State v. Harris

181 N.C. 600

Opinions

Clark, O. J.

There are only three assignments of error, except the formal ones to the refusal to set aside the verdict and to the judgment, and it is unnecessary to make a fuller statement of the record. The slaying was admitted, and the defense rests upon the plea of insanity.

A number of experts testified for the State that in their opinion, upon the facts recited in the hypothetical questions propounded by the State, that the prisoner was not insane at the time of the killing. There was also evidence by a large number of witnesses, who were more or less in frequent association with the plaintiff in business and in social life,.that in their opinion the plaintiff was sane. On the other hand there were a number of experts who testified that in their opinion the prisoner was insane at the time of the killing in such way that he did not comprehend the moral and legal quality of the act that he was doing. There were also witnesses who testified as to the mental condition of the prisoner and also as to the mental condition of his father and mother. This issue of insanity was fully presented and ably and elaborately argued by counsel for both sides, and a full and able charge by his Honor presented the controversy to the jury who, after deliberation, found the prisoner guilty. The three assignments of error are as follows:

First assignment of error. Dr. V. D. Hilliard was examined as an expert for the State, after it had previously examined twelve of its witnesses and the prisoner had examined fifteen of his witnesses and partially examined another. "While the prisoner was examining this last witness, H. C. Caldwell and J. E. Stoiiell, witnesses for tbe State, botb residents of Tennessee, were by consent permitted to testify. When the prisoner’s counsel had concluded the cross-examination of the latter the State called Dr. Hilliard to the stand whose very full examination is set out in the record.

When the prisoner’s counsel had finished the cross-examination of Stoffell the State put Dr. Hilliard upon the stand, stating the reasons for doing so at that time, and asked him to state to the court what conditions had arisen that made it necessary for him to leave the State. He replied: “I have been having telegrams for the last two or three days from my wife, who is in New Hampshire, where her mother is very ill, dying, and she has wired me to come. Once she told me not to come and then that her mother is lying in almost a dying condition, and I have promised day after day that I would go. I ought to have left three days ago. The last telegram I had last night was, ‘Eor heaven’s sake leave on the 6 o’clock train this morning.’ It is a long journey way up to New Hampshire. I have had half a dozen telegrams.” The court, after further questions to witness, made the following order: “It appearing to the court that the facts set forth by Dr. Hilliard above are true, the court now allows him to be examined, but at the same time announces to the counsel for the prisoner that as, under the law, the prisoner can take depositions of witnesses to be heard in this case, they can take such 'steps as they may deem proper to have the deposition of the witness taken later if they may have questions as to any other questions that they may desire to ask him as a witness in this case, provided it is done in time to be read to the jury during this trial; and the court will require the law officers of the State to waive notice that such depositions may be taken.” The counsel for the State then propounded to Dr. Hilliard the hypothetical question set out in the record, to which witness answered that in his opinion the defendant was sane. The prisoner then propounded his hypothetical question, to which the witness replied that in his opinion at the time of the killing the prisoner knew right from wrong. The cross-examination was continued as set out in the record when, finally, the witness said, “If it please your Honor, my train is about due.” Questioned by defendant’s counsel, “You have got to go now?” the witness replied, “Well, it is about twenty minutes of my train time and I have to get my grip.” The counsel for the prisoner said, “I won’t keep you. There are more questions I want to ask you but I won’t keep you.” Dr. Hilliard said, “I really would be very much disappointed if I did not get the train, and I know it would be a bitter disappointment to my wife.” The counsel for the prisoner then said, “Well, stand aside. I am not through with you, but- — .” The witness thereupon left the stand at 4:20. The presiding judge finds the facts of the occurrence as follows:

“The court states in this connection what can be seen from the record, made when this witness was put on the stand, that the court used its discretion in allowing the State to put this witness on the stand whilst the prisoner was offering his evidence, and for a brief period of time displaced the prisoner’s witness, Dr. Bisch. The court also states the fact that after the witness was thus allowed to be put on the stand by the State, and whilst he was under cross-examination by the prisoner’s counsel, that the court did not stand him aside for the 4:50 train or any other train; but on the contrary did require him to remain on the stand until he, upon his appeal made to get on the 4:50 train, was allowed to be stood aside by the prisoner’s counsel. The court did exercise its discretion in allowing him to be examined, as stated above, at the time and under the circumstances as it appears in the record. And if this was an abuse of discretion, the Court above should correct the error. If it had been necessary to detain the doctor on the stand until the next day, the court would have done it and until the prisoner’s counsel had examined him and closed their examination.

“It is but fair to state also what the court meant by informing the prisoner’s counsel-that it would provide for the further examination of the witness after the prisoner had put on other witnesses to which his counsel refers in order to more satisfactorily examine Dr. Hilliard. The ease required two weeks for its trial. There was an abundance of time by waiver of notice on the part of the State’s counsel to have had Dr. Hilliard’s deposition taken at Littleton, New Hampshire, or in any other State in the United States, and before the evidence in the case was closed. And this the court would have provided for if it had been asked by the prisoner’s counsel, and this explains what the court meant by what it said at the time, that the deposition of the witness could have been taken under the. statute and the court would require the counsel for the State to waive notice. And the counsel for the State, besides, then and there agreed that they would waive notice.”

The. judge is not a mere moderator but is the presiding officer and an essential part in any trial as this Court has often held, and he has authority to so direct the admission of testimony as in his discretion he thinks proper, provided no substantial right of the prisoner is impaired by any arbitrary action on his part. S. v. Southerland, 178 N. C., 676; S. v. Baldwin, ib., 687. In permitting examination of this witness under the circumstances set out in the record the court in our judgment did not abuse this discretionary power. The witness’ permission to go was assented to by the plaintiff’s counsel and not by the court. Indeed, if examination had proceeded without the long preliminary examination in the record he might well have concluded in time to take the train. The right to confront witnesses necessarily includes the right to cross-examine them, but this is a right which the prisoner’s counsel could waive. Turner v. Livestock, 179 N. C., 457. The prisoner’s counsel, according to the record, did waive it by assenting to the witness leaving under the circumstances. He had propounded his hypothetical question and had examined the witness, and there is nothing in this record indicating that he was debarred from asking any question which he desired. The counsel stated that he wanted to ask him other questions but that he would excuse the witness. He repeated this twice. He did not state what the purport of the additional questions was, and we cannot presume that the failure to ask them was injurious. If the omission would have been injurious it is very certain that the able and conscientious counsel for the prisoner would not under any circumstances have consented, as they did, for the witness to leave without these questions having been asked. There is nothing tending to show that such omission was injurious to the prisoner. The witness, who was one of several experts, had been, in ordinary phrase, “pumped dry” by the hypothetical questions asked by the State and by the prisoner.

Second assignment of error. For some reason, which does not appear upon the- face of the record, neither the wife nor the daughter of the prisoner were examined as a witness in his behalf. His son, Paul Harris, was a witness for the prisoner, and in the course of his examination said that he had mentioned his “father’s mental condition to his mother many times after his outbreaks or something. . . ■ . I told my mother that father was an insane man and that no sane man would have such thoughts.” Upon .cross-examination counsel for the State asked, “The question just propounded to you about the declaration to your mother, have you had your mother subpoenaed as a witness?” Answer: “No, sir.” The prisoner objected. The counsel for the State then said, “I want to ask if you have not had your mother subpoenaed as a witness and discharged her.” The court then states: “When the questions above were asked the counsel' for the-prisoner interposed an objection, and the conversation ensued, followed by statements of counsel, before the court had time to give or render decision. The court then ruled out all the questions above, and in connection therewith read the following statute in the presence of the jury.” Rev., 1634, p. 1917. “The wife of the defendant in all criminal actions or proceedings shall be a competent witness for the defendant, but the failure of such witness to be examined shall not be used to the prejudice of the defense. But every such person examined as a witness shall be subject to cross-examination as are other witnesses.”

The witness then proceeded to testify that his sister had been subpoenaed and that the counsel for the prisoner had conferred with her; that be and bis mother were present; that bis sister was not here at the trial; that she is twenty years old; that be did not know the reason why she did not'come to courts there was no sickness in the family; that be did not expect her to be here because she bad been released from the subpoena; that be did not know who bad it done but supposed it was done by bis father or bis father’s attorneys; that be spoke to bis father about bis sister not being a witness and that be seemed grieved that she could not come. The witness was then asked, “Do you know of any other witness that has been released besides your sister ?” Upon objection to this question “the court, ruling upon the objection, stated that if the witness himself knew that witnesses have been released by the prisoner himself, or by bis authority, or through bis counsel or himself, be may answer; otherwise, if be has information from other persons than the prisoner himself, or bis counsel now present, in the presence of the witness himself, be shall not answer. Of course this ruling of the court has no relation, to the ruling heretofore made by the court in regard to the plaintiff’s wife.”

The witness was then asked, “Has anybody else been released besides your sister and your mother?” The prisoner objected because this implied that the mother had been subpoenaed and released. The court sustained the objection and repeated its ruling on that matter as previously made. The counsel for the prisoner then asked the court to charge the jury at that stage that this line of questions by the counsel for State was improper and ought not to be considered, to which the court said, “I have made a ruling. You may have an exception if you want it. Now he must go on to something else.” The counsel for the State then said, “What I am trying to ask you, have you released any other witnesses other than those whose names have been mentioned here this morning.” The court “ruled out this question as this has reference to the prisoner’s wife.” This was the second exception. The judge states in regard to this matter:

“The prisoner assigns as error the ruling of his Honor in refusing the request of counsel for the prisoner to charge the jury that the repeated questioning of the witness, Paul Harris, as to the discharge or release of the wife of the prisoner as a witness on behalf of the prisoner, was improper and ought not to be considered by the jury, and for that instead of so charging the jury, either at the time said request was preferred or in his general charge, his Honor permitted counsel for the State and for the private prosecution, in their arguments to the jury, to direct the attention of the jury sharply to the fact that the wife of the prisoner had not been called as a witness, and for that instead of charging the jury as requested by the prisoner, the court permitted the acting solicitor, in the course of the closing argument to the jury, to declare that 'this prisoner has already been tried by his wife and daughter and tbey bave found bim guilty and condemned bim to death/ Tbe court allows tbe prisoner’s counsel to put tbis exception as all others in their own words, but tbe court states as a' fact that tbe prisoner’s counsel never prayed instruction for tbe charge above referred to, nor did tbey object or except to anything said in tbe argument of either of tbe counsel in their speeches made to tbe jury at any time during their arguments, either orally or in writing; and it will further appear that as to tbe rulings made by tbe court, with regard to what happened when Paul Harris was on tbe stand and tbe release or discharge of tbe prisoner’s wife as a witness, tbe court sustained tbe objection of tbe prisoner as will appear in tbe record as above set out.”

We do not find that tbe court was lacking in diligence or promptness in excluding all references to tbe plaintiff’s wife. There is no exception to charge of tbe court nor for refusal of any prayer for instruction.

Tbe third assignment of error is to tbe alleged failure of tbe court to make a formal order continuing tbe trial of tbe cause after tbe expiration of tbe term by limitation. The statute, C. S., 4637, reads as follows: “In case tbe term of a court shall expire while a trial for felony shall be in progress and before a judgment shall be given therein, tbe judge shall continue tbe term as long as in bis opinion it shall be necessary for tbe purposes of tbe case, and be may in bis discretion exercise tbe same power in tbe trial in any cause in tbe same circumstances except civil actions begun after Thursday of tbe last week.’’ Tbe statement of tbe judge as to this matter and the entries on tbe docket show that tbe term was continued as provided in tbe statute. In- regard to tbis exception tbe prisoner’s counsel in their brief say tbey “deem it their duty to submit tbis question to tbe judgment of tbe court, but concede that a failure to properly continue tbe term would bave no other legal effect than to' work a mistrial, unavoidably in law, which would cut tbe prisoner off from tbe plea of former jeopardy,” and add, “Upon tbe merits of tbe question, we venture to doubt whether a mere, adjournment from day to day can constitute such continuance of tbe term as tbe statute contemplates.” We think tbe statute was complied with by tbe daily entries on the docket: “Pending tbe trial of tbe case of S. v. J. T. Harris, tbe court takes a recess until 9 :30 tomorrow,” and tbe entry next day, “Court convened at 9 :30 a. m. pursuant to recess,” etc., in regular form.

Tbe above are tbe three exceptions which are tbe only ones set out in tbe assignments of error besides tbe two formal ones, as already stated.

Tbe prisoner’s counsel in tbis Court moved to tax tbe appellee with tbe cost of making tbe transcript and pleadings made in tbe record from pages 32 to 289, setting forth: “In support of tbis motion, tbe prisoner respectfully directs tbe attention of. tbe Court to the fact that tbe prisoner has only three exceptions and assignments of error, no one of which requires or suggests an examination of tbe whole evidence or tbe whole of the charge of the court; by reason whereof the prisoner respectfully insists that the narration of all the evidence in the case and the charge of the court set out in said ‘Exhibit A’ (being record, pp. 32 to 289, inclusive) are not pertinent to any exceptions in the case; that they injuriously encumber the record, and that the prisoner has been required to pay the cost of setting up and printing 257 pages of this unnecessary and irrelative matter, from the cost of which he prays a relief in conformity with Rule 31 of this Court.”

The Court discourages sending up unnecessary matter in the record, but this being a capital case, we cannot say that sending up the whole of the evidence and the charge of the court were impi’ovidently ordered, especially in view of the motion by the prisoner for a certiorari for additional findings of fact by the judge. The motion to tax the costs of that part of the record against the State is denied.

The prisoner, however, insisted in the argument here that there had been an abuse of privilege by counsel for the State in the argument of this case. There was no such exception or assignment of error in the record as sent up.

This Court has always held that we have no power to compel the trial judge to amend the “statement of the case,” for he is acting under the same authority and obligation of his oath as this Court, and is conclusively presumed to .have acted in conscientious discharge of the obligation thereby imposed on him. “The statement of the case on appeal imports absolute verity, and a certiorari will not issue to force the judge to make up a new case and insert matters alleged to have been omitted.” Cameron v. Power Co., 137 N. C., 101; S. v. Journigan, 120 N. C., 568; S. v. Hart, 116 N. C., 977; Paper Co. v. Chronicle, 115 N. C., 147; Allen v. McLendon, 113 N. C., 319; S. v. Debnam, 98 N. C., 712; S. v. Gooch, 94 N. C., 982; S. v. Miller, ib., 902; S. v. Gay, ib., 821; McCoy v. Lassiter, ib., 131. In the latter case the counsel filed affidavit in support of his motion alleging misapprehension of the facts by the judge, the Court held: “This proposition seems to us very singular and without precedent. We cannot for a moment think of allowing it to prevail. To do so would be subversive of the integrity and dignity of judicial proceedings, and justly offensive to the judicial office. The law reposes in the judge implicit confidence as to his ability, integrity, care and circumspection in his official conduct. It confides to and charges him with the conduct of judicial proceedings, as well as the decision of causes and motions cognizable before him. What he says and does in the course of his office must be accepted as true. There arises a strong presumption in favor of the integrity and correctness of his official statement and conduct, and these must prevail unquestioned in the course of procedure until they shall be altered, not summarily as proposed, but, in the absence of statutory regulations, in a way consistent with justice to all parties directly interested, the importance of the matter in question, and the dignity and propriety of judicial action. It is always of serious moment to the public, as well as individual litigants concerned, to bring in question the official conduct of judges.” But, upon the motion of the counsel for prisoner, a certiorari was sent down to give the judge below an opportunity to set forth more fully the facts as to the alleged abuse of privilege by counsel, to which be sent up the following return:

“The undersigned received the writ issued 17 May, 1921, by your honorable Court asking that the record, with respect to certain alleged arguments and comments of the counsel for the prosecution, be ascertained and incorporated in the record, and to find the facts with respect to the alleged objectionable remarks, if any, made by the counsel for the State during the trial of the said cause, and under what attending circumstances.

“Without repetition, I refer you to what is said in statement of ease on appeal, pages 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, J.6 and 17.

“It will be noted that I beard counsel on both sides in order to settle the case on appeal, about four months after the trial, and it took many days more in which to finally settle, so that it could go up on appeal.

“The official stenographer of the court in Buncombe, who took down most of the evidence and the proceedings of the trial, was Mrs. Williams, but toward the close of the ease one of the counsel for the defense, as I recollect, suggested that Miss Shank come to the assistance of the official stenographer, and she was allowed to do so until the evidence was concluded, but her presence and assistance was no longer required by the court. I bad the impression at the time I was making up the statement of the case on appeal that Miss Shank bad- taken down Mr. Brown’s speech and probably Mr. Swain’s. I now learn for the first time that she did not take down Mr. Swain’s speech but Mr. Brown’s speech. This was done without any direction by the court and without its knowledge. The court is now informed today by her statement that she took down Mr. Brown’s speech under the direction of one of the defendant’s attorneys, Judge Carter. I never bad any intimation from any one at the time of the trial that the stenographer was taking down the speeches of anybody or that any one objected to any of the speeches. My attention was called to this some four months later when the court was undertaking to settle the case on appeal. I report as a fact that the taking down of Mr. Brown’s (or the speeches of any one else, if they were taken down) was without my knowledge, my attention was not drawn to it, and I report as a fact now again that not one of the attorneys for the prisoner at any time during the argument of the counsel made any objection whatever to the court of anything that was being said by either Mr. Brown or Mr. Swain. If they had done so the court would have caused the official stenographer to have taken down anything they wished and ruled on it and ruled on any objection they might wish to make. But this was not done, and the court had no information as to their having any objection to anything that was said until the matter was called to the court’s attention some four months later at Bryson City.

“I got your notice to report the argument of the counsel, etc., on the eve of- my departure from Waynesville court to my home to consult a dentist, and as your -notice requested instant action I immediately, 18 May, 1921, sent written communications to Messrs: Swain and Brown, representing the State, and Messrs. Jones and Carter, representing the prisoner, and requested them to appear before me in regard to this matter and be heard in Statesville today if they desired to be heard. I also requested Messrs. Brown and Swain that if Miss Shank had taken down the arguments of the lawyers or any of them on either side and could reproduce them and send them to me properly verified I would be glad to have them, and I especially asked Mr. Brown over the phone from Asheville, when I was coming here, to call this to the attention of Miss Shank and the counsel for the defendant. Thus far I have not been able to procure any report of the speeches of Judge Carter or of Judge Jones or of Mr. McKinley Pritchard, all of whom made speeches in behalf of the prisoner. The only thing that I have been able to obtain is an excerpt purporting to be from the speech of Mr. Brown, and is made by Miss Shank under the direction of Judge Carter, and which was never filed in the record and never called to the attention of the count, except as above set out.

“The court of review will see how difficult it is for me, six months after the trial, to report the speeches of five lawyers whose speeches occupied something like two days or two and one-half days time, when I was not asked to have the speeches taken down and when there was no objection made to any of them or anything that was said in any of them at the time they were being made, nor until four months afterward. In the records you sent me I find in the petition of the prisoner what his counsel claim to have been portions of speeches made by Mr. Brown and Mr. Swain. I also note that Mr. Brown has made a sworn statement annexed- to the said petition in which he refers to certain evidence, brought out without any objection, of Mr. Paul Harris and Miss Mary Ward, and to which he refers as basis for his argument, but referring as he claims to other persons than the wife of the defendant. I also see attached to the petition an affidavit by Mr. Swain in which he makes a sworn statement as to certain remarks he made and referred to in the petition. I also see attached an affidavit by Messrs. Jones and Carter in which they say ‘that comments of the prisoner’s counsel upon the failure of bis wife to testify in bis bebalf were coupled with tbe explanation in substance tbat sucb comment was made only upon compulsion and necessity created by tbe fact tbat tbe matter bad been persistently tbrust upon tbe attention of tbe jurors by tbe counsel for tbe prosecution, and tbat, therefore, tbe counsel for tbe prisoner could no longer ignore tbe matter.’ I note tbat tbe defendant’s counsel did not reproduce wbat tbey themselves said to tbe jury in discussing tbe absence of tbe defendant’s wife, so tbat tbe Court above could have an opportunity to know wbat tbey were saying in debate about this matter. Whereas tbey took down wbat one of tbe lawyers on tbe other side said and wished me to make it a part of tbe record of tbe court, when it was really not a part of tbe record. As this was a private arrangement between Judge Carter and Miss Shank for wbat was taken down was not revealed to tbe court at tbe time, nor its purpose, I cannot see tbat it has any place in tbe record. This would be a novelty in procedure so far as my knowledge and experience extend. I can see no barm tbat might result from a man having bis speech taken down if be wished to do so, or tbe taking down of a speech of another person, but I cannot understand with wbat propriety sucb speech should be put in a record unless tbe court bad been called upon to make some ruling about it. So far as I observed at tbe time, I saw no abuse by any of tbe counsel of their privileges and rights in tbe debate. I was busy preparing my charge during tbe argument of tbe counsel practically all tbe time. I did not make a minute of tbe argument of any of tbe attorneys because I was not asked to do so. While Judge Jones was speaking, Mr. Swain called my attention to tbe fact tbat Judge Jones was making an explanation or observation-with regard to tbe absence of tbe defendant’s wife. I inferred from this that tbe defendant’s counsel bad abandoned their objection, in which I bad ruled in their favor, excluding evidence in regard to tbe defendant’s wife, although Judge Jones did not say so in words. I noted during Judge Carter’s argument tbat be seemed to go into this question quite fully and with much earnestness in presenting a comparison of tbe conduct of tbe son, Paul, and tbe conduct of tbe wife and daughter of tbe prisoner, who bad deserted him, etc., etc. So I again concluded tbat tbe counsel for tbe defendant bad abandoned this question. I did note later tbat Mr. Swain made some allusion to what Judge Carter bad said, but wbat be said was very brief and I do not recall exactly wbat be did say, but I did understand it was in response to wbat Judge Carter bad to say. As it now seems to me, it was in form of an interrogatory. Tbe solicitor thinks tbat I interrupted him at this point and suggested tbat be pass on to something else or tbe like, but as to this I am not entirely clear. I do state as a fact tbat I got tbe impression from tbe counsel on both sides at tbe time tbat this matter was up for open debate and was debated during and after Judge Jones’s speech, and by tbe counsel for tbe prisoner fully as much or more than by the counsel for the State. I notice Mr. Brown says in his affidavit that he never did make any allusion to the defendant’s wife in the opening argument. The Court will see that the evidence in the case contains many references to the wife of the prisoner which were admitted and not objected to. At the hearing today none of the counsel on either side were present. The only thing that the court gets from any of the counsel is a written statement, the affidavit of Miss Shank, which I attach marked 'Exhibit Z,’ and a letter from Judge Carter enclosed with the same. I am sorry I cannot furnish you the arguments in full of all the attorneys. If anything further reaches me between now and your final disposition of the case I will send it in with pleasure.

“Awaiting your further orders, I am,

“Respectfully, B. E. Long, Trial Judge.”

The judge attached to this statement sundry affidavits and the statement of stenographers, which are not made a part of the record and are not before us. Though we must take the finding of facts by the judge as conclusive, it is just to him to incorporate the following affidavit of R. M. Mitchell, the sheriff of the county, who was present at the argument:

“That he was sheriff of Buncombe County at the time the above entitled action was tried in the Superior Court of Buncombe County, and acted as officer of the court during the trial of said action; that affiant heard the arguments of the different counsel who appeared for the State and the prisoner; that the first comment made by any attorney as to. the failure of the prisoner’s wife to appear and testify as a witness was by Judge Thomas A. Jones, who severely criticized the wife and daughter for having deserted the prisoner; that when Judge Jones first mentioned the failure of the wife and daughter to testify in favor of the prisoner, affiant was approached by J. E. Swain, who was acting as solicitor for the State, and said J. E. Swain requested affiant to pay particular attention to the comments then being made by Judge Jones in regard to the wife and daughter of the prisoner; that at the time affiant was approached by said J. E. Swain affiant expressed surprise at the argument then being made by Judge Jones.

“That Judge Frank Carter, who also appeared as counsel for the prisoner, criticized the wife and daughter of the prisoner for having deserted and betrayed him in his time of need, and he paid high tribute to the prisoner’s son, who had testified in behalf of the prisoner.

“That the only reference made to the failure of the prisoner’s wife to testify was made by Acting Solicitor J. E. Swain in the closing argument, and said J. E. Swain stated that in so doing he was replying to the arguments made by Judge Jones and Judge Carter, and to their criticisms of the wife and daughter of the prisoner because of their failure to testify in behalf of the prisoner.”

The judge’s findings of fact in this report corresponds with the notes of the official stenographer, though if they had differed the judge should state the facts as he finds them to be. Cressler v. Asheville, 138 N. C., 485, in which we said: “The stenographic notes will be of great weight with the judge, but are not conclusive if he has reason to believe there was error or mistake. The stenographer cannot take the place of the judge, who is alone authorized and empowered by the Constitution to try the cause, and who alone (if counsel disagree) can settle for this Court what occurred during the trial. ... Of course if such notes were conclusive as to the evidence, they should be equally so as to what exceptions were taken and rulings made and all other matters occurring in the progress of the trial. This would simply depose the judge and place the stenographer in his place for all the purposes of appeal. . . .

Now, as always, these matters must be settled by the judge when counsel disagrees. The stenographer’s notes will be a valuable aid to refresh his memory. But the stenographer does not displace the judge in any of his functions.” This ruling has been cited and approved. S. v. Shemwell, 180 N. C., 718, and in other cases.

The uniform authorities are that no exceptions will be considered by this Court on appeal which are not set out in the record as being taken at the time (save only to the charge), S. v. Ward, 180 N. C., 693; and further, are duly assigned as error. Lee v. Baird, 146 N. C., 361. There was no exception and no assignment of error to the alleged abuse of privilege by counsel. It is a settled ruling of the courts that an objection to the language of counsel as an abuse of privilege must be taken at the time or such exception is waived. Borden v. Power Co., 174 N. C., 73. The presiding judge in this case finds as a fact that no exception to the language of counsel was made and that he never heard of any exception until four months after the trial, and then only upon making up the statement of case on appeal.

After the most careful and considerate attention to each objection urged by the able and zealous counsel for the prisoner we are unable to find that the prisoner was in anywise prejudiced in the .conduct of this trial.

No error.