grandmother—Hilliard’s mother—on the
phone to check on her children. She called Davis and asked him to go see what was
happening at the main house and to check on their children. Davis and Samantha both
testified that Davis had a key to that house, they ate and showered there, and their
children lived there.
{¶6} Hilliard testified that he was in his home with his mother when Davis
entered without permission. He stated that Davis came into the house and called him
names. Hilliard told Davis to leave. The two began to struggle, after which Hilliard went
back to his room. When he heard his mother tell Davis to leave, Hilliard returned and
told Davis again to leave. Davis grabbed him. At which point, Hilliard admitted that he
returned to his room, grabbed the flare gun and a .410 shotgun shell. When he walked
3 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
back out to where Davis was, Davis began shaking Hilliard, and Hilliard aimed over
Davis’s shoulder and fired.
{¶7} Davis tells another story. Davis testified that as he approached the
house, he heard Hilliard screaming at his mother, calling her names, and saying “get the
fuck out, bitch.” From outside, Davis saw Hilliard grab his mother’s arm with both of his
hands. Davis entered the house and told Hilliard to go outside. Davis testified that he
was trying to diffuse the situation because his children were in the house and to protect
Hilliard’s mother. Davis claims that Hilliard put his hands on Davis as if to remove him
from the house. Next, Hilliard went to his bedroom and Davis went to the kitchen to
calm down. Davis was in the kitchen for 10 to 12 seconds, then he heard Hilliard’s
mother scream, “Gary, stop! No Gary, stop!” At that point, Hilliard shot Davis in the
face.
{¶8} Hilliard’s mother testified that Davis came in while she was putting one
of the children to bed. She stated that she came out and had to separate Hilliard and
Davis. She told Davis to “go on up to the pink house” and she would take care of
Hilliard. Then, when she went to her bedroom, she heard a gunshot. She stated that
when she saw Davis was bleeding, she asked Hilliard, “What have you done?” Hilliard
responded that he told Davis to leave and he did not go, so he shot him.
{¶9} The weight to be given the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses
are primarily for the trier of fact. State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212
(1967). The jurors were free to believe or disbelieve any of the witness testimony, and
they were entitled to believe that Hilliard did not act in self-defense. Here, a jury could
have believed Davis’s version of events and convicted Hilliard accordingly. Hilliard
admitted to shooting Davis after returning to his bedroom to retrieve and load the
weapon. There was evidence that Davis was privileged to be in the main house and that
4 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Hilliard was not authorized to exclude Davis. Accordingly, the jury could reasonably
have concluded that Davis did not prove self-defense and the Castle Doctrine was
inapplicable. After a review of the record, we cannot say that the trier of fact clearly lost
its way and created a manifest miscarriage of justice. See Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at
387, 678 N.E.2d 541. As a result, we overrule Hilliard’s first assignment of error.
II. Jury Instructions
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[Cite as State v. Hilliard, 2017-Ohio-2952.] IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-160263 TRIAL NO. B-150874 Plaintiff-Appellee, : O P I N I O N. vs. :
GARRISON HILLIARD, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: May 24, 2017
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Philip R. Cummings, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
Ravert J. Clark, for Defendant-Appellant. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
M ILLER , Judge.
{¶1} Garrison Hilliard admitted to shooting his niece’s boyfriend in the face
with a flare gun modified to shoot .410 shotgun shells. Hilliard and members of his
extended family shared a large property with two houses. Hilliard lived in the main
house with his mother and his niece Samantha’s children. Samantha lived in the second
house—which the parties call the “pink house”—with her brother and her boyfriend,
Andrew Davis, the victim. After a jury trial, Hilliard was found guilty of one count of
felonious assault under R.C. 2903.11(A)(2) with two firearm specifications and an
additional count of felonious assault under R.C. 2903.11(A)(1). He was also convicted of
unlawful possession of dangerous ordnance with one firearm specification, which is not
the subject of this appeal. The trial court sentenced him to an aggregate term of five
years.
I. Manifest Weight
{¶2} In his first assignment of error, Hilliard argues that his convictions are
against the manifest weight of the evidence because the evidence established that he
acted in self-defense. A review of the manifest weight of the evidence puts the appellate
court in the role of a “thirteenth juror.” State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387,
678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). Our duty is to review the entire record, weigh the evidence,
consider the credibility of the witnesses, and resolve whether the trier of fact clearly lost
its way and created a manifest miscarriage of justice. Id.
{¶3} Self-defense is an affirmative defense that legally excuses admitted
criminal conduct. State v. Poole, 33 Ohio St.2d 18, 19, 294 N.E.2d 888 (1973). The
accused bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence (1) that he was
not at fault in creating the violent situation, (2) that he had a bona fide belief that he was
in imminent danger of death or great bodily harm and that his only means of escape was
2 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
the force used, and (3) that he did not violate a duty to retreat or to avoid the
danger. R.C. 2901.05(A); State v. Robbins, 58 Ohio St.2d 74, 388 N.E.2d 755 (1979),
paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶4} Under R.C. 2901.05(B)(1), “a person is presumed to have acted in self
defense * * * when using defensive force that is intended or likely to cause death or great
bodily harm to another if the person against whom the defensive force is used is in the
process of unlawfully and without privilege to do so entering, or has unlawfully
and without privilege to do so entered, the residence * * * occupied by the person using
the defensive force.” But that presumption does not apply “if the person against whom
the defensive force is used has a right to be in, or is a lawful resident of, the residence.”
R.C. 2901.05(B)(2)(a).
{¶5} Here, the evidence relating to the elements of self-defense and the Castle
Doctrine presumption was contradictory. Samantha testified that she was at work that
night, but she was having trouble getting her grandmother—Hilliard’s mother—on the
phone to check on her children. She called Davis and asked him to go see what was
happening at the main house and to check on their children. Davis and Samantha both
testified that Davis had a key to that house, they ate and showered there, and their
children lived there.
{¶6} Hilliard testified that he was in his home with his mother when Davis
entered without permission. He stated that Davis came into the house and called him
names. Hilliard told Davis to leave. The two began to struggle, after which Hilliard went
back to his room. When he heard his mother tell Davis to leave, Hilliard returned and
told Davis again to leave. Davis grabbed him. At which point, Hilliard admitted that he
returned to his room, grabbed the flare gun and a .410 shotgun shell. When he walked
3 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
back out to where Davis was, Davis began shaking Hilliard, and Hilliard aimed over
Davis’s shoulder and fired.
{¶7} Davis tells another story. Davis testified that as he approached the
house, he heard Hilliard screaming at his mother, calling her names, and saying “get the
fuck out, bitch.” From outside, Davis saw Hilliard grab his mother’s arm with both of his
hands. Davis entered the house and told Hilliard to go outside. Davis testified that he
was trying to diffuse the situation because his children were in the house and to protect
Hilliard’s mother. Davis claims that Hilliard put his hands on Davis as if to remove him
from the house. Next, Hilliard went to his bedroom and Davis went to the kitchen to
calm down. Davis was in the kitchen for 10 to 12 seconds, then he heard Hilliard’s
mother scream, “Gary, stop! No Gary, stop!” At that point, Hilliard shot Davis in the
face.
{¶8} Hilliard’s mother testified that Davis came in while she was putting one
of the children to bed. She stated that she came out and had to separate Hilliard and
Davis. She told Davis to “go on up to the pink house” and she would take care of
Hilliard. Then, when she went to her bedroom, she heard a gunshot. She stated that
when she saw Davis was bleeding, she asked Hilliard, “What have you done?” Hilliard
responded that he told Davis to leave and he did not go, so he shot him.
{¶9} The weight to be given the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses
are primarily for the trier of fact. State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212
(1967). The jurors were free to believe or disbelieve any of the witness testimony, and
they were entitled to believe that Hilliard did not act in self-defense. Here, a jury could
have believed Davis’s version of events and convicted Hilliard accordingly. Hilliard
admitted to shooting Davis after returning to his bedroom to retrieve and load the
weapon. There was evidence that Davis was privileged to be in the main house and that
4 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Hilliard was not authorized to exclude Davis. Accordingly, the jury could reasonably
have concluded that Davis did not prove self-defense and the Castle Doctrine was
inapplicable. After a review of the record, we cannot say that the trier of fact clearly lost
its way and created a manifest miscarriage of justice. See Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at
387, 678 N.E.2d 541. As a result, we overrule Hilliard’s first assignment of error.
II. Jury Instructions
{¶10} In his second assignment of error, Hilliard contends he was denied due
process because the trial court failed to provide complete and unambiguous jury
instructions. Hilliard admits he did not object to the jury instructions. As a result, he
has forfeited all but plain error. See Crim.R. 30(A); Crim.R. 52(B); State v. Rogers, 143
Ohio St.3d 385, 2015-Ohio-2459, 38 N.E.3d 860, ¶ 22-23. To succeed under a plain-
error review, Hilliard must demonstrate that the error affected the outcome of the trial.
See State v. Barnes, 94 Ohio St.3d 21, 27, 759 N.E.2d 1240 (2002). Hilliard has not
established that the jury instructions were prejudicial.
{¶11} Hilliard argues that the trial court’s jury instructions were incomplete,
ambiguous, and confusing. First, he complains that the trial court did not define the
terms “dwelling” and “residence.” The Ohio Jury Instructions define a “dwelling” as a
building of any kind that has a roof and is designed to lodge people at night, regardless
of whether the building is temporary or permanent or is mobile or immobile. 2 Ohio
Jury Instructions, CR Section 421.19 (Rev. Oct. 11, 2008); see R.C. 2901.05(D)(2).
“Residence” is defined as “a dwelling in which a person resides either temporarily or
permanently or is visiting as a guest.” 2 Ohio Jury Instructions, CR Section 421.24 (Rev.
Oct. 20, 2012); see R.C. 2901.05(D)(3). The fact that the altercation took place in
Hilliard’s residence was never disputed. Hilliard, his niece, his nephew, his mother,
5 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Detective Joseph Coombs, and Davis all testified that Hilliard lived in the home.
Accordingly, providing the definitions to the jury was unnecessary.
{¶12} Hilliard further argues that the trial court erred when it refused to give
an instruction that Hilliard was entitled to establish that he acted in self-defense,
regardless of whether the jury found the Castle Doctrine presumption applied or the
state rebutted the presumption. However, the portion of the record cited to support this
argument, does not contain a request by Hilliard’s counsel to give this instruction. Nor
does it contain a refusal by the court to give such an instruction. Further, although
adding the instruction may have provided clarity, the instructions as given accurately
stated the law. The instruction properly stated the self-defense affirmative defense and
that the Castle Doctrine provides an exception to the duty to retreat. The instruction did
not indicate that the Castle Doctrine meant that Hilliard could not establish that he
retreated.
{¶13} Hilliard also complains that the trial court failed to instruct the jury that
the state can rebut the Castle Doctrine presumption by a preponderance of the evidence.
When Hilliard’s counsel brought up the Castle Doctrine presumption and the state’s
burden to rebut, the court asked counsel if he had located an Ohio Jury Instruction on
that topic. Hilliard’s counsel indicated that he had not. He then suggested the statutory
language of R.C. 2901.05(B)(1)-(3), which sets forth the Castle Doctrine presumption,
exceptions to the presumption, and that the presumption is rebuttable. At that point the
state objected. The prosecutor argued that there had been no evidence that Davis was
unlawfully in the residence. Then, the court stated that it would consider adding that
instruction at the end of the case. The jury was instructed on the Castle Doctrine as
follows:
6 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
A person is presumed to have acted in self defense when using defensive
force that is intended or likely to cause death or great bodily harm to
another if the person against whom the defensive force is used is in the
process of unlawfully and without privilege to do so entering, or has
unlawfully and without privilege to do so entered, the residence or vehicle
occupied by the person using the defensive force.
This instruction is R.C. 2901.05(B)(1) verbatim. The jury was not instructed on the
exceptions to the presumption. However, stating the exceptions would not benefit
Hilliard, while their omission arguably would. As a result, their omission, if error, would
amount to harmless error. See Crim.R. 52(A).
{¶14} After a review of the instructions, we are convinced that the trial court
properly instructed the jury on the elements of self-defense, the Castle Doctrine
presumption, and Hilliard’s burden of proof. In fact, the trial court’s self-defense
instructions were almost verbatim from the Ohio Jury Instructions. When read
together, the jury instructions were complete and unambiguous. See State v.
Thompson, 33 Ohio St.3d 1, 12-13, 514 N.E.2d 407 (1987). We overrule Hilliard’s second
assignment of error.
III. Ineffective Assistance
{¶15} In his third assignment of error, Hilliard claims he was denied the
effective assistance of counsel. He asserts that his trial counsel was constitutionally
ineffective for failing to include essential definitions and substantive instructions
regarding which party carried the burden of proof, when and if the burden shifted, and
the nature of the burden. To demonstrate ineffective assistance of counsel, Hilliard
must show that his counsel's representation fell below an objective standard of
reasonableness and that he was prejudiced by his counsel's deficient
7 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
performance. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 686-687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80
L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 143, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989).
{¶16} We have already explained that the jury instructions were not erroneous.
Hilliard’s counsel was not deficient for failing to object to jury instructions that properly
stated the law. See State v. Wilson, 3d Dist. Union No. 14-06-19, 2006-Ohio-6930, ¶
52. Further, the record demonstrates that Hilliard’s trial counsel extensively reviewed
and discussed the proposed jury instructions with the court and the prosecutor. He
made numerous objections with full, well-reasoned arguments and suggested numerous
alterations. We overrule Hilliard’s third assignment of error and affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
Judgment affirmed.
C UNNINGHAM , P.J., and M YERS , J., concur.
Please note:
The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.