State v. Green

409 So. 2d 563
CourtSupreme Court of Louisiana
DecidedJanuary 25, 1982
Docket81-KA-1456
StatusPublished
Cited by39 cases

This text of 409 So. 2d 563 (State v. Green) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Supreme Court of Louisiana primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
State v. Green, 409 So. 2d 563 (La. 1982).

Opinion

409 So.2d 563 (1982)

STATE of Louisiana
v.
Steve GREEN.

No. 81-KA-1456.

Supreme Court of Louisiana.

January 25, 1982.

William J. Guste, Jr., Atty. Gen., Barbara Rutledge, Asst. Atty. Gen., Harry F. Connick, Dist. Atty., Louise S. Korns, David Plavnicky, Michael Campbell, Asst. Dist. Attys., for plaintiff-appellee.

Syed Izfar, William O'Hare, Morris Borenstein, John Standridge, of Loyola Law School Clinic, New Orleans, for defendant-appellant.

JASPER E. JONES,[*] Justice Ad Hoc.

Steve Green was charged by a bill of information with armed robbery of George *564 Dwelle on January 23, 1980, in violation of LSA-R.S. 14:64. He was tried by a jury of twelve on May 8, 1980 and found guilty as charged. The trial judge sentenced Green to forty years at hard labor without benefit of parole, probation or suspension of sentence.

About noon on January 23, 1980, the defendant walked into the Commonwealth Savings and Loan Association at 140 Carondelet Street in the City of New Orleans, and approached a counter where George Dwelle, a vice president of the association, was working. The defendant opened a black satchel, drew a pistol, advised Dwelle that it was a robbery and demanded "all the money." Dwelle told the defendant he could not get into the cash drawers, whereupon the defendant pointed the gun at Dwelle and told him "either get into the cash drawers or you're dead right here. I'll shoot you." Though it was later established that the pistol which defendant pointed at Dwelle was a toy cap pistol, Dwelle believed it to be a real gun and was very frightened by the gun and immediately commenced delivering to the defendant approximately twenty-three hundred dollars from the cash drawers of the Commonwealth.

As the robbery was in progress Morris H. Levy, a director of Commonwealth, came into the area where the robbery was taking place and observed several frightened female employees of Commonwealth and saw the defendant with the gun taking the money from Dwelle. Levy demanded that defendant get out of Commonwealth and the defendant then pointed the barrel of the pistol in the direction of Levy and went out of Commonwealth onto Carondelet Street taking the black bag with the money in it and his pistol. Levy chased the defendant across several parking lots and down several streets in the area. During the chase the defendant pointed the gun at Levy several times, and each time Levy, who believed the gun was real, would duck behind a parked car or a building in order to protect himself from the danger of being shot. When the defendant turned one street corner, Levy hesitated to immediately pursue him because of fear of being shot, and temporarily lost sight of the defendant; however, in a very few minutes he met the defendant walking down the sidewalk directly toward him. Levy then grabbed the defendant, who at this time did not have the pistol in his hand, and a very short time later police officers who had been alerted of the robbery and of Levy's pursuit of the defendant arrived at the scene and removed the toy cap pistol from the defendant and seized the black bag containing the money which defendant had taken from Dwelle at the Commonwealth.

On appeal the defendant relies upon three assignments of error for reversal of his conviction and sentence.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 1

The defendant argues his motion for a new trial should have been granted under the provisions of LSA-C.Cr.P. art. 851[1] because the verdict is contrary to the law and the evidence for the reason that the state failed to prove he was armed with a dangerous weapon when he took the money from Dwelle, which is an essential element of the crime of armed robbery.

LSA-R.S. 14:64 provides:
A. Armed Robbery is the theft of anything of value from the person of another or which is in the immediate control of another, by use of force or intimidation, while armed with a dangerous weapon.
B. Whoever commits the crime of armed robbery shall be imprisoned at hard labor *565 for not less than five years and for not more than ninety-nine years, without benefit of parole, probation or suspension of sentence.

The defendant's argument is that the toy cap pistol was not an inherently dangerous weapon and that the manner in which he used it could harm no one.

LSA-R.S. 14:2(3) defines dangerous weapons to include:

"... includes any gas, liquid, or other substance or instrumentality, which in the manner used, is calculated or likely to produce death or great bodily harm."

The defendant relies upon Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979), which sets forth the test by which the evidence must be viewed to determine if it will support a conviction as follows:

"Instead the relevent question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt." Id. at 2789.

The defendant contends because the cap pistol could not shoot anyone and because he never threatened to strike Dwelle or any other employee of Commonwealth with it, that the jury could not within the Jackson v. Virginia test have found that the essential element of the crime "armed with a dangerous weapon" to have been established beyond a reasonable doubt.

The use of an inherently harmless object in a manner that creates circumstances likely to produce death or great bodily harm results in the inherently harmless object being a dangerous weapon within the provisions of LSA-R.S. 14:2(3) and 14:64. State v. Levi, 259 La. 591, 250 So.2d 751 (1971); State v. Gould, 395 So.2d 647 (La.1980); State v. Byrd, 385 So.2d 248 (La.1980).

The defendant's contention is without merit because the manner in which he used the toy pistol was "calculated or likely to produce death or great bodily harm" even though the defendant made no attempt to strike anyone with the toy pistol. Dwelle, Levy and several female employees of Commonwealth all believed that the toy gun was real and all were placed in fear of bodily harm by the defendant's display of the weapon in the course of the robbery. Under these circumstances any witness to the robbery upon observing the life threatening situation could have attempted by the use of gun or other weapon to disarm the defendant and during such an altercation death or great bodily harm is likely to occur to the victim, to a witness, or to the defendant. The manner in which the defendant used the toy pistol and the effect this use had upon the employees of Commonwealth provided sufficient evidence within the Jackson v. Virginia rule for a jury to find the toy pistol to be a dangerous weapon within the provisions of LSA-R.S. 14:2(3) and 14:64.

For the reasons stated the trial judge committed no error when he denied defendant's motion for a new trial.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR NO. 2

The defendant contends the trial judge erred when he refused to order a mistrial when a police officer testifying for the state referred to another crime which the defendant had committed, the evidence of which was inadmissible.

The following is a quotation from the transcript of the officer's testimony relied upon by the defendant.

"By the State
On that date and around that time, did you have occasion to investigate a robbery that occurred downtown?

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Bluebook (online)
409 So. 2d 563, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/state-v-green-la-1982.