State v. Hicks

• Court: Court of Appeals of North Carolina
• Decided: December 31, 2024
• Docket: 20-665-2
• Status: Published

Opinion

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

No. COA20-665-2

Filed 31 December 2024

Randolph County, No. 17 CRS 52825

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA

v.

WENDY DAWN LAMB HICKS

On remand by plurality opinion of the Supreme Court of North Carolina in

State v. Hicks, 385 N.C. 52, 891 S.E.2d 235 (2023), reversing and remanding a

published opinion by a unanimous panel of the Court of Appeals in State v. Hicks,

283 N.C. App. 74, 872 S.E.2d 152 (2022) (“Hicks I”). Originally heard in the Court of

Appeals on 13 April 2021.

Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Special Deputy Attorney General Michael T. Henry, for the State.

Marilyn G. Ozer, for the Defendant.

WOOD, Judge.

This case returns to us on remand from the Supreme Court of North Carolina

for the limited purpose of considering Defendant’s additional issue not reached by

this Court in Hicks I: whether the trial court committed plain error by allowing a

significant number of text messages and enlarged images to be published to each

member of the jury without limiting instructions. After careful review of the Supreme

Court opinion and the arguments advanced by the parties, we vacate the judgment

entered against Defendant and remand for a new trial. STATE V. HICKS

Opinion of the Court

I. Factual and Procedural Background

The underlying facts of this case are set forth fully in Hicks I and the

subsequent Supreme Court opinion; we briefly summarize as set forth herein.

Wendy Hicks (“Defendant”) and the deceased, Caleb Adams (“Caleb”), met in

September 2015 through their employment at Dart Container. Although both were

married, they soon developed an intimate relationship that lasted until Caleb’s death

on 13 June 2017. Caleb was married to Dana Adams (“Dana”) and remained so until

Caleb’s death. Defendant divorced her husband in April 2016. Both Defendant and

Caleb also maintained intimate relationships with other individuals, and Defendant

tried to hide her other relationships from Caleb.

In early 2017, Caleb introduced Defendant to methamphetamine. According

to Defendant, Caleb could become angry when using methamphetamine. After

Caleb’s methamphetamine supplier was arrested, Defendant introduced Caleb to a

new supplier, Doug. Defendant began performing oral sex on Doug to pay for

methamphetamine and started an intimate relationship with him, which she

attempted to hide from Caleb.

On 23 May 2017, Defendant posted a photo on Facebook of her and Caleb

kissing. Dana saw this photo and confronted Caleb, who denied that he was the man

in the photo. On 8 June 2017, Defendant called Dana and informed her that Caleb

was having an affair and using drugs.

During the week of 12 June 2017, Defendant and Caleb had several arguments,

2 STATE V. HICKS

including one about the photo she posted on Facebook. According to Defendant, Caleb

was also upset and angry because his supplier raised the price of methamphetamine,

and he was concerned about owing people money.

On the morning of 12 June 2017, Caleb visited Defendant’s trailer where she

lived with her seventeen-year-old daughter, April. April testified that she awoke that

morning and heard her mother and Caleb arguing. She further testified that Caleb

threw open the door to the residence, causing the door to hit a dog gate. Caleb entered

the home and screamed profanities and threats at Defendant. According to April,

Caleb stated, “I’ve never hit a bitch but you’re pushing me to hit a bitch. You’re

ruining my life. You’re ruining my family.” Caleb then left the trailer.

That evening, Caleb texted Defendant numerous times, and Defendant told

him she would leave his drugs on the nightstand in her bedroom. At approximately

9:15 p.m., Caleb picked up his drugs. At approximately 11:30 p.m., Defendant texted

Caleb, threatening to send sexually explicit photos to Dana to expose their affair.

At approximately midnight, Defendant called Dana, identified herself, and

revealed that she and Caleb were having an affair. She further revealed Caleb was

using recreational drugs. Defendant informed Dana that she and Caleb had been

arguing, Caleb had threatened her, and she was concerned for her safety. Defendant

asked Dana if Caleb was ever a violent person. Dana explained she was not aware of

Caleb’s outburst on the morning of 12 June 2017. Dana also stated that Caleb had

never been violent with her and admitted he needed assistance concerning his

3 STATE V. HICKS

substance abuse. Defendant informed Dana she had a gun, and Dana told Defendant

to call the police if she felt threatened by Caleb.

Later that night, an unknown man stood in Defendant’s yard and yelled,

“[W]here’s Caleb?” Defendant told him Caleb was not there, and the men told

Defendant to tell Caleb to “call his people.” Defendant then called Caleb numerous

times. His reply text stated, “You’ll be lucky if you don’t end up in a ditch.”

At 5:58 a.m. on 13 June 2017, Caleb called Defendant and told her he was on

the way to her home. At 6:13 a.m., Defendant texted Doug, “He [on the way] here.”

At 6:14 a.m., she texted Caleb, “No, please don’t come here. They looking for you.” At

6:28 a.m., she texted Doug, “He here.”

At 6:30 a.m., Defendant called 911 and told the operator that she had shot

Caleb. April was home at the time and although she did not see Defendant, she

testified as to what she heard from her room. She testified that Defendant burst into

the home and slammed the door as he had done the previous morning. She heard

Caleb tell Defendant that he was going to kill her. She could hear that they engaged

in a physical struggle violent enough to move furniture.

According to Defendant, Caleb was angry when he arrived at her home. He

came into the trailer and entered her bedroom to try to take her phone. When she

refused to hand over her phone, Caleb grabbed her gun from the nightstand.1 At

1 Our Supreme Court notes that from here, Defendant’s accounts differ. Hicks, 385 N.C. at 56, 891 S.E.2d at 239.

4 STATE V. HICKS

trial, Defendant testified that upon taking her gun, Caleb removed it from its holster

and pointed it at her, and she threw her phone at him. Caleb then looked through

her phone and started to leave with the gun. She told him to leave the gun there, and

he came back and threw down the gun onto the nightstand. Defendant then picked

up the gun and tried to walk past Caleb, who then grabbed her arm and stomped on

her feet. She tried to break free, but Caleb pinned her arm. Defendant then shot

Caleb. Caleb walked past her and then dropped face-down on the floor.

Defendant had given other accounts of the shooting to law enforcement officers

prior to trial. To the deputies who arrived at the scene, she explained that after Caleb

took the gun from her nightstand, he tried to grab her in an attempt to take her

phone. He dropped the gun while doing so, and she picked up the gun and shot him.

Later on, the day of the shooting, Defendant gave her account to two detectives

at the sheriff’s office. She did not tell them that Caleb dropped the gun. Rather, she

explained that after she refused to relinquish her phone, a wrestling match ensued

during which the gun and phone somehow switched hands, and she shot Caleb. She

stated she could not remember how she obtained the gun or removed it from the

holster.

Police arrived and found Caleb lying on his back on the floor, halfway through

the bedroom doorway. An officer found a key fitting Defendant’s front door near

Caleb’s leg and a “smoke vape” or “vape smoker.” Defendant told an officer at the

scene that the key belonged to Caleb and that he had used it to enter her home. Both

5 STATE V. HICKS

gunshot wounds entered Caleb’s back, and either could have caused his death. There

was no stippling, which may be caused when unburnt gunpowder strikes the skin and

causes a superficial injury. An expert for the State testified this indicates the gun

was shot from more than six inches away.

Nothing was broken in the house or bedroom. Although the front door was

broken at one of its hinges, Defendant told the detectives during questioning that this

had occurred before Caleb’s visits to her house during the week of June 12. Defendant

did not mention the broken door during her testimony at trial. April testified she did

not know when it occurred.

A forensic toxicologist testified that the level of methamphetamine in Caleb’s

blood was 1.5 milligrams per liter and the level of amphetamine was .12 milligrams

per liter. The toxicologist testified that using methamphetamine can cause

heightened alertness, aggression, paranoia, violence, and sometimes psychosis.

At the scene, Defendant did not appear to be injured and did not mention she

was suffering any pain. When she was first questioned by the detectives, she had no

bruises. Approximately four hours later, however, the detectives noticed what

appeared to be bruises starting to develop. The photographs of the bruising were

presented at trial.

On 11 July 2017, Defendant was indicted for second-degree murder.

Defendant’s case came on for trial during the 18 November 2019 criminal session of

Randolph County Superior Court. The jury convicted Defendant of second-degree

6 STATE V. HICKS

murder. The trial court sentenced her in the mitigated range to 180-228 months of

imprisonment. Defendant appealed, arguing the trial court erred in instructing the

jury on the aggressor doctrine. In Hicks I, in its unanimous opinion filed 19 April

2022, this Court held the trial court erred in instructing the jury on the aggressor

doctrine. 283 N.C. App. at 84, 872 S.E.2d at 159. This Court’s decision to order a

new trial for Defendant made it unnecessary to address her arguments regarding the

State’s Exhibits 174 and 175. Id. at 84, 872 S.E.2d at 160.

In its opinion filed 1 September 2023, our Supreme Court reversed the decision

of this Court and remanded the matter to this Court “for consideration of Defendant's

argument that the trial court committed plain error in admitting Exhibits 174 and

175 into evidence.” 385 N.C. at 65, 891 S.E.2d at 244.

II. Analysis

Defendant argues the trial court plainly erred in admitting Exhibits 174 and

175. We agree.

A. Standard of Review

Generally, “to preserve an issue for appellate review, a party must have

presented to the trial court a timely request, objection, or motion, stating the specific

grounds for the ruling the party desired the court to make if the specific grounds were

not apparent from the context.” N.C. R. App. P. 10(a)(1). Nevertheless, “[i]n criminal

cases, an issue that was not preserved by objection noted at trial . . . may be made

the basis of an issue presented on appeal when the judicial action questioned is

7 STATE V. HICKS

specifically and distinctly contended to amount to plain error.” N.C. R. App. P.

10(a)(4).

Here, Defendant “specifically and distinctly” contends in her appellate brief

that the trial court erred in admitting Exhibits 174 and 175 and erred in the manner

by which the exhibits were published to the jury. The State argues that any error

was invited error and therefore Defendant has waived appellate review altogether.

Therefore, as an initial matter, we must determine whether Defendant invited the

alleged error about which she now complains.

The doctrine of invited error is codified in N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1443, which

states in pertinent part, “A defendant is not prejudiced by the granting of relief which

he has sought or by error resulting from his own conduct.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-

1443(c). “Under the doctrine of invited error, a party cannot complain of a charge

given at his request, or which is in substance the same as one asked by him.” State

v. Miller, 289 N.C. App. 429, 432–33, 889 S.E.2d 231, 234 (2023) (brackets and

citation omitted). “Ordinarily one who causes (or we think joins in causing) the court

to commit error is not in a position to repudiate his action and assign it as ground for

a new trial. . . . Invited error is not ground for a new trial.” State v. Payne, 280 N.C.

170, 171, 185 S.E.2d 101, 102 (1971). “Thus, a defendant who invites error has waived

his right to all appellate review concerning the invited error, including plain error

review.” State v. Crane, 269 N.C. App. 341, 343, 837 S.E.2d 607, 608 (2020) (citation

omitted).

8 STATE V. HICKS

“Our courts have consistently applied the invited error doctrine when a

defendant’s affirmative actions directly precipitate error.” Miller, 289 N.C. App. at

433, 889 S.E.2d at 234 (emphasis added). In Miller, the defendant argued on appeal

that the trial court plainly erred in admitting portions of a recorded interview

between himself and law enforcement. The State argued the invited error doctrine

applied where “(1) Defendant, through counsel, actively cooperated with the State to

determine the appropriate redactions to his videotaped interview; (2) the redactions

to the video were for the benefit of Defendant; and (3) Defendant agreed to the

admission of the redacted video and its publication to the jury.” Id. at 432, 889 S.E.2d

at 234.

In determining whether the invited error doctrine applied, the Court in Miller

considered two cases in which North Carolina courts applied the invited error

doctrine. Id. at 433, 889 S.E.2d at 234. First, in State v. Barber, the defendant argued

on appeal that the trial court erred in failing to redact a polygraph examination that

was published to the jury. State v. Barber, 147 N.C. App. 69, 73–74, 554 S.E.2d 413,

416 (2001). This Court held the invited error doctrine applied where the defendant

requested that an exhibit “be submitted to the jury, despite explicit warnings by the

trial court that defendant's statement had not been properly redacted.” Id. at 74, 554

S.E.2d at 416. Second, in State v. Roseboro, the defendant sought to admit testimony

from one of his witnesses for corroborative purposes only. State v. Roseboro, 344 N.C.

364, 372, 474 S.E.2d 314, 318 (1996). The trial court asked defense counsel for

9 STATE V. HICKS

confirmation: “This evidence is offered for the purpose of corroborating?” Defense

counsel replied, “Yes, sir, it is. Yes, sir.” On appeal, however, the defendant argued

that the witness’s statements were admissible as substantive evidence. Our Supreme

Court held that the invited error doctrine applied where the “defendant unequivocally

agreed that he offered [the witnesses’] testimony for purposes of corroboration.” Id.

at 372–73, 474 S.E.2d at 318.

The Court in Miller also considered two cases in which this Court declined to

apply the invited error doctrine. Miller, 289 N.C. App. at 433, 889 S.E.2d at 234–35.

First, in State v. Chavez, this Court held the invited error doctrine did not apply

where the defendant “did not request the conspiracy instruction, but merely

consented to it.” State v. Chavez, 270 N.C. App. 748, 757, 842 S.E.2d 128, 135 (2020),

rev’d on other grounds, 378 N.C. 265, 861 S.E.2d 469 (2021). Second, in State v.

Harding, this Court declined to apply the invited error doctrine and explicitly held

that the defendant’s argument was not precluded from plain error review where the

defendant “failed to object, actively participated in crafting the challenged

instruction, and affirmed it was ‘fine.’ ” State v. Harding, 258 N.C. App. 306, 311,

813 S.E.2d 254, 259 (2018). The Court in Harding noted:

Even where the trial court gave a defendant numerous opportunities to object to the jury instructions outside the presence of the jury, and each time the defendant indicated his satisfaction with the trial court’s instructions, our Supreme Court has not found the defendant invited his alleged instructional error but applied plain error review.

10 STATE V. HICKS

Id. (quotation marks and brackets omitted).

Ultimately, the Court in Miller held that although the defense counsel “agreed

with the State on certain portions that were redacted from the interview, and . . . did

not object to the redacted interview being published to the jury,” the invited error

doctrine did not apply because he did not take “any affirmative action to introduce

the redacted interview.” Miller, 289 N.C. App. at 433, 889 S.E.2d at 235.

Here, Defendant did not affirmatively seek admission of Exhibits 174 and 175

or that they be published to the jury in a prejudicial manner. First, Defendant did

not stipulate to the admission of the exhibits. Prior to trial, the Prosecutor and

defense counsel discussed certain stipulations with the trial court. The trial court

confirmed the items to which the parties stipulated: first, defense counsel stipulated

to the authenticity of State’s Exhibit 179, which showed a portion of call records from

Defendant’s phone; and second, the State stipulated to allowing Defendant’s expert

witness from Raleigh, North Carolina rather than one from Dallas, Texas to testify

to the results of a Cellebrite extraction of a cell phone. Neither the parties nor the

trial court specifically mentioned any stipulation to the admission of Exhibits 174 and

175.

During the conversation regarding stipulations, the Prosecutor stated:

Judge, I do want to put on the record, I’ve spoken with [defense counsel] about this, the State intends to offer cumulus cell phones records, SMS texts, between the parties, the victim and the Defendant. I’ve made roughly 18 copies. Because of the cumbersome nature of it I would

11 STATE V. HICKS

like permission to, once I’ve laid the foundation for admitting them, when we get to testifying about the content of those records, to allow the jurors to actually hold their copies of the record, do kind of a read-along silently while we go through them simply because of the nature of the texts.

Presumably, the “cumulus cell phone records [and] SMS texts” to which the

Prosecutor referred were State’s Exhibits 174 and 175, which the evidence log

described as, respectively, “Report for Galaxy S7, SMS text msgs” and “Report for

Galaxy S7, multimedia msgs.” The trial court replied, “Well, if they’re admitted

before the read-along occurs, I don’t have any trouble. I think I can probably do that

in the Court’s discretion, without a stipulation, but I mean they’ll have to be admitted

first.” The Prosecutor replied:

They’re going to be admitted for witness prior to that but because of the nature of the -- just the nature of the records, how many there are and we’re going to be flipping back and forth, I wanted to bring that to Your Honor’s attention and I’ve spoken to Mr. Wells about it, just to go ahead and make sure that’s okay before I start handing stuff out.

The trial court asked if defense counsel wished to be heard on the matter, and he

replied, “I think that’s probably a pretty good idea. I might want to use the same

method in cross-examination or with [Defendant’s expert witness] Mr. Green when

the time comes.”

This conversation does not indicate that defense counsel affirmatively

requested that the jurors hold copies of State’s Exhibits 174 and 175, that the entirety

of Defendant’s texts be submitted to the jury unredacted, nor that certain graphic

12 STATE V. HICKS

images be enlarged. Although defense counsel stated, “I think that’s probably a

pretty good idea,” this response is not an affirmative request to the trial court to

publish the exhibits in the way they were published. Defense counsel’s acquiescence,

or failure to object, is more akin to a defense counsel’s “mere consent” to an allegedly

errant instruction or a defense counsel’s statement that an allegedly errant

instruction was “fine,” which are both circumstances in which this Court declined to

apply the invited error doctrine. Chavez, 270 N.C. App. at 757, 842 S.E.2d at 135;

Harding, 258 N.C. App. at 311, 813 S.E.2d at 259. A defense counsel’s failure to object

is specifically the scenario in which our Rules of Appellate Procedure provide for plain

error review. N.C. R. App. P. 10(a)(4).

Furthermore, as discussed supra, defense counsel did not stipulate to the

admission of Exhibits 174 and 175 into evidence. The record is totally devoid of any

evidence to support otherwise. The trial court confirmed with the parties that defense

counsel stipulated to the authenticity of Exhibit 179, and the State stipulated to an

expert witness testifying regarding an extraction from a cell phone. Thereafter,

defense counsel never stipulated to the admission of Exhibits 174 or 175 into evidence

nor that identical copies of the exhibits be published to each member of the jury to

hold from the moment of publication for, presumably, the duration of the trial.

In State v. Betts this Court contemplated whether the invited error doctrine

applied when the defendant’s counsel stipulated that she had no objection as to the

admissibility of the disputed evidence if the State made certain redactions. State v.

13 STATE V. HICKS

Betts, 267 N.C. App. 272, 833 S.E.2d 41 (2019). In that case, a social worker

conducted a forensic interview of a minor child whom the defendant allegedly had

touched inappropriately. Id. at 274, 833 S.E.2d at 43. The social worker wrote a

report on the interview. At trial, the State sought to admit the report into evidence.

Defense counsel initially objected but did not object to the entry of a redacted version.

Id. at 276, 833 S.E.2d at 44. On appeal, the defendant argued the trial court plainly

erred in admitting the report. Id. at 282, 833 S.E.2d at 48.

This Court noted that after defense counsel’s initial objection to the admission

of the report at trial, the trial court held a colloquy on the matter, and “defense

counsel stated she would not object to the . . . [r]eport, if the State were to make

certain redactions.” Id. at 283, 833 S.E.2d at 48. The trial court allowed the State,

with defense counsel’s consent, to review and redact the report during an evening

recess and further ruled that defense counsel would have an opportunity to review

the redacted version. The next day, after reviewing the redacted version of the report,

defense counsel affirmed to the trial court that “[t]he objectionable materials have

been removed.” The State renewed its motion to admit the report, the trial court

asked defense counsel if she had any objection, and she replied no. Id. at 283–84, 833

S.E.2d at 48–49. The Court in Betts ultimately held that the invited error doctrine

applied to the defendant’s argument that the trial court erred in admitting the report.

Id. at 284, 833 S.E.2d at 49. The Court reasoned, “Defendant’s counsel not only failed

to renew Defendant’s objection to the admission of the . . . [r]eport, but she

14 STATE V. HICKS

affirmatively and explicitly represented that she had no objection to the admission of

the . . . [r]eport after the State had made the requested redactions.”

Betts is distinguishable for various reasons. In Betts, defense counsel

specifically—and affirmatively—indicated that she would not object to the admission

of the report if the State redacted the objectionable portions. Defense counsel actively

participated in the process of making the report non-objectionable by reviewing the

State’s redacted version of it, approving of the new version, and then telling the trial

court she had no objection to the admission of the redacted version. In the present

case, however, the Prosecutor indicated he would seek to admit the “cumulus cell

phone records” and “SMS texts . . . between the parties” and explained that he had

“spoken with” defense counsel about “this.” This does not indicate that the parties

entered into a stipulation on the matter. The trial court specifically responded that

it could allow identical copies of the exhibits to be published to each juror “without a

stipulation” if they were admitted first. The extent of defense counsel’s involvement

in the matter occurred when he stated, “I think that’s probably a pretty good idea. I

might want to use the same method in cross-examination or with [Defendant’s expert

witness] Mr. Green when the time comes.”

Therefore, Betts is distinguishable because the involvement of defense

counsel in ensuring the report was redacted far exceeds any purported “involvement”

of defense counsel in this case in causing Exhibits 174 and 175 to be admitted and

published to each juror individually. Indeed, the Record does not reveal that defense

15 STATE V. HICKS

counsel had any such involvement, nor that he in any other way affirmatively caused

the error he now argues constitutes plain error. We cannot conclude defense counsel’s

statement, “I think that’s probably a pretty good idea” constitutes an affirmative non-

objection like defense counsel’s action in Betts; much less an affirmative action

directly precipitating the alleged error. Miller, 289 N.C. App. at 433, 889 S.E.2d at

234. Rule of Appellate Procedure 10(a)(4) specifically allows for plain error review

upon a defense counsel’s failure to object.

Likewise, defense counsel’s statement that he “might want to use the same

method in cross-examination or with [Defendant’s expert witness] Mr. Green when

the time comes” does not amount to invited error. The fact defense counsel was

contemplating whether he “might want to use the same method” the trial court had

just ruled the prosecutor could use is not an affirmative action inviting or joining in

the error. As discussed supra, our Supreme Court has held that the invited error

doctrine applies where a defendant’s affirmative actions directly precipitating the

error are “unequivocal.” Roseboro, 344 N.C. at 372–73, 474 S.E.2d at 318. There, the

defense counsel’s statement of “Yes, sir, it is. Yes, sir” was held as an invited error,

to which the defendant could not seek relief due to his own actions. Here, counsel’s

statement that he “might use the same method” is insufficient to demonstrate

“unequivocal” actions precipitating the alleged error. The word “might” does not meet

16 STATE V. HICKS

the threshold articulated by the Court in Roseboro.2

Therefore, we must now determine whether defense counsel elicited testimony

upon cross-examination which Defendant now challenges on appeal. We hold he did

not. It is well settled that defense counsel invites error when he elicits testimony on

cross-examination and then challenges the same testimony on appeal. State v.

Wingard, 317 N.C. 590, 599, 346 S.E.2d 638, 644 (1986). In Wingard, our Supreme

Court held that the defendant waived his challenge to certain testimony on appeal

where the State elicited the testimony from a witness, and “defense counsel, on cross-

examination, elicited the same testimony.” Id.

The State points to trial transcript pages 1,778–1,836 of defense counsel’s

cross-examination of Detective Sibbett regarding certain portions of Defendant’s and

Caleb’s text message exchanges. Much of defense counsel’s cross-examination

focused on demonstrating that Defendant was not the only one who initiated

communications with Caleb. Indeed, for a significant portion of this cross-

examination exchange, defense counsel questioned Detective Sibbett regarding

State’s Exhibit 179, the Verizon report of Defendant’s phone call log. Defense counsel

sought to highlight to the jury that

although the text messages might make it look like this

2 The Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines “unequivocal” as “leaving no doubt;” “expressing only one meaning;” “lending to only one conclusion;” “clear, unambiguous;” “not open to challenge.” See Unequivocal, Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (3rd ed. 2002). By contrast, “might” is defined as “be in some degree likely to.” See May, Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (3rd ed. 2002).

17 STATE V. HICKS

was a one-way thing, that [Defendant] was the one who was texting [Caleb] and that she was the one who was interested in having conversations, if we look at the record, the phone records as well, we can see that he was also interested in contacting her because he called her several times?

Detective Sibbett replied, “Yes, sir. There’s conversation both ways.” Defense counsel

further sought to highlight Caleb’s volatility as displayed by his “profane diatribe[s],”

his tendency to go “from zero to red in five seconds,” and his threatening texts to

Defendant. Defense counsel did not address the numerous irrelevant and prejudicial

texts nor the enlarged graphic images that Defendant now challenges on appeal.

Thus, defense counsel’s cross-examination did not trigger the invited error doctrine.

Finally, defense counsel did not trigger the invited error doctrine by requesting

another extraction of data from Defendant’s phone. It came to light during trial that

the Randolph County Sheriff’s Office “did not make a mirror image of the contents of

[Defendant’s] phone, as could have been done at the time the . . . download was

accomplished.” The Sheriff’s Office did not download audio files, specifically, short,

recorded audio messages that may be sent instead of text messages. Defense counsel

was not aware prior to trial there were audio texts that the State did not collect from

Defendant’s phone. For that reason, he requested a further extraction from

Defendant’s phone:

[S]ince I do have an expert who can be here tomorrow, I would ask that -- that the phone be available to him for an extraction. I think that’s what they call it. I’ve been calling it a cell phone dump, but I think it’s an extraction. . . . But

18 STATE V. HICKS

now that we know -- now that we know for sure that -- well, I don’t think that we know for sure there’s something on there, but we know there’s a possibility there’s something on there and that a decision was made not to include that in -- in the selected items. I think it’s incumbent on me to ask for that.

The trial court ordered that Defendant’s cellphone be subject to a further download.

With this second extraction performed, the State sought to admit the extraction into

evidence as State’s Exhibit 214. Defense counsel acknowledged that the Prosecutor

had given him the extraction, but defense counsel had not had a chance to examine

it because he was “trying to pay attention to [the Prosecutor’s direct examination of]

Detective Sibbett to prepare for the cross-examination.” Defense counsel explained

his position on the admission of the second extraction:

I am not going to object to the extraction and I’ll go ahead and put on the record my reason for that.

First of all, I didn’t object. It’s already in evidence as the State -- as Mr. Sherriff said, State moved to admit the extraction, itself. So it’s in evidence. It’s in evidence because I asked the Court to order an extraction to be performed yesterday. So for better or for worse I’m the one who caused this extraction and this new evidence to come forward.

I don’t think I’m in a position to object to it. I’m not inclined to object to it. There are things in there that I will be using I expect.

Defense counsel’s request of the second extraction does not demonstrate that he

sought to introduce all of the contents of Defendant’s phone to the jury or to publish

unredacted texts or enlarged, graphic images to the jury. Rather, it was an act of due

19 STATE V. HICKS

diligence in seeking to uncover potentially exculpatory evidence. On appeal,

Defendant does not challenge State’s Exhibit 214, the extraction containing the audio

texts. Defendant’s request of the second extraction does not trigger the invited error

doctrine nor otherwise support its application.

Accordingly, we hold the invited error doctrine does not apply under the facts

of this case. We will review the challenged State’s Exhibits 174 and 175 for plain

error.

Plain error refers to fundamental error. State v. Odom, 307 N.C. 655, 660, 300

S.E.2d 375, 378 (1983). A trial court commits plain error “where it can be fairly said

the instructional mistake had a probable impact on the jury’s finding that the

defendant was guilty.” Id. (quotation marks and citations omitted). “To show that

an error was fundamental, a defendant must establish prejudice—that, after

examination of the entire record, the error had a probable impact on the jury’s finding

that the defendant was guilty.” State v. Lawrence, 365 N.C. 506, 518, 723 S.E.2d 326,

334 (2012) (quotation marks and citations omitted).

Our Supreme Court recently elaborated that the prejudice standard, which

requires a “showing that a jury probably would have reached a different result[,]”

means that the standard “requires a showing that the outcome is significantly more

likely than not.” State v. Reber, 386 N.C. 153, 159–60, 900 S.E.2d 781, 787–88 (2024)

(second emphasis added) (holding that the prosecutor’s cross-examination of the

defendant was not plain error where there was “plenty of surrounding evidence that

20 STATE V. HICKS

supported [the sole eyewitness’] credibility.”). The Court in Reber explained, “the

analysis is whether, without that evidence, the jury probably would have reached a

different result.” Id. at 160, 900 S.E.2d at 788 (emphasis in original). Stated slightly

differently, “the question on plain error is” whether, absent the challenged evidence,

“the jury probably would have returned a different verdict.” Id. at 162, 900 S.E.2d at

789 (emphasis in original). To make this determination, this Court must “examine[]

the state of all the evidence except for the challenged evidence and ask[] whether, in

light of that remaining evidence, the jury probably would have done something

different.” Id. The Court further explained, “a close case is not enough to prevail on

the prejudice prong of plain error.” Id.

B. Exhibits 174 and 175

Defendant argues the trial court plainly erred when it allowed Exhibit 174 to

be admitted into evidence and in allowing the text messages contained in the exhibit

to be published to and held by the jury. Specifically, Defendant argues many of the

text messages were irrelevant to the determination of her guilt and highly prejudicial

to her. We agree.

Generally, “[a]ll relevant evidence is admissible,” and “[e]vidence which is not

relevant is not admissible.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 402 (2023). “ ‘Relevant

evidence’ means evidence having any tendency to make the existence of any fact that

is of consequence to the determination of the action more probable or less probable

than it would be without the evidence.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 401 (2023). Even

21 STATE V. HICKS

if evidence is otherwise relevant, “evidence may be excluded if its probative value is

substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues,

or misleading the jury, or by considerations of undue delay, . . . or needless

presentation of cumulative evidence.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 403 (2023).

“Unfair prejudice has been defined as an undue tendency to suggest decision on an

improper basis, commonly, though not necessarily, an emotional one.” State v.

Mason, 315 N.C. 724, 731, 340 S.E.2d 430, 435 (1986) (quotation marks omitted).

Evidence that is not pertinent to the guilt of the accused may be unduly

prejudicial and should be excluded. See State v. Lopez, 188 N.C. App. 553, 557, 655

S.E.2d 895, 898 (2008) (trial court properly excluded testimony of two witnesses

where their testimony did not point to the guilty of anyone other than the defendant

and was “not inconsistent with the guilt of Defendant”); see also State v. Cuevas, 121

N.C. App. 553, 556–58, 468 S.E.2d 425, 427–28 (1996) (the trial court erred in

admitting the defendant’s passport indicating he recently visited Colombia because

of the country’s “widely known” association with the drug trade, and ownership of a

passport showing travel to Colombia was “not probative of a fact at issue” in the

defendant’s trial for trafficking cocaine); Browning v. Carolina Power & Light Co.,

114 N.C. App. 229, 232–33, 441 S.E.2d 607, 609–10 (1994) (trial court prejudicially

erred in admitting an officer’s testimony that he discovered two bottles of liquor in

the driver’s purse because the officer also testified “he had no reason to believe that

alcohol consumption contributed to the accident”); Sheppard v. Sheppard, 38 N.C.

22 STATE V. HICKS

App. 712, 713–14, 248 S.E.2d 871, 873 (1978) (in a custody proceeding by natural

mother against deceased husband’s family, trial court properly excluded letter

written by the deceased husband asking the mother not to prosecute an assault

charge against him where the character of the husband was “not in issue”). In sum,

our Supreme Court has held that it may be prejudicial error for a trial court to admit

evidence that does not have “probative value” but rather has “potential only for

inflaming the jurors.” State v. Hennis, 323 N.C. 279, 286, 372 S.E.2d 523, 528 (1988).

A trial court errs when it admits highly inflammatory evidence that is not

relevant to the question of a defendant’s guilt. In State v. Temples, this Court

addressed the admissibility of a letter, allegedly written by a defendant, which

referenced contemplating suicide and her purported “experiences with drugs,

abortion, and incest.” State v. Temples, 74 N.C. App. 106, 108, 327 S.E.2d 266, 267

(1985). The defendant in Temples was convicted of second-degree murder of her

husband with whom she had a “tumultuous” marriage. Id. at 107, 327 S.E.2d at 267.

Defendant was inside her bathroom, holding a pistol and contemplating suicide when

her husband opened the bathroom door and told her, “You put that gun up to your

god damn head and I’ll help you pull it, I’ll help you pull that trigger, you just hold it

up there and I’ll put my hand on it and pull it. Id. Defendant testified she believed

her husband intended to kill her, so she shot him three times. The evidence at trial

tended to show the fatal bullet was fired from a distance of more than two feet. The

trial court admitted the letter along with an instruction to the jury that it could be

23 STATE V. HICKS

considered only for impeachment purposes. Id. at 108, 327 S.E.2d at 267. This Court

reasoned that the “the State’s argument as to [the letter’s] relevance for impeachment

purposes [was] totally unpersuasive” and that “in addition to [the letter’s] collateral

nature, . . . the contents of this document are inflammatory, with the potential

prejudicial impact under the circumstances far outweighing any conceivable

probative value of this evidence.” Id. at 108, 327 S.E.2d at 268. The Court ordered a

new trial due to the trial court’s cumulative errors. Id. at 110, 327 S.E.2d at 268.

The manner in which an exhibit is presented to the jury also may constitute

error. In State v. Hennis, the defendant was convicted of three counts of first-degree

murder. Hennis, 323 N.C. at 279, 372 S.E.2d at 523. The trial court admitted thirty-

five photographs of the crime scene and autopsies. Id. at 282, 372 S.E.2d at 525. The

State presented the photographs to the jury by erecting “an unusually large screen

on a wall directly over [the] defendant’s head such that the jury would continually

have him in its vision as it viewed the slides.” Id. at 286, 372 S.E.2d at 528. Our

Supreme Court concluded this “was a manner of presentation that in itself quite

probably enhanced the prejudicial impact of the slides themselves.” Id. The Court

further reasoned, “the thirty-five duplicative photographs published to the jury one

at a time just before the state rested its case were excessive in both their redundancy

and in the slow, silent manner of their presentation.” Id. The Court in Hennis held

that admitting the redundant, “grotesque and macabre” photographs constituted

prejudicial error where the evidence of the defendant’s guilt was not overwhelming.

24 STATE V. HICKS

Id. at 286–87, 372 S.E.2d at 528.

Here, the trial court admitted State’s Exhibits 174 and 175 into evidence

without objection. State’s Exhibit 174 contained a download of text messages from

Defendant’s phone dated 5 March 2017 through 16 June 2017. The trial court did not

give the jury any limiting instruction regarding how the jury was to consider such

“evidence.” The trial court allowed the prosecutor to publish to each member of the

jury “a duplicate copy of [State’s Exhibits] 174 and 175.”

Exhibit 174 contained numerous irrelevant and prejudicial text messages. The

prosecutor had Detective Sibbett read large portions of Defendant’s text exchanges

having no relevance at all to the alleged crime of second-degree murder. Examples

include Defendant asking April and Caleb if they had seen her new Facebook profile

picture; Defendant’s son asking Defendant if he could get his physical; details of

Defendant’s and Caleb’s relationship such as her telling him that he was “the best

thing that ever happened to” her, they needed “[c]lear communication” and “whole

truths” in order to stay “on track” in their relationship, “True love is so hard to find,

and they say once you find it you [lose] your mind,” and “I’m sorry that I keep hurting

you and your family”; Defendant telling her son where she was sitting for April’s

graduation; and incoming texts telling Defendant about concerns regarding April’s

mental health.

These texts were irrelevant to the jury’s determination of whether Defendant

committed second-degree murder and prejudicial because they could only serve to

25 STATE V. HICKS

cause “confusion of the issues” in the minds of the jurors and constituted “needless

presentation of cumulative evidence.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 403. The text

messages had the probable impact of causing confusion by shifting the focus of the

case from the question of whether Defendant acted in self-defense to whether she was

someone of whom the jurors should approve personally. The only conceivable purpose

for the State to admit texts providing every intimate detail of Defendant’s

relationship with Caleb, as displayed through their text messages, was to

demonstrate the tumultuous nature of their relationship. The jury would have heard

plenty of such evidence. Defendant testified that: she began having an affair with

Caleb and continued it after learning that he was married; she carried on affairs with

three different men simultaneously; even though Defendant protested at first, she

eventually consumed methamphetamine at Caleb’s urging because he believed it

would improve their sex; at Caleb’s suggestion, Defendant performed oral sex on

Caleb’s supplier to pay for their methamphetamine; and Defendant’s drug use made

him angry and volatile toward Defendant. Clearly, providing printed handouts of the

text messages so that the jurors could “follow along” while Detective Sibbett read

them aloud from the witness stand posed a “danger of . . . needless presentation of

cumulative evidence” and substantially outweighed the texts’ probative value

because the jury would have been aware of the tumultuous nature of Defendant’s and

Caleb’s relationship even without them. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 403.

We further note that these largely irrelevant text exchanges were unfairly

26 STATE V. HICKS

prejudicial to Defendant because of their likelihood to turn the jurors against her

based on their personal distaste for her lifestyle. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 403

(“evidence may be excluded if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the

danger of unfair prejudice[.]”). Defendant’s and other witnesses’ testimony

demonstrating numerous sordid details about Defendant’s life does not excuse the

texts being published to the jury nor allowing them to retain the texts for the duration

of trial. This is because the text messages likely would have made Defendant even

more contemptible in the jury’s mind than she already would have been due to the

other testimony presented at trial. The texts constituted additional confusing,

needlessly cumulative, and unfairly prejudicial evidence regarding Defendant’s life,

serving only to inflame the jurors’ emotions and causing them to convict her based on

their distaste of Defendant rather than the relevant facts and law.

Moreover, the State published text message exchanges to the jury that were

grossly prejudicial and carried a high propensity to inflame the emotional reaction of

the jurors. State’s Exhibit 174 contained a text exchange between Defendant and her

mother regarding how someone they knew was stabbed with an eight-inch steak

knife, and Defendant’s mother stated, “[t]hat crazy bitch stab[bed] him in the back of

the neck”; text messages from Defendant describing Caleb as “the main one” and “the

married one” among the other individuals with whom Defendant was having an

affair; texts discussing the propriety of Defendant having an intimate relationship

with a married man; a text exchange between Defendant and her son in which

27 STATE V. HICKS

Defendant’s son told her that he was pulled over for a traffic stop and that the police

officer was “an old guy so he’ll probably be a dick head,” and Defendant responded,

“Well he’s [in] the wrong”; and another text exchange between Defendant and her son

in which her son explained he was going to get in trouble because he skipped school

to be with a girl, and Defendant asked him, “Was your dick in you[r] pants or in her

mouth” and told him he should have lied about where he was; a text exchange from

Defendant to another woman in which Defendant asked the woman if she wanted to

see a “picture of [Defendant] in restraints”; a text exchange from Defendant to a

woman in which Defendant asked, “guess who’s coming over to play with me in an

hour,” and the woman suggested that Defendant use candles and hot wax; and a text

message from a previous sexual partner in which he told Defendant, “Next time when

you get ready to call be ready to suck dick.”

These text messages were inflammatory and unduly prejudicial because they

probably caused the jurors to convict Defendant based on their emotional revulsion

toward her rather than acquit her based on the evidence of self-defense. Mason, 315

N.C. at 731, 340 S.E.2d at 435; Lopez, 188 N.C. App. at 557, 655 S.E.2d at 898.

Defendant’s mother’s comment regarding a “crazy bitch” stabbing someone in the

back of the neck portrays Defendant’s family as callous toward one being seriously

injured. Defendant’s text stating that an officer was in the wrong for pulling over her

son portrays Defendant as antagonistic toward law enforcement officers. Defendant’s

text regarding her son’s possible sexual activity and encouraging him to lie to school

28 STATE V. HICKS

authorities about why he was absent in class depicts her as exercising poor parenting

choices, encouraging dishonest and sexually questionable behavior to her minor son,

being disrespectful toward authority figures, and being morally unprincipled.

Defendant’s text messages regarding her sex life further depict her as sexually

profligate and having a cavalier attitude about having affairs.3 It is not difficult to

foresee that such inflammatory information would lodge at the forefront of the jurors’

minds when deciding whether to convict Defendant.

Moreover, although testimony from Defendant herself as well as others already

demonstrated she lived a morally questionable personal life, these texts constitute

additional, irrelevant information that the jurors were allowed to hold indefinitely

after publication to the jury, further adding to their unduly prejudicial effect. Hennis,

323 N.C. at 286–87, 372 S.E.2d at 528.

We conclude the introduction of State’s Exhibit 174 had a probable impact on

the outcome of the trial by needlessly making the jurors more disgusted with her,

whereas the jury probably would have acquitted her without such inflammatory and

prejudicial texts when considering all the other evidence presented. Lawrence, 365

N.C. at 518, 723 S.E.2d at 334.

The State compares the admission of the texts contained in Exhibit 174 to the

admission of an officer’s testimony in State v. Peterson. 205 N.C. App. 668, 695 S.E.2d

3 We note this does not reflect the opinion of this Court. Rather, we explain the likely prejudicial effect

the texts created in the minds of the jurors.

29 STATE V. HICKS

835 (2010). In Peterson, the defendant shot his live-in girlfriend and was convicted

of assault with a deadly weapon inflicting serious injury. Id. at 668–69, 695 S.E.2d

at 837. On appeal, the defendant argued the trial court erred in allowing an officer

to testify the defendant told him that a week prior to the shooting, he had told a friend

that he could have sexual intercourse with his girlfriend and that his girlfriend had

caught him cheating on her. Id. at 674, 695 S.E.2d at 840. Specifically, the defendant

argued the officer’s testimony was irrelevant and unfairly prejudicial pursuant to

Rule 403 of the North Carolina Rules of Evidence. Id. at 673, 675, 695 S.E.2d at 840–

41. This Court held that “[e]vidence of what precipitated the argument” between the

defendant and his girlfriend and “what the argument was about is part of the account

of the assault” and was “necessary to complete the story of that assault for the jury.”

Id. at 674, 695 S.E.2d at 840–41. This Court further held that while the officer’s

testimony “certainly cast[] defendant in a negative light,” it was “supportive of

defendant’s claim of self defense” because it showed that the girlfriend had reason “to

be very angry with defendant.” Id. at 675, 695 S.E.2d at 841.

The State argues Exhibit 174 was relevant because it contained texts between

Defendant and Doug, which were relevant to Caleb’s drug use, and therefore relevant

to Defendant’s self-defense theory because Caleb’s drug use was known to make him

act aggressively. However, Peterson is distinguishable from the case sub judice. In

Peterson, the officer’s testimony was directly relevant to why the girlfriend started

the physical fight, as the defendant testified. Id. at 670, 695 S.E.2d at 838. Here,

30 STATE V. HICKS

however, Defendant testified at trial regarding Caleb’s drug use, and the jury was

aware that Defendant called Dana to inform her of his drug use and that she was

concerned for her safety around Caleb. An expert witness also testified that using

methamphetamine can cause one to become aggressive. Therefore, the jury already

was aware that the amphetamine and methamphetamine found in Caleb’s system

after the shooting potentially caused him to become aggressive at the time of the

shooting. Moreover, even if the texts regarding Caleb’s drug use had some relevance

to his possible state of mind at the time of the shooting, they had no bearing on why

he broke into Defendant’s home or what he intended to do while there. Most

importantly, and as explained supra, the texts in Exhibit 174 revealed far more than

Caleb’s drug use and had no relevance whatsoever to either Defendant’s or Caleb’s

state of mind or whether Defendant acted in self-defense. Rather, they revealed

weeks’ worth of Defendant’s personal conversations, and many of them served only

to confuse the jury, needlessly present cumulative evidence, and unfairly prejudice

Defendant. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 403; see also Lopez, 188 N.C. App. at 557,

655 S.E.2d at 898; Cuevas, 121 N.C. App. at 556–58, 468 S.E.2d at 427–28; Browning,

114 N.C. App. at 232–33, 441 S.E.2d at 609–10; Sheppard, 38 N.C. App. at 713–14,

248 S.E.2d at 873 (a trial court should exclude evidence not pertinent to the

defendant’s guilt and that serves to unfairly prejudice the defendant).

Likewise, the trial court’s admission of Exhibit 175 into evidence and the like

manner in which it was published to each member of the jury posed the same issues

31 STATE V. HICKS

pertaining to confusion of the issues, presentation of cumulative evidence, and unfair

prejudice. N.C. Gen. Stat. § 8C-1, Rule 403.

State’s Exhibit 175 is a “phone examination preview report for” multimedia

messages, meaning communications other than written text messages; in other

words, photographs taken from Defendant’s cell phone. Exhibit 175 contained at

least four photographs of Defendant and Caleb kissing, while appearing to be

unclothed, a very close-up “resized” image of a vagina, a very close-up “resized” image

of anal sex sent by Defendant to Caleb, a very close-up “resized” image of vaginal sex

sent by Defendant to Caleb, and a very close-up “resized” image of oral sex showing

Defendant’s face also sent by Defendant to Caleb. These images, published to each

individual juror, were “enlarged” in that they were printed on “8x10” pieces of paper,

occupying most of the space on the page. The images appeared much larger than they

would have on a cell phone, a fraction of the size of a normal sheet of paper, or in a

normally sized photograph. The Prosecutor referred specifically to these graphic

images, asking Detective Sibbett to identify the type of sexual activity taking place

in each photograph.

Admitting these photos into evidence and publishing a copy for each juror to

keep throughout the trial raises many of the issues mentioned in Rule 403.

Presenting the images to the jury and focusing on them in the State’s direct

examination of Detective Sibbett confused the issues because the jury essentially was

asked to determine whether Defendant was a good or bad person rather than whether

32 STATE V. HICKS

she acted in self-defense when she shot Caleb. The images constituted needless

presentation of cumulative evidence because the jury already would have been aware

of the licentious nature of Defendant’s personal life from other witnesses at trial,

including from Defendant herself. The testimonial evidence made crystal clear

Defendant entertained simultaneous affairs with multiple men. Further, there is

nothing that perhaps one photo of oral, anal, or vaginal sex could not have

accomplished that submitting all three types of photos to the jury purportedly

accomplished. In other words, the State needlessly presented cumulative evidence

that Defendant and Caleb engaged in sexual activity, although the jury already was

aware that they engaged in sexual activity from other testimony presented at trial.

Moreover, it does not follow that the images were indeed relevant to the question of

the overall “intensity” of Defendant’s and Caleb’s relationship. Some people have

“intense”—perhaps emotionally tumultuous—relationships without having sex,

while others engage in all manners of sexual activity without any emotional

attachment. The photos had little, if any, probative value on the question of how

Defendant and Caleb felt about each other or treated each other outside of their

sexual relationship.

We conclude the admission of the photos meets the high threshold for plain

error because, but for their admission, the jury probably would have acquitted

Defendant. It is one matter for Defendant to testify that she had affairs with and/or

engaged in sexual activity with multiple men. It is another matter entirely for the

33 STATE V. HICKS

jurors each to be given a packet visually—and viscerally—depicting Defendant

engaging in such activity and to have one of the State’s witnesses identify the type of

sexual activity involved.4 Unless the jurors were accustomed to looking at

pornography, the close-up images of Defendant engaging in sexual activity with a

married man only served the purpose of shocking and disgusting the jury. See

Hennis, 323 N.C. at 286, 372 S.E.2d at 528 (“Given this absence of additional

probative value, these photographs—grotesque and macabre in and of themselves—

had potential only for inflaming the jurors.”); see also Lopez, 188 N.C. App. at 557,

655 S.E.2d at 898; Cuevas, 121 N.C. App. at 556–58, 468 S.E.2d at 427–28; Browning,

114 N.C. App. at 232–33, 441 S.E.2d at 609–10; Sheppard, 38 N.C. App. at 713–14,

248 S.E.2d at 873 (evidence that is not pertinent to the defendant’s guilt and is

unfairly prejudicial to the defendant should be excluded). The admission of the

photographs into evidence and their publication to each member of the jury to hold

for the duration of the trial, without a limiting instruction, probably had the effect of

convincing the jury that Defendant was morally reckless and sexually profligate. She

4 Photos may illustrate testimony in a manner that is more shocking and inflammatory than mere

testimony. Photos of victims’ bodies is one example. Our Supreme Court stated in Hennis, “this Court has repeatedly warned against the redundant or excessive use of photographs of victims’ bodies.” 323 N.C. at 284, 372 S.E.2d at 527. In other words, trial courts must be particularly aware of the number of and manner in which graphic photos are presented to the jury. The court in Hennis noted that even where prejudicial photos are relevant and competent, and are therefore otherwise admissible, “the admission of an excessive number of photographs depicting substantially the same scene may be sufficient ground for a new trial when the additional photographs add nothing in the way of probative value but tend solely to inflame the jurors.” Id. at 284–85, 372 S.E.2d at 527 (citations omitted).

34 STATE V. HICKS

would have appeared careless regarding the impact that having an affair with a

married man might have on Defendant’s family. The jurors only needed to open up

the photocopied exhibit and view the photos contained within it to be reminded that

Defendant callously engaged in various manners of sexual activity with a married

man. Therefore, Exhibit 175 plainly fails the Rule 403 balancing test in that the

photos were not pertinent to the question of second-degree murder or self-defense and

encouraged the jury to base its decision on an improper basis of emotion. Mason, 315

N.C. at 731, 340 S.E.2d at 435; Lopez, 188 N.C. App. at 557, 655 S.E.2d at 898. We

hold the admission of Exhibit 175 into evidence and its publication to each member

of the jury probably impacted the jury’s deliberation and conviction of Defendant, and

but for the error, the jury would have reached a different result. Lawrence, 365 N.C.

at 518, 723 S.E.2d at 334.

The State argues the photographs are comparable to those which this Court

held were properly admitted in State v. Shannon. 182 N.C. App. 350, 642 S.E.2d 516

(2007). In Shannon, the defendant was convicted of first-degree murder and

conspiracy to commit first-degree murder of her husband. Id. at 351, 642 S.E.2d at

518. On appeal, the defendant argued “the trial court erred by admitting three

sexually suggestive photographs of” her. Id. at 354, 642 S.E.2d at 520. The defendant

specifically argued “the photographs were irrelevant and, alternatively, unduly

prejudicial.” Id. The defendant and her deceased husband were members of a

“swingers” club, and the defendant invited a man named “Wilson” to be a member of

35 STATE V. HICKS

the club. Id. at 351, 642 S.E.2d at 519. The three photos portrayed the defendant

engaging in sexual activity with Wilson, among others. Id. at 355, 642 S.E.2d at 521.

First, this Court held the photos were relevant because they “helped support the

State’s contention that defendant wanted to be with Wilson and that this constituted

a motive to kill Shannon,” and because they “illustrated the chain of events leading

up to Shannon’s murder, and corroborated the existence of Wilson’s sexual

relationship with defendant.” Id. Second, this Court held “the probative value of the

photographs was not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice.” Id.

at 356, 642 S.E.2d at 521. This Court reasoned the trial court admitted only three

out of the eight photos the State sought to introduce “and directed that the

photographs would be passed around to the jurors in a folder and not shown on an

overhead projector.” Id.

Shannon is distinguishable from the case sub judice. First, the link of

relevance between the photos and the shooting is much more tenuous in this case

than in Shannon. In Shannon, the defendant “told Wilson she loved him and could

see herself being with him.” Id. at 352, 642 S.E.2d at 519 (quotation marks omitted).

She then instructed her daughter to shoot the deceased in his sleep. Id. at 353, 642

S.E.2d at 519–20. Here, there is no evidence demonstrating Defendant planned to

kill Caleb. Therefore, the photographs in this case are not relevant to a conspiracy

to shoot Caleb due to romantic jealousy or anger. Second, unlike the trial court in

Shannon admitting only three out of eight photos, here, the trial court did not admit

36 STATE V. HICKS

selected photos. Rather, the trial court admitted the entirety of Exhibit 175,

unredacted, including photos portraying Defendant engaging in various manners of

sexual activity with Caleb. Third, the trial court in this case did not have the photos

put into a folder and passed among the jurors. Rather, the trial court allowed an

identical copy of Exhibit 175 to be published to and retained by each juror. Therefore,

the manner of publication in this case is unfairly prejudicial because the jurors

presumably could open the packet of photos throughout the trial to view the

inflammatory photographic evidence of Defendant’s sexual activities.

The admission of Exhibits 174 and 175 and allowing the jurors to hold the texts

for the duration of trial are comparable to trial courts’ errors in Temples and Hennis.

The Court in Temples held the trial court’s admission of the letter detailing the

defendant’s experiences with drugs, abortion, and incest was irrelevant,

inflammatory, and prejudicial. Here, as in Temples, the question for the jury was not

whether Defendant was a good or bad person, but rather whether Defendant

committed second-degree murder or acted in self-defense. Like the letter in Temples,

the texts in Exhibit 174 contained information about Defendant’s personal life that

would have disgusted a jury and caused them to vote based on passion, whereas

absent the evidence, the jury probably would have acquitted Defendant. The same is

true for Exhibit 175. Like the letter containing controversial information about the

defendant in Temples, here, the photos were of a “collateral nature” and

“inflammatory, with the potential prejudicial impact under the circumstances far

37 STATE V. HICKS

outweighing any conceivable probative value of this evidence.” 74 N.C. App. at 108,

327 S.E.2d at 268.

Moreover, as in Hennis, the way the texts and photos were published to the

jury “quite probably enhanced the prejudicial impact of the [texts] themselves.” 323

N.C. at 286, 372 S.E.2d at 528. Neither the texts nor photos were redacted; the State

did not select specific texts or only one photo to demonstrate the “tumultuous” nature

of Defendant’s and Caleb’s relationship. Like the “the thirty-five duplicative

photographs published to the jury one at a time just before the state rested its case

[which] were excessive in both their redundancy and in the slow, silent manner of

their presentation,” here, the publication to the jurors of numerous, highly sensitive

photos and over three weeks’ worth of texts between Defendant and Caleb and

allowing them to hold copies of the texts for the duration of trial was redundant,

excessive, and highly prejudicial. Id. Comparable to the graphic photos shown on a

projector behind Defendant’s head in Hennis, the photos portraying sexual activity in

Exhibit 175 were far larger than they would appear on a cell phone.

As a final note, our conclusion that the trial court plainly erred in admitting

Exhibits 174 and 175 is further supported by a review of Sheffield, where this Court

held the alleged error did not reach the level of plain error. State v. Sheffield, 282

N.C. App. 667, 872 S.E.2d 122 (2022). In that case, the defendant was convicted of

first-degree sex offense with a child after he forced the child victim to watch

pornography and then sexually assaulted him. At trial, the State admitted three

38 STATE V. HICKS

photographs into evidence without objection, including: one photograph depicting a

dresser drawer containing a condom and two dildos; and two photographs depicting

a Ziploc bag of condoms, one of which showed a dildo in the background. On appeal,

the defendant argued the trial court plainly erred in admitting the photos, as “these

items were unrelated to the alleged offense and found in a separate room.” Id. at 671,

872 S.E.2d at 126. This Court held that the photographs were erroneously admitted;

however, because of the absence of an objection, the error did not rise to the level of

plain error.

Sheffield is distinguishable from the present case, specifically, in two

dispositive ways. First, the defendant in Sheffield argued that the trial court barred

the State from introducing evidence about the defendant’s sexuality, and the

admitted photographs carried implications pertaining to defendant’s sexuality. This

Court disagreed with the defendant’s argument, as unchallenged evidence was

previously introduced at the trial regarding the defendant’s sexuality, so “the

implication would have been before the jury regardless of any error.” Id. at 677, 872

S.E.2d at 130. The same cannot be held here. In Exhibit 174, the implication that

Defendant lived a morally questionable personal life was before the jury regardless

of any error. However, the personal conversations in the text messages had

implications that would not have otherwise been before the jury: that Defendant’s

family was callous toward one being seriously injured; Defendant was antagonistic

toward law enforcement officers; Defendant exercised poor parenting choices,

39 STATE V. HICKS

encouraged dishonest and sexually questionable behavior to her minor son; and she

was sexually profligate and had a cavalier attitude about affairs. Unlike Sheffield,

these prejudicial implications exposed the jury to irrelevant information that was not

previously introduced.

Second, the defendant in Sheffield argued “the erroneous admission of a

photograph with dildos in the background suggested Defendant was immoral and/or

a sexual deviant more likely to sexually assault a child.” Id. at 677, 872 S.E.2d at 130.

In response, this Court noted that the photographs were only referenced in the

presence of the jury when the State laid the foundation and when the defendant

commented on the photographs during closing arguments. There, this Court held

“[t]he evidence properly introduced at trial and the evidence that is not the subject of

this appeal is sufficiently strong that the improperly admitted evidence, in light of its

minimal emphasis, did not have a probable impact on the jury.” Id. at 678, 872 S.E.2d

at 130 (emphasis added). Thus, because of the overwhelming evidence of guilt, and

the lack of emphasis on the improperly admitted evidence, the error did not rise to

By contrast, here, it cannot be held that the evidence was “sufficiently strong”

nor that the State only placed a “minimal emphasis” on the improperly admitted

evidence. First, we have acknowledged the discrepancies in Defendant’s accounts of

the shooting; however, she consistently stated in four accounts: “Mr. Adams arrived

angry, came into the house, and then came into her bedroom to obtain her phone.

40 STATE V. HICKS

When she refused to give him her phone, Mr. Adams grabbed her gun from the

nightstand, which was in its holster.” Hicks, 385 N.C. at 56, 891 S.E.2d at 239.

Although her accounts differed from that point, there was substantial evidence

presented at trial demonstrating that she acted in self-defense. Therefore, the

evidence was not “sufficiently strong” as in Sheffield.

Second, it can hardly be concluded that the State placed only a “minimal

emphasis” on Exhibits 174 or 175. Exhibit 174 was admitted without a limiting

instruction; each member of the jury was provided printed handouts of the text

messages; the text messages were read aloud, while the jury followed along on the

handout; and the jurors kept the evidence for the remainder of the trial. Likewise,

Exhibit 175 was published to each individual juror; the photographs were enlarged

and unredacted so that the picture occupied most the space on the page; the State

specifically referred to the photographs and identified the type of sexual activity

taking place; and the jurors retained the packet of photographs for the remainder of

the trial. For these reasons, the present case is easily distinguishable from Sheffield,

where the evidence was only referenced while laying the foundation and during

closing arguments. Considering how the evidence was presented to the jury, how it

was published to the jury, and the manner in which it was discussed during the

witnesses’ testimony, we cannot conclude that the State placed a minimal emphasis

on Exhibits 174 and 175. Thus, the evidence properly introduced at trial was not

sufficiently strong and the State’s emphasis on the improperly admitted evidence had

41 STATE V. HICKS

a probable impact on the jury.

C. The State of All the Evidence

We reach this holding—that, absent the admission of Exhibits 174 and 175,

the jury probably would have acquitted Defendant—after examining the state of all

the evidence absent the challenged evidence. Reber, 386 N.C. at 159, 900 S.E.2d at

787. April was home for the duration of the altercation and testified that Defendant

burst into the home. She testified that she heard Caleb tell Defendant he was going

to kill her, and she could hear a physical struggle. Despite the seeming discrepancies

in Defendant’s various accounts of the shooting, the evidence tended to show that

Caleb burst into Defendant’s home, after Defendant texted him not to come to her

home, and told her he was going to kill her. In all of Defendant’s accounts, she stated

that Defendant initiated physical contact with her. She told the two deputies that it

was Caleb who grabbed her while he was holding the gun, he dropped it, and she

picked it up and shot him. She told the detectives that after she refused to hand over

her phone, a wrestling match ensued (presumably, Defendant did not initiate

physical contact with an armed man who wanted to take her phone), the gun and

phone switched hands, and she shot him. At trial, she testified that Caleb pointed

the gun at her, and although she threw her phone at him, Caleb was the one who

physically grabbed her and stomped on her feet, prohibiting her from walking past

him, and when she tried to break free, Caleb pinned her arm. Defendant then shot

Caleb.

42 STATE V. HICKS

We note especially that even though the physical evidence tends to show Caleb

was shot in the back from more than six inches away, possibly indicating that he was

leaving Defendant’s room, April was in the home during the encounter. Therefore,

even if Caleb turned around to leave Defendant’s room, she had no way of knowing

whether Caleb intended to harm April. We further note that Caleb recreationally

consumed methamphetamine, Defendant told Dana she was concerned for her safety

after Caleb threatened her, and an expert witness testified at trial that

methamphetamine can cause heightened aggression. Therefore, Defendant

reasonably would have believed that Caleb burst into her home and intended to cause

her serious bodily harm.

We conclude there was substantial and persuasive evidence presented at trial

demonstrating Defendant acted in self-defense. Therefore, absent the admission of

Exhibits 174 and 175 into evidence, it is significantly more likely the jury would have

acquitted rather than convicted her. Reber, 386 N.C. at 159, 900 S.E.2d at 787. As

explained supra, the highly inflammatory and prejudicial information presented in

the exhibits that were held by the jurors throughout the trial probably caused them

to ignore the substantial evidence of self-defense. The jurors probably would have

acquitted Defendant if the exhibits did not cause them to reach their decision based

on passion, namely, a personal revulsion toward Defendant.

We do not reach our holding because of a conclusion that this was a “close case.”

Reber, 386 N.C. at 162, 900 S.E.2d at 788–89. Rather, we hold that, absent the

43 STATE V. HICKS

character assassination of Defendant through the admission into evidence of Exhibits

174 and 175, the jury probably would have reached a different result due to the

substantial and persuasive evidence demonstrating she acted in self-defense.

III. Conclusion

For the foregoing reasons, we hold the trial court plainly erred in admitting

into evidence voluminous, unredacted text messages and photos without a limiting

instruction and in publishing identical copies and enlarged sexually explicit photos

to each member of the jury. Accordingly, we vacate the judgment entered against

Defendant and remand for a new trial. It is so ordered.

VACATE AND REMAND FOR NEW TRIAL.

Judge FLOOD concurs.

Judge MURPHY dissents by separate opinion.

44 No. COA20-665-2 – State v. Hicks

MURPHY, Judge, dissenting.

I agree with the Majority that the trial court erred in admitting Exhibits 174

and 175. However, when disregarding the challenged evidence from Exhibits 174 and

175, the conflicting evidence would make this a “close case” for the jury, which our

Supreme Court unequivocally removed from the realm of plain error in Reber. See

State v. Reber, 386 N.C. at 162. Instead, Reber clarified that in conducting plain error

analysis we “examine[] whether absent the error, the jury probably would

have returned a different verdict.” Id. at 159. Furthermore, our Supreme Court went

on to hold:

This wording is important because this standard—showing that a jury probably would have reached a different result—requires a showing that the outcome is significantly more likely than not. In ordinary English usage, an event will “probably” occur if it is “almost certainly” the expected outcome; it is treated as synonymous with words such as “presumably” and “doubtless.”

Id.

Here, I cannot conclude that a jury probably, almost certainly, presumably, or

doubtlessly would have reached a different result if Exhibits 174 and 175 were

properly excluded. Defendant gave inconsistent accounts of the events leading up to

Caleb’s shooting death, and the evidence indicated that Caleb was shot twice in the

back from more than six inches away. Furthermore, the Majority recognizes that the

jury heard “plenty” of evidence demonstrating the tumultuous nature of Defendant’s STATE V. HICKS

MURPHY, J., dissenting

relationship with Caleb, Majority at 26, and “testimony demonstrating numerous

sordid details about Defendant’s life[.]” Majority at 27. Although the trial court

erroneously admitted “needlessly cumulative[] and unfairly prejudicial evidence

regarding Defendant’s life,” Majority at 27, when “disregarding the challenged

evidence, this was a fairly close case for the jury[.]” Reber, 386 N.C. at 162. Here,

as discussed in Reber, the Majority focuses “on the highly prejudicial impact of the

challenged evidence” and, recognizing the admission of unchallenged evidence that

demonstrated the sordid details of Defendant’s life, effectively shows how the

erroneously admitted evidence merely “made it more likely that the jury would

convict[.]” Id. (cleaned up). Based on the contradictory evidence, in the absence of

the erroneously admitted Exhibits 174 and 175, I would characterize this as a “close

case” for the jury; I cannot say that, “disregarding the challenged evidence,” id., the

jury “almost certainly” would have accepted Defendant’s claim of self-defense. Id. at

159. For these reasons, under Reber’s recently articulated plain error standard, I

respectfully dissent.