State v. Head

Opinion

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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO 2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO, 3 Plaintiff-Appellee, 4 v. No. A-1-CA-36095 5 JAMEY HEAD, 6 Defendant-Appellant.

7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF SAN JUAN COUNTY 8 Karen L. Townsend, District Judge

9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General 10 Santa Fe, NM

11 for Appellee

12 Bennett J. Baur, Chief Public Defender 13 MJ Edge, Assistant Appellate Defender 14 Santa Fe, NM

15 for Appellant 16 MEMORANDUM OPINION 17 ZAMORA, Judge. 18 {1} Defendant appeals his conviction for aggravated battery. Our notice proposed 19 to affirm, and Defendant filed a memorandum in opposition and motion to amend the

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1 docketing statement. We deny Defendant’s motion to amend and remain unpersuaded 2 by Defendant’s arguments. We therefore affirm. 3 {2} As an initial matter, we note that the memorandum in opposition’s designation 4 of the issues does not correlate with the designation of the issues as provided in the 5 docketing statement and notice. For consistency, we continue to designate the issues 6 as provided in the docketing statement and notice, and request that counsel maintain 7 consistency in any future pleadings he may file in this Court. 8 {3} Issues 1 and 2: Defendant withdraws his challenge to the sufficiency of the 9 evidence and the denial of his motion for a directed verdict. [MIO 1] 10 {4} Issue 3: In his docketing statement, Defendant asserted that the district court 11 erred in denying his motion for a mistrial. [DS 4] He claimed that, after the defense 12 rested and while the prosecutor was making his rebuttal closing argument, one of the 13 defense witnesses made an obscene gesture to the prosecutor in the presence of the 14 jury. [DS 4] Two weeks later, during the sentencing hearing, defense counsel made 15 an oral motion for a mistrial due to the obscene gesture. [Id.] The judge denied the 16 motion for mistrial. [Id.] 17 {5} We proposed to conclude that Defendant had not provided this Court with 18 sufficient facts or otherwise developed his argument for this Court to meaningfully 19 analyze this issue. [CN 7-8] See Corona v. Corona, 2014-NMCA-071, ¶ 28, 329 P.3d

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1 701 (“This Court has no duty to review an argument that is not adequately 2 developed.”); see also Elane Photography, LLC v. Willock, 2013-NMSC-040, ¶ 70, 3 309 P.3d 53 (“We will not review unclear arguments, or guess at what a party’s 4 arguments might be.” (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted)). 5 Because Defendant had not demonstrated error on appeal, we also presumed the 6 district court correctly denied the motion for a mistrial. [CN 8] See State v. Aragon, 7 1999-NMCA-060, ¶ 10, 127 N.M. 393, 981 P.2d 1211 (stating that there is a 8 presumption of correctness in the rulings or decisions of the trial court, and the party 9 claiming error bears the burden of showing such error); see also Farmers, Inc. v. Dal 10 Mach. & Fabricating, Inc., 1990-NMSC-100, ¶ 8, 111 N.M. 6, 800 P.2d 1063 (stating 11 that the appellate courts presume that the district court is correct and the burden is on 12 the appellant to clearly demonstrate that the lower court erred). 13 {6} In response, Defendant contends that trial counsel essentially moved for a new 14 trial under Rule 5-614 NMRA, because the jury was exposed to extraneous 15 information. [MIO 8-9] In State v. Doe, 1984-NMCA-045, ¶ 9, 101 N.M. 363, 683 16 P.2d 45, we stated:

17 The party seeking a new trial on the basis that extraneous evidence 18 reached the jury must make a preliminary showing that movant has 19 competent evidence that material extraneous to the trial actually reached 20 the jury. If the party makes such a showing, and if there is a reasonable 21 possibility the material prejudiced the defendant, the trial court should 22 grant a new trial. The trial court has a duty to inquire into the possibility

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1 of prejudice. In an appropriate case, the trial court should conduct an 2 evidentiary hearing.

3 (citations omitted). 4 {7} While Defendant claims that the bailiff witnessed the gesture, Defendant fails 5 to describe the gesture or show that he had competent evidence that the jury observed 6 the gesture. [MIO 6, 9] We note that, on the one hand, Defendant asserts that “[t]he 7 jury witnessed the obscene gesture” [MIO 9]; however, on the other hand, Defendant 8 claims that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because trial counsel “fail[ed] 9 to investigate whether any jurors saw the gesture, and what impact it had on their 10 deliberations if they did” [MIO 7]. Based on the information before this Court, we 11 cannot say that the district court erred in refusing to inquire whether the alleged 12 obscene gesture tainted the jury. See id. Accordingly, we conclude that the district 13 court did not abuse its discretion in denying Defendant’s motion for a new trial. See 14 State v. Huber, 2006-NMCA-087, ¶ 27, 140 N.M. 147, 140 P.3d 1096 (“We will not 15 disturb the trial court’s denial of a motion for a new trial unless the ruling is arbitrary, 16 capricious or beyond reason.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). 17 {8} Issue 4: In his docketing statement, Defendant asserted that his trial counsel 18 provided ineffective assistance of counsel because trial counsel failed to ascertain 19 from the district court and/or the court staff what obscene gesture a defense witness 20 made to the prosecutor, in view of the jury, while the trial was still being held. [DS 4-

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1 5] We proposed to conclude that Defendant failed to establish ineffective assistance 2 of counsel. [CN 8-10] See Aragon, 1999-NMCA-060, ¶ 10; see also Farmers, Inc., 3 1990-NMSC-100, ¶ 8. 4 {9} In response, Defendant consolidates Issues 3 and 4; notes this Court’s proposal 5 to affirm Issue 3 based on trial counsel’s failure to provide sufficient facts to analyze 6 whether the district court erred; notes this Court’s proposal to affirm Issue 4 based on 7 trial counsel’s failure to make a prima facie showing of ineffective assistance of 8 counsel; and argues that “the district court had a duty to inquire into whether [the 9 witness’s] gesture tainted the jury.” [MIO 7-8] However, Defendant provides no 10 argument to support a successful claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. [See 11 generally MIO 7-9] See State v. Bernal, 2006-NMSC-050, ¶ 32, 140 N.M. 644, 146 12 P.3d 289 (“For a successful ineffective assistance of counsel claim, a defendant must 13 first demonstrate error on the part of counsel, and then show that the error resulted in 14 prejudice.”); see id. (“Trial counsel is generally presumed to have provided adequate 15 assistance.”). We therefore conclude Defendant has not demonstrated error. 16 {10} Motion to Amend: Defendant seeks to amend his docketing statement to argue 17 jury instruction issues that he acknowledges were not preserved. [MIO 10] See Rule 18 5-608(D) NMRA (stating that to preserve an error for “failure to instruct on any issue, 19 a correct written instruction must be tendered before the jury is instructed”); State v.

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1 Jernigan, 2006-NMSC-003, ¶ 10, 139 N.M. 1, 127 P.3d 537 (“Generally, to preserve 2 error on a trial court’s refusal to give a tendered instruction, the [a]ppellant must 3 tender a legally correct statement of the law.”); State v. Lara, 1990-NMCA-075, 4 ¶¶ 28-30, 110 N.M. 507, 797 P.2d 296 (stating that in order to premise error on a 5 refused instruction, the defendant must have tendered a legally correct statement of 6 the law). Nevertheless, he asserts that this Court should review the jury instruction 7 issues for fundamental error. See State v. Benally, 2001-NMSC-033, ¶ 12, 131 N.M. 8 258, 34 P.3d 1134 (providing that if a jury instruction issue has not been preserved, 9 this Court reviews for fundamental error); see also State v. Sandoval, 10 2011-NMSC-022, ¶ 13, 150 N.M. 224, 258 P.3d 1016 (providing that when this Court 11 reviews jury instructions for fundamental error, we will only reverse the jury verdict 12 if doing so is “necessary to prevent a miscarriage of justice” (internal quotation marks 13 and citation omitted)). 14 {11} Defendant claims that the district court committed fundamental error by failing 15 to instruct the jury on self-defense and unlawfulness. [MIO 1-3, 9-12] See State v. 16 Sosa, 1997-NMSC-032, ¶ 26, 123 N.M. 564, 943 P.2d 101 (holding that “where a 17 defendant raises the defense of self-defense, unlawfulness becomes a necessary 18 element of the crime charged”). According to Defendant, “[e]ven when trial counsel 19 doesn’t ask for self-defense instructions, the district court has an affirmative duty to

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1 give them, even when the evidence to support such a claim is slight.” [MIO 11] In 2 support of this assertion, Defendant relies on State v. Anderson, 2016-NMCA-007, 3 ¶ 10, 364 P.3d 306, which provides: “[w]here there is any evidence to establish a 4 self-defense theory, it is the duty of the court to fully and clearly instruct the jury on 5 all relevant aspects of self-defense.” [See MIO 11] Also, as noted by Defendant, 6 Anderson, 2016-NMCA-007, ¶ 10, cites to State v. Heisler, 1954-NMSC-032, ¶ 23, 7 58 N.M. 446, 272 P.2d 660, which provides: “where self-defense is involved in a 8 criminal case and there is any evidence, although slight, to establish [self-defense], it 9 is not only proper for the court, but its duty as well, to instruct the jury fully and 10 clearly on all phases of the law on the issue that are warranted by the evidence[.]” [See 11 MIO 11] 12 {12} Notably, Defendant neglects to address the very next sentence in Anderson, 13 stating “[t]he district court’s conclusion that there was evidence to support the 14 issuance of both the general self-defense instruction and the no-retreat instruction 15 triggered the district court’s duty to fully and clearly instruct the jury on both 16 self-defense and no-retreat.” 2016-NMCA-007, ¶ 10. Unlike the facts in the present 17 case, the defendant in Anderson requested the omitted jury instruction at issue. See id. 18 ¶ 5 (“During trial, [the d]efendant requested a self-defense instruction (UJI 14-5171 19 NMRA) and a stand-your-ground (or no-retreat) instruction (UJI 14-5190 NMRA).”).

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1 Although the district court agreed to give both a self-defense instruction and a stand- 2 your-ground instruction, the district court did not give the latter instruction. See id. ¶¶ 3 5-6. Because counsel did not object to the absence of the stand-your-ground 4 instruction, we reviewed whether the omission of the jury instruction was fundamental 5 error. See id. ¶ 8. 6 {13} The facts in the present case are distinguishable from those in Anderson, and 7 despite Defendant’s arguments to the contrary, the district court did not have an 8 affirmative duty to instruct the jury on self-defense in this case when the issue of self- 9 defense had not been considered by the district court. Because we conclude this issue 10 is not viable, we deny Defendant’s motion to amend his docketing statement. See State 11 v. Moore, 1989-NMCA-073, ¶¶ 44-45, 109 N.M. 119, 782 P.2d 91 (providing that this 12 Court will deny motions to amend that raise issues that are not viable, even if they 13 allege fundamental or jurisdictional error), superseded by rule on other grounds as 14 recognized in State v. Salgado, 1991-NMCA-044, ¶ 2, 112 N.M. 537, 817 P.2d 730; 15 see Moore, 1989-NMCA-073, ¶ 42 (“By viable, we meant to describe an argument 16 that was colorable, or arguable, and to distinguish arguments that are devoid of any 17 merit.”).

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1 {14} Accordingly, for the reasons stated in this opinion, as well as those provided in 2 our notice of proposed disposition, we affirm Defendant’s conviction for aggravated 3 battery, and we deny Defendant’s motion to amend his docketing statement. 4 {15} IT IS SO ORDERED.

5 6 M. MONICA ZAMORA, Judge

7 WE CONCUR:

8 9 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge

10 11 STEPHEN G. FRENCH, Judge