An unpublished opinion of the North Carolina Court of Appeals does not constitute controlling legal authority. Citation is disfavored, but may be permitted in accordance with the provisions of Rule 30(e)(3) of the North Carolina Rules of Appellate Procedure.
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA24-424
Filed 4 June 2025
Buncombe County, Nos. 21CRS89660-100, 21CRS89661-100, 21CRS89662-100, 21CRS89663-100, 21CRS89664-100
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
v.
TRAVIS CHRISTOPHER HAHN, Defendant.
Appeal by Defendant from judgment entered 27 July 2023 by Judge Jacqueline
D. Grant in Buncombe County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 28
January 2025.
Attorney General Jeff Jackson, by Special Deputy Attorney General Daniel K. Covas, for the State.
Richard Croutharmel, for Defendant-Appellant.
CARPENTER, Judge.
Travis Christopher Hahn (“Defendant”) appeals from judgment entered after
a jury found him guilty of: three counts of assault on a government official; one count
of disorderly conduct; one count of resisting, delaying, or obstructing a public officer
(“RDO”); and two counts of malicious conduct by a prisoner. On appeal, Defendant STATE V. HAHN
Opinion of the Court
argues the trial court erred by denying his motion to dismiss and request for a special
jury instruction. Defendant also asserts an ineffective assistance of counsel claim
(“IAC”). Defendant concedes his notices of appeal are defective and filed a petition
for writ of certiorari (“PWC”) requesting this Court exercise its discretion and allow
full appellate review. After careful review, we deny the PWC and dismiss Defendant’s
appeal without prejudice to Defendant’s statutory right to file a motion for
appropriate relief with the trial court.
I. Factual and Procedural Background
On 7 February 2022, a Buncombe County grand jury indicted Defendant for:
three counts of assault on a government official; one count of disorderly conduct; one
count of RDO; and two counts of malicious conduct by a prisoner. Defendant’s case
proceeded to trial on 25 July 2023. The evidence tended to show the following.
On 13 November 2021, Kelvis Brewer, an African-American tennis
professional, was in his office at the Aston Park Tennis Center in Asheville, North
Carolina (the “Park”) when two startled women came into the office to tell Brewer
and his co-worker, Dawn Johnson, that a man, later identified as Defendant, was on
the tennis courts “saying nasty things” to them and the other female tennis players.
The women asked Brewer if he would come down to the tennis courts and talk to
Defendant. Brewer and Johnson exited the office, which was located atop a hill
overlooking the tennis courts. From their vantage point, Brewer and Johnson
observed Defendant standing alone on court four, the court adjacent to the women.
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Brewer yelled down to Defendant, instructing him to leave the tennis court because
he was not permitted to enter the courts without paying the required fee. Defendant
asked if he could be on the sidewalk, to which Brewer responded, “sure, you can be
on the sidewalk. Just please don’t harass the ladies.”
Shortly after Brewer and Johnson went back inside the office, the women
returned and informed Brewer that Defendant was still nearby “saying nasty things”
to them. Brewer and Johnson exited the office once again. This time, Brewer told
Defendant to leave the area. In response, Defendant “started saying all kinds of crazy
stuff” including yelling profanities and racial slurs at Brewer. Defendant also
threatened Brewer, saying, “I’m going to come back every day and kill you” and “I’m
going to come down here every day [and] find out where you live.” Defendant started
to walk away, but stopped, scooped a handful of mulch off the ground, and threw it
in Brewer’s direction.
Brewer began making his way down the hill toward Defendant, but Defendant
started to run away while yelling “you’re not going to touch me. You’re not going to
do anything to me. I’m going to come back and get you.” Johnson testified that during
the encounter, Defendant was using “a lot of the F word and a huge amount of the N
word,” most of which was directed at Brewer. Johnson also testified that Defendant’s
remarks were “nonstop” and that she felt unsafe during the incident.
Meanwhile, one of the female tennis players called the police to report
Defendant’s disturbing behavior. Officers Jonathan Fadler and Nick Jones, with the
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Asheville Police Department, responded to the call. When they arrived at the Park,
Officer Fadler spoke with Johnson and the female tennis players to obtain
information and a description of Defendant. From the witnesses, officers learned
Defendant had used racial slurs and caused “disturbances” at the Park. Officers
located Defendant sitting at a gazebo nearby and approached him.
Officers told Defendant they had received a call about a disturbance on the
tennis courts. Defendant said he was busy “cleaning his fingernails and didn’t want
to talk” to them. When officers asked Defendant for his identification, he refused,
stood up, and started walking away. At this moment, Officer Fadler realized he
recognized Defendant from previous encounters so he radioed dispatch for a warrant
check. Meanwhile, Officer Jones followed Defendant while continuing to ask him
questions. Then, Officer Jones “went hands on with [Defendant]” in an attempt to
place him in custody with Officer Fadler’s assistance.
Defendant began “struggling” and “tensing up” and would not allow the officers
to place him in handcuffs. After Defendant started kicking Officer Jones in the legs,
Officer Fadler “hip tossed” Defendant to the ground and handcuffed him. Officers
began escorting Defendant to a police car, but Defendant was “digging” his feet into
the ground. As officers were walking with Defendant, a civilian approached to ask
what was going on. Defendant kicked the civilian and knocked a stack of papers out
of his hand.
Eventually, officers arrived at the police car and frisked Defendant for
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weapons. While the search was ongoing, Defendant yelled “[Officer] Fadler’s a dead
bitch” and kicked Officer Fadler in the groin. Officers managed to place Defendant
in the police car and called for a supervisor due to Defendant’s use of force. Officer
Lucas Lovelace arrived shortly thereafter.
Once Officer Lovelace arrived, Officer Jones began driving away with
Defendant, but was forced to stop after approximately twenty yards because of
Defendant’s disruptive behavior. Officer Lovelace, hoping to de-escalate the
situation, walked over to the police car and started talking to Defendant through the
window. During the interaction, Defendant spit on Officer Lovelace and threatened
to kill him. Officer Lovelace directed Officer Jones to roll up the window and proceed
to the jail. Upon arrival at jail, Officer Lovelace attempted to place a spit hood on
Defendant, but Defendant kicked him. Accordingly, officers placed Defendant in a
restraint chair.
At the close of the State’s evidence, Defendant made a motion to dismiss, which
the trial court denied. During the charge conference, Defendant requested a jury
instruction on the assault on a government official charges that would allow the jury
to consider whether Defendant’s arrest was lawful. Specifically, under this
instruction, the jury would consider whether officers had probable cause to believe
Defendant committed a crime, and if not, whether Defendant used reasonable force
in resisting the arrest. See N.C.P.I.-Crim 208.81B. The trial court denied
Defendant’s request and instructed the jury according to the pattern jury instruction
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for assault on an officer, thereby omitting any reference to the lawfulness of
Defendant’s arrest because the officers “ha[d] probable cause to arrest [Defendant]
for disorderly conduct based solely on the information provided [] by the staff of the
[Park] and the witnesses.” See N.C.P.I.-Crim. 208.82.
The jury found Defendant guilty as charged. The trial court sentenced
Defendant to between: twenty-one and thirty-five months in prison for the first count
of malicious conduct; and twenty-one and thirty-five months in prison for the second
count of malicious conduct, to run consecutively with the first count of malicious
conduct. On the remaining convictions, the trial court sentenced Defendant to:
seventy-five days in prison for one count of assault on a government official, to run
consecutively with the second count of malicious conduct; and seventy-five days in
prison for the remaining two counts of assault on a government official, one count of
disorderly conduct, and one count of RDO, to run consecutively with the first count of
assault on a government official. On 1 August 2023, Defendant filed written notice
of appeal.
II. Jurisdiction
As a threshold matter, we consider Defendant’s PWC. On 31 July 2024,
Defendant filed a PWC requesting this Court exercise its discretion to review the
merits of his appeal. In his PWC, Defendant concedes his notice of appeal is defective
in that it “fails to properly identify the judgments from which he appeals.”
A notice of appeal must: (1) “specify the party or parties taking appeal;” (2)
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“designate the judgment or order from which appeal is taken and the court to which
appeal is taken;” and (3) “be signed by counsel of record for the party or parties taking
the appeal.” N.C. R. App. P. 4(b). Defendant’s written notice of appeal failed to
indicate the correct judgment from which appeal was taken. Specifically, the notice
indicates Defendant is appealing a judgment of conviction entered on 11 August 2017
for a second-degree sex offense. This appeal, however, does not implicate a sex
offense. Thus, Defendant’s notice does not comply with Rule 4. Accordingly, we lack
jurisdiction. See State v. Hughes, 210 N.C. App. 482, 484, 707 S.E.2d 777, 778 (2011)
(“A failure on the part of the appealing party to comply with Rule 4 deprives this
Court of jurisdiction to consider [the] appeal[.]”).
A PWC is a “prerogative” writ which we may issue to aid our jurisdiction. See
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-32(c) (2023). Issuing a PWC, however, “is an extraordinary
measure.” State v. Barton, 295 N.C. App. 182, 186, 905 S.E.2d 230, 234 (2024).
“Accordingly, a petitioner must satisfy a two-part test before we will issue the writ.”
Id. at 186, 905 S.E.2d at 234. “First, a writ of certiorari should issue only if the
petitioner can show ‘merit or that error was probably committed below.’” Cryan v.
Nat’l Council of YMCAs, 384 N.C. 569, 572, 887 S.E.2d 848, 851 (2023) (quoting State
v. Ricks, 378 N.C. 737, 741, 862 S.E.2d 835, 839 (2021)). “Second, a writ of certiorari
should issue only if there are ‘extraordinary circumstances’ to justify it.” Id. at 572–
73, 887 S.E.2d at 851 (quoting Moore v. Moody, 304 N.C. 719, 720, 285 S.E.2d 811,
812 (1982)). “Ultimately, the decision to issue a writ of certiorari rests in the sound
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discretion of the presiding court.” Id. at 573, 887 S.E.2d at 851 (citing Ricks, 378 N.C.
at 740, 862 S.E.2d at 838).
A. Motion to Dismiss
First, Defendant argues the trial court erred by denying his motion to dismiss
the three counts of assault on a government official and the one count of RDO because
Officer Fadler did not have probable cause to arrest him for disorderly conduct.
Specifically, Defendant asserts the evidence was insufficient to establish that Officer
Fadler was discharging his official duties since Defendant was resisting an unlawful
arrest. We disagree.
“In ruling on a motion to dismiss, the trial court need determine only whether
there is substantial evidence of each essential element of the crime and that the
defendant is the perpetrator.” State v. Call, 349 N.C. 382, 417, 508 S.E.2d 496, 518
(1998) (citing State v. Sexton, 336 N.C. 321, 361, 444 S.E.2d 879, 902 (1994)).
“Substantial evidence is that amount of relevant evidence necessary to persuade a
rational juror to accept a conclusion.” State v. Mann, 355 N.C. 294, 301, 560 S.E.2d
776, 781 (2002) (citing State v. Frogge, 351 N.C. 576, 584, 528 S.E.2d 893, 899 (2000)).
“In making its determination, the trial court must consider all evidence admitted,
whether competent or incompetent, in the light most favorable to the State, giving
the State the benefit of every reasonable inference and resolving any contradictions
in its favor.” State v. Rose, 339 N.C. 172, 192, 451 S.E.2d 211, 223 (1994) (citing State
v. Sumpter, 318 N.C. 102, 107, 347 S.E.2d 396, 399 (1986)).
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1. Assault on a Government Official and RDO
Defendant’s motion to dismiss argument concerns the charges for assault on a
government official and RDO. A person commits an assault on a government official,
a Class A1 misdemeanor, if “in the course of [an] assault, assault and battery, or
affray [he]: assaults an officer or employee of the State or any political subdivision of
the State, when the officer or employee is discharging or attempting to discharge his
official duties[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-33(c)(4) (2023) (emphasis added).
The elements of RDO, a Class 2 misdemeanor, are:
(1) the victim was a public officer; (2) the defendant knew or had reasonable grounds to believe the [officer] was a public officer; (3) the [officer] was [lawfully] discharging or attempting to discharge a duty of his office; (4) the defendant resisted, delayed, or obstructed the [officer] in discharging or attempting to discharge a duty of his office; and (5) the defendant acted willfully and unlawfully, that is intentionally and without justification or excuse.
State v. Harper, 285 N.C. App. 507, 511, 877 S.E.2d at 771, 776–77 (purgandum)
(citing State v. Peters, 255 N.C. App. 382, 387, 804 S.E.2d 811, 815 (2017)); see N.C.
Gen. Stat. § 14-223 (2023).
“ ‘The offense of [RDO], both at common law and under the statute . . .
presupposes a lawful arrest.’ ” State v. Smith, 225 N.C. App. 471, 476, 736 S.E.2d
847, 851 (2013) (quoting State v. Jeffries, 17 N.C. App. 195, 198, 193 S.E.2d 388, 391
(1972) (citation omitted)). Indeed, “the State must prove that the arrest underlying
a charge for [RDO] was lawful beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 476, 736 S.E.2d at
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851. If the arrest is unlawful, the officer effectuating the arrest is considered the
“wrongdoer” and the person being arrested may “resist[] by use of force, as in self-
defense.” Jeffries, 17 N.C. App. at 198, 193 S.E.2d at 391. Likewise, the offense of
assaulting a public officer, “presupposes lawful conduct of the public officer . . . .” Id.
at 198, 193 S.E.2d at 391. Thus, the success of Defendant’s argument turns on
whether his warrantless arrest was lawful.
2. Warrantless Arrest
“The Fourth Amendment of the United States [Constitution] protects
individuals ‘against unreasonable searches and seizures.’” State v. Jackson, 262 N.C.
App. 329, 333, 821 S.E.2d 656, 661 (2018) (quoting State v. Barnard, 362 N.C. 244,
246, 658 S.E.2d 643, 645 (2008)); see U.S. Const. amend. IV; N.C. Const. art. I, § 20.
“To be lawful, a warrantless arrest must be supported by probable cause.” State v.
Zuniga, 312 N.C. 251, 259, 322 S.E.2d 140, 145 (1984).
Specifically, an officer may effectuate an arrest for a misdemeanor committed
outside of his presence without a warrant if he has probable cause to believe the
individual “[h]as committed a misdemeanor, and: (1) [w]ill not be apprehended unless
immediately arrested; or (2) may cause physical injury to himself or others, or damage
to property unless immediately arrested[.]” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-401(b)(2) (2023).
“Probable cause for an arrest is ‘a reasonable ground of suspicion, supported by
circumstances sufficiently strong in themselves to warrant a cautious man in
believing the accused to be guilty.’” State v. Tappe, 139 N.C. App. 33, 36, 533 S.E.2d
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262, 264 (2000) (quoting State v. Harris, 279 N.C. 307, 311, 182 S.E.2d 364, 367
(1971)). “To justify a warrantless arrest, it is ‘not necessary to show that the offense
was actually committed, only that the officer had a reasonable ground to believe it
was committed.’” Id. at 36, 533 S.E.2d at 264 (quoting State v. Thomas, 127 N.C.
App. 431, 433, 492 S.E.2d 41, 42, (1997)). “The existence of such grounds is
determined by the ‘practical and factual considerations of everyday life on which
reasonable and prudent people act.’” Id. at 36, 533 S.E.2d at 264 (quoting State v.
Crawford, 125 N.C. App. 279, 281, 480 S.E.2d 422, 424 (1997)).
Defendant argues his arrest was unlawful because Officer Fadler did not have
probable cause to arrest him for disorderly conduct. “Disorderly conduct is a public
disturbance intentionally caused by any person who . . . [m]akes or uses any
utterance, gesture, display or abusive language which is intended and plainly likely
to provoke violent retaliation and thereby cause a breach of the peace.” N.C. Gen.
Stat. § 14-288.4(a)(2) (2023). This brings us to our primary consideration on appeal:
whether Officer Fadler had probable cause to arrest Defendant for disorderly conduct.
3. Discussion
Here, in the light most favorable to the State, the evidence was more than
sufficient to establish that Officer Fadler had probable cause to arrest Defendant for
disorderly conduct. See Rose, 339 N.C. at 192, 451 S.E.2d at 223. Officer Fadler
testified that he “got a call that a male was causing a disturbance in the [P]ark using
racial slurs, stuff of that nature.” He also testified that when he arrived at the Park,
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he spoke with Johnson, to whom he referred to as “the reporting party,” as well as
the female tennis players to whom Defendant was saying “nasty things” on the tennis
courts. Specifically, Officer Fadler learned from Johnson that Defendant, who was
on the tennis courts unauthorized, was “using racial slurs and [] causing a
disturbance[.]” Johnson also testified that she and the women provided officers with
a description of Defendant. Moreover, when officers approached Defendant, he
refused to answer any of their questions or give them any identifying information
about himself.
In short, by the time officers arrested Defendant they were advised by several
witnesses that Defendant was at the Park yelling racial slurs at Brewer, on the tennis
courts saying “nasty things” to the women, and causing a disturbance. Although
officers did not directly observe Defendant engaging this behavior, the officers had
reasonable grounds to believe Defendant committed the crime of disorderly conduct.
See Harris, 279 N.C. at 311, 182 S.E.2d at 367. Accordingly, Defendant’s warrantless
arrest was supported by probable cause. Therefore, Defendant cannot show merit or
that error was probably committed below. See Cryan, 384 N.C. at 572, 887 S.E.2d at
851.
B. Special Jury Instruction
Next, Defendant argues the trial court erred by denying his request for a
special jury instruction for the assault on a government official charges. We disagree.
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“The trial court must give a requested jury instruction when the request is a
correct statement of the law and is supported by the evidence in the case.” State v.
Jackson, 161 N.C. App. 118, 124, 588 S.E.2d 11, 15 (2003) (citing State v. Monk, 291
N.C. 37, 54, 229 S.E.2d 163, 174 (1976)).
The instruction Defendant requested would have allowed the jury to determine
whether Defendant’s arrest was lawful and if not, whether his use of force in resisting
the arrest was reasonable—a determination that would have impacted whether
Defendant acted without justification or excuse. See N.C.P.I.-Crim 208.81B. The
trial court denied Defendant’s request and instead instructed the jury in accordance
with the assault on an officer instruction, which omits any reference to the lawfulness
of Defendant’s arrest. See N.C.P.I-Crim. 208.82.
Although Defendant’s requested instruction was a correct statement of the law,
it was not supported by the evidence. See Jackson, 161 N.C. App. at 124, 588 S.E.2d
at 15. As previously discussed, Defendant’s warrantless arrest for disorderly conduct
was supported by probable cause. Therefore, Defendant cannot show merit or that
error was probably committed below by the trial court’s decision to instruct the jury
in accordance with the assault upon an officer instruction. See Cryan, 384 N.C. at
572, 887 S.E.2d at 851.
III. Conclusion
Defendant’s arguments that the trial court erred by denying his motion to
dismiss and declining his request for a special jury instruction are without merit.
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Accordingly, in our discretion, we deny Defendant’s PWC and dismiss his appeal
without prejudice to Defendant’s statutory right to file a motion for appropriate relief
with the trial court.
DISMISSED.
Judges TYSON and FREEMAN concur.
Report per Rule 30(e).
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