HINES, Justice.
This is an appeal by the State from the grant of the joint motion of defendants Maurice Gleaton and Antonio Clark to bar their trial due to the violation of the constitutional right to a speedy trial. See OCGA § 5-7-1 (a) (1).1 For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
The State and Gleaton and Clark stipulated to the following before the trial court. On August 7, 2005, Kenneth Kemp was shot and killed at an apartment complex in Fulton County. Through the interviews of three witnesses, the police developed Gleaton and Clark as suspects in Kemp’s murder. Although there were many other people near victim Kemp when the police arrived, no one else admitted to having any knowledge of the murder. On September 8, 2005, arrest warrants were issued for Gleaton and Clark, and they were arrested within a month of the issuance of the warrants.
Shortly after the arrests, a probable cause hearing was held and within days of that hearing, two of the three State’s witnesses recanted the statements they had provided to the police. The third witness left Georgia shortly after Kemp’s shooting, and when he was [374]*374contacted by the office of the district attorney, he expressed unwillingness to further assist in the prosecution of Gleaton and Clark. The victim, Kemp, had been named as the primary suspect in a murder that occurred the day before his death, and he was armed with a gun at the time of his death. By November 3, 2005, both Gleaton and Clark had been released on bond, and due to the recantations and uncooperativeness of the witnesses, the district attorney did not, in the ordinary course of business, present the case to the grand jury for indictment.
For more than three years, from January 2006 to August 2009, neither the police nor the district attorney’s office made any further investigation or took any action of any kind regarding the case. Although there were no changes whatsoever in the facts of the case, on August 4, 2009, the district attorney sought and obtained an indictment charging both Gleaton and Clark with malice murder, felony murder, aggravated assault, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony.
On December 8, 2009, counsel for Gleaton filed the present motion to bar trial due to a violation of his right to a speedy trial; the motion was adopted by Clark prior to a hearing in the matter. At the hearing, there was testimony and photographic evidence that the apartment complex at which Kemp’s murder occurred had been condemned and closed. Following the hearing, the trial court granted the motion after applying the four-part balancing test of Barker v. Wingo, 407 U. S. 514 (92 SC 2182, 33 LE2d 101) (1972).
A trial court’s ruling on a motion to bar a defendant’s trial based upon an alleged violation of the right to a speedy trial found in the Federal and State Constitutions is to be reviewed under the analysis found in Barker v. Wingo. Ruffin v. State, 284 Ga. 52, 55 (2) (663 SE2d 189) (2008); State v. White, 282 Ga. 859, 861 (2) (655 SE2d 575) (2008).
In Barker v. Wingo [...], the Supreme Court of the United States identified four factors to be considered by a court in determining whether an accused’s constitutional right to a speedy trial had been violated ... (a) the length of the delay, (b) the reason for the delay, (c) the defendant’s assertion of his right, and (d) the prejudice to the defendant. The Supreme Court further stated that it regarded none of the factors as either a necessary or sufficient condition to a finding of a deprivation of the right of speedy trial but rather that the factors should be considered together in a balancing test of the conduct of the prosecution and the defendant.
[375]*375State v. Lattimore, 287 Ga. 505 (696 SE2d 613) (2010), quoting State v. Redding, 274 Ga. 831, 831-832 (561 SE2d 79) (2002) (citations omitted). The issue before this Court is whether the trial court abused its broad discretion in ruling that Gleaton’s and Clark’s speedy trial rights were violated. State v. Lattimore, supra at 506; Bryant v. State, 265 Ga. App. 234, 235 (593 SE2d 705) (2004).
As to the first factor, the length of the delay, it is undisputed that the length of the delay for both defendants is slightly less than four years from arrest until the State secured an indictment and just over four years from arrest until the motion to bar trial was filed. As the trial court correctly determined, the extreme length of delay in this case is presumptively prejudicial, and therefore, an analysis of the remaining Barker v. Wingo factors is triggered. Layman v. State, 284 Ga. 83 (663 SE2d 169) (2008).
The next factor to be considered is the reason for the delay, and in reviewing this factor, the trial court found that the delay was attributable to negligence by the State. It found specifically that both the police and the district attorney’s office did no investigation in the case for the entire almost-four-year period between arrest and indictment, and that the only reason given to explain the lack of investigation or activity in the case is the State’s obvious lack of desire to prosecute a case that was severely lacking in evidence. And, the State does not contest this; the State focuses its challenge on the remaining Barker v. Wingo factors.
As to the assertion of the right to a speedy trial, the trial court declined to fatally fault defendants for not having pursued their motion prior to indictment because it recognized that “as a practical matter a [defendant on bond is highly unlikely to come forward and demand an indictment be returned against him or that the case be brought before a court for any reason.” Additionally, the trial court found that once the indictment was returned, the motion to bar trial was timely filed, and specifically, that it was filed within all appropriate time periods set forth in the court’s scheduling order for discovery and motions; therefore, such timely filing mitigated any pre-indictment failure to assert the right to a speedy trial.
The State maintains that the trial court erred in failing to weigh heavily against the defendants their pre-indictment failure to assert the right to a speedy trial in contravention of “binding precedent,” specifically State v. Hight, 156 Ga. App. 246 (274 SE2d 638) (1980), which cited Haisman v. State, 242 Ga. 896, 898 (252 SE2d 397) (1979). It is certainly true that in Haisman, this Court weighed the defendant’s pre-indictment silence against her. But, unlike the present case, Haisman involved a total delay of 22 months, the reason for the pre-indictment delay period was the State’s legitimate need for further investigation of the crimes at issue, and there was [376]*376no indication that Haisman was out on bond following her arrest. In any event, the fact of any pre-indictment inaction was not determinative; this Court made plain that it was but one consideration in the balancing of the Barker v. Wingo factors. Id. at 899 (2).
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
HINES, Justice.
This is an appeal by the State from the grant of the joint motion of defendants Maurice Gleaton and Antonio Clark to bar their trial due to the violation of the constitutional right to a speedy trial. See OCGA § 5-7-1 (a) (1).1 For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
The State and Gleaton and Clark stipulated to the following before the trial court. On August 7, 2005, Kenneth Kemp was shot and killed at an apartment complex in Fulton County. Through the interviews of three witnesses, the police developed Gleaton and Clark as suspects in Kemp’s murder. Although there were many other people near victim Kemp when the police arrived, no one else admitted to having any knowledge of the murder. On September 8, 2005, arrest warrants were issued for Gleaton and Clark, and they were arrested within a month of the issuance of the warrants.
Shortly after the arrests, a probable cause hearing was held and within days of that hearing, two of the three State’s witnesses recanted the statements they had provided to the police. The third witness left Georgia shortly after Kemp’s shooting, and when he was [374]*374contacted by the office of the district attorney, he expressed unwillingness to further assist in the prosecution of Gleaton and Clark. The victim, Kemp, had been named as the primary suspect in a murder that occurred the day before his death, and he was armed with a gun at the time of his death. By November 3, 2005, both Gleaton and Clark had been released on bond, and due to the recantations and uncooperativeness of the witnesses, the district attorney did not, in the ordinary course of business, present the case to the grand jury for indictment.
For more than three years, from January 2006 to August 2009, neither the police nor the district attorney’s office made any further investigation or took any action of any kind regarding the case. Although there were no changes whatsoever in the facts of the case, on August 4, 2009, the district attorney sought and obtained an indictment charging both Gleaton and Clark with malice murder, felony murder, aggravated assault, and possession of a firearm during the commission of a felony.
On December 8, 2009, counsel for Gleaton filed the present motion to bar trial due to a violation of his right to a speedy trial; the motion was adopted by Clark prior to a hearing in the matter. At the hearing, there was testimony and photographic evidence that the apartment complex at which Kemp’s murder occurred had been condemned and closed. Following the hearing, the trial court granted the motion after applying the four-part balancing test of Barker v. Wingo, 407 U. S. 514 (92 SC 2182, 33 LE2d 101) (1972).
A trial court’s ruling on a motion to bar a defendant’s trial based upon an alleged violation of the right to a speedy trial found in the Federal and State Constitutions is to be reviewed under the analysis found in Barker v. Wingo. Ruffin v. State, 284 Ga. 52, 55 (2) (663 SE2d 189) (2008); State v. White, 282 Ga. 859, 861 (2) (655 SE2d 575) (2008).
In Barker v. Wingo [...], the Supreme Court of the United States identified four factors to be considered by a court in determining whether an accused’s constitutional right to a speedy trial had been violated ... (a) the length of the delay, (b) the reason for the delay, (c) the defendant’s assertion of his right, and (d) the prejudice to the defendant. The Supreme Court further stated that it regarded none of the factors as either a necessary or sufficient condition to a finding of a deprivation of the right of speedy trial but rather that the factors should be considered together in a balancing test of the conduct of the prosecution and the defendant.
[375]*375State v. Lattimore, 287 Ga. 505 (696 SE2d 613) (2010), quoting State v. Redding, 274 Ga. 831, 831-832 (561 SE2d 79) (2002) (citations omitted). The issue before this Court is whether the trial court abused its broad discretion in ruling that Gleaton’s and Clark’s speedy trial rights were violated. State v. Lattimore, supra at 506; Bryant v. State, 265 Ga. App. 234, 235 (593 SE2d 705) (2004).
As to the first factor, the length of the delay, it is undisputed that the length of the delay for both defendants is slightly less than four years from arrest until the State secured an indictment and just over four years from arrest until the motion to bar trial was filed. As the trial court correctly determined, the extreme length of delay in this case is presumptively prejudicial, and therefore, an analysis of the remaining Barker v. Wingo factors is triggered. Layman v. State, 284 Ga. 83 (663 SE2d 169) (2008).
The next factor to be considered is the reason for the delay, and in reviewing this factor, the trial court found that the delay was attributable to negligence by the State. It found specifically that both the police and the district attorney’s office did no investigation in the case for the entire almost-four-year period between arrest and indictment, and that the only reason given to explain the lack of investigation or activity in the case is the State’s obvious lack of desire to prosecute a case that was severely lacking in evidence. And, the State does not contest this; the State focuses its challenge on the remaining Barker v. Wingo factors.
As to the assertion of the right to a speedy trial, the trial court declined to fatally fault defendants for not having pursued their motion prior to indictment because it recognized that “as a practical matter a [defendant on bond is highly unlikely to come forward and demand an indictment be returned against him or that the case be brought before a court for any reason.” Additionally, the trial court found that once the indictment was returned, the motion to bar trial was timely filed, and specifically, that it was filed within all appropriate time periods set forth in the court’s scheduling order for discovery and motions; therefore, such timely filing mitigated any pre-indictment failure to assert the right to a speedy trial.
The State maintains that the trial court erred in failing to weigh heavily against the defendants their pre-indictment failure to assert the right to a speedy trial in contravention of “binding precedent,” specifically State v. Hight, 156 Ga. App. 246 (274 SE2d 638) (1980), which cited Haisman v. State, 242 Ga. 896, 898 (252 SE2d 397) (1979). It is certainly true that in Haisman, this Court weighed the defendant’s pre-indictment silence against her. But, unlike the present case, Haisman involved a total delay of 22 months, the reason for the pre-indictment delay period was the State’s legitimate need for further investigation of the crimes at issue, and there was [376]*376no indication that Haisman was out on bond following her arrest. In any event, the fact of any pre-indictment inaction was not determinative; this Court made plain that it was but one consideration in the balancing of the Barker v. Wingo factors. Id. at 899 (2).
Also, the trial court was authorized to assess mitigating circumstances in the defendants’ failure to file any demand for trial between arrest and indictment, including the fact that the motion to bar trial was timely filed within the parameters of the trial court’s scheduling order. State v. White, 282 Ga. 859, 862 (2) (c) (655 SE2d 575) (2008).
As to the State’s assertion that the trial court failed to recognize that each defendant’s revealed preference was to wait it out and hope for the best, amounting to what it characterizes as “acquiescence,” it is not supported by the evidence of record. Indeed, as already noted, the State stipulated to facts which result in the reasonable inference that the delay in this case was caused by the State’s unwillingness to pursue what could at best be characterized as a weak case; therefore, there was little for the defendants to “wait out.” Furthermore, any failure on the part of the defendants to file a demand for speedy trial does not affect the propriety of the present motion to bar trial because the filing of a speedy trial demand is not a prerequisite for a plea in bar for failure to have a speedy trial on constitutional grounds. State v. White, supra at 862 (2) (c).
As noted by the trial court, in regard to the final factor, prejudice, Barker v. Wingo
identified three interests which the speedy trial right was designed to protect, the last being the most important: (a) to prevent oppressive pretrial incarceration; (b) to minimize anxiety and concern of the accused; and (c) to limit the possibility that the defense will be impaired.
Williams v. State, 279 Ga. 106, 109 (1) (d) (610 SE2d 32) (2005) (citations and punctuation omitted). The length of the delay is then considered a second time by assessing it as part of the prejudice prong of the Barker analysis, with “the presumption that pretrial delay has prejudiced the accused intensifying over time.” Id. In this case, the trial court found that neither Gleaton nor Clark suffered from oppressive pre-trial incarceration because both were released on bond approximately a month after their arrests, and that there was no evidence that either suffered from anxiety and concern beyond that faced by all accused defendants. However, the court found that as to the most important aspect of the analysis, the delay in indictment resulted in impairment and prejudice to the defense. It explained that condemnation of the apartment complex, which was [377]*377the crime scene, made it impossible for the defense to investigate the case in any meaningful manner, and that this “actual” prejudice was due entirely to the State’s failure to have returned an indictment until nearly four years after the arrests of Gleaton and Clark.
The State contends that the trial court erred in finding actual prejudice from the absence of unidentified witnesses, and in weighing such “phantom prejudice” in defendants’ favor because the State’s eyewitnesses recanted after being interviewed by counsel, and as there is no alibi or claim of justification, the trial court erred in finding that the defendants’ defense was impaired by the delay.
But, as the trial court expressly found, just as the prosecution was stymied by the admitted effective obscuration of the crime scene, so was the defense; it was prevented from obtaining any forensic or other evidence the crime scene might hold and was faced with the practical impossibility of locating other viable witnesses to the murder by virtue of their residence or presence at the now condemned property. The prejudice to any defense was far from constructive or “phantom.” And, there is no merit to the State’s seeking to charge defendants with a fatal lack of due diligence because they did not previously attempt to obtain a list of tenants from the management of the apartment complex prior to its condemnation. They should not be sanctioned for failing to seek witnesses or evidence to defend against crimes for which they had not been formally charged.
Simply, the stipulated facts show that the State effectively abandoned the case after the witnesses recanted. Under these circumstances, this Court cannot conclude that the trial court abused its discretion in balancing the Barker v. Wingo factors and ultimately in finding in favor of defendants Gleaton and Clark, and therefore, in granting their motion to bar trial. State v. Lattimore, supra at 506.
Judgment affirmed.
All the Justices concur, except Benham, Melton, and Nahmias, JJ, who dissent.