State v. Gilbert

258 S.E.2d 890, 273 S.C. 690, 1979 S.C. LEXIS 479
CourtSupreme Court of South Carolina
DecidedOctober 2, 1979
Docket21060
StatusPublished
Cited by43 cases

This text of 258 S.E.2d 890 (State v. Gilbert) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Supreme Court of South Carolina primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
State v. Gilbert, 258 S.E.2d 890, 273 S.C. 690, 1979 S.C. LEXIS 479 (S.C. 1979).

Opinions

Ness, Justice.

This appeal is from the murder conviction and death sentence of appellants Larry Gilbert and J. D. Gleaton. We affirm the convictions, set aside the death sentences, and remand for a re-sentencing proceeding.

In the early afternoon of July 12, 1977, Ralph Stoudemire was shot and stabbed to death at his South Congaree service station in Lexington County. Approximately $200.00 was stolen. Witnesses saw two black men hurriedly leave the station in a blue 1978 Continental Mark IV with a white top and cast aluminum ET Mag wheels.1 The car reportedly had a low hanging tail pipe which emitted bluish gray smoke. One witness provided the investigating officers with license number KVH377. A nearby service station employee testified the car had “rust bubbles” on it, an Aiken dealer tag on bumper, and Goodyear double eagle, steel belted radial tires. Numerous other witnesses placed two black men fitting appellants’ descriptions2 in a car conforming to the above description in the South Congaree area during the earlier part of the day. The victim’s son arrived on the scene shortly after the crime, and testified at trial his father stated two-black men had robbed, shot and stabbed him.

On July 13, 1977, South Carolina Highway Patrolman Harold Potter stopped a blue Lincoln with a white top bearing license number VKH377 occupied by four black males on Highway No. 21 in Aiken County, some thirty miles from the scene of the crime. Deputies from the Aiken County

Sheriff’s Department arrived, and requested the occupants [693]*693■of the Lincoln to accompany them to 'their headquarters in Aiken. They readily agreed and followed the officers in their vehicle. The chief investigating officer, Richard Byers, subsequently arrested appellants and transported them to Lexington County where they confessed. A brown tank top shirt was found in the automobile, which was searched with the owner Gilbert’s consent.

Initially, appellants contend Officer Potter lacked probable cause to make the stop and the subsequent confessions and evidence seized should have been excluded as fruits of an illgal arrest. We disagree.

The officer who made the initial stop was acting on an all points bulletin which described the vehicle as a Lincoln Continental with a blue bottom and a white top, occupied by two black males.3 While it is true he did not have personal knowledge of the entire description then available, we believe Officer Potter had sufficient information to stop this distinctive vehicle. “It is recognized that the police may briefly detain and question a person upon a reasonable suspicion, short of probable cause for arrest, that he is involved in criminal activity.” State v. Foster, 269 S. C. 373, 378, 237 S. E. (2d) 589, 591 (1977), citing Terry v. Ohio, 392 U. S. 1, 88 S. Ct. 1868, 20 L. Ed. (2d) 889 (1968); Sibron v. N. Y., 392 U. S. 40, 88 S. Ct. 1889, 20 L. Ed. (2d) 917 (1968) ; Adams v. Williams, 407 U. S. 143, 92 S. Ct. 1921, 32 L. Ed. (2d) 612 (1972). We conclude Officer Potter had an “articulable and reasonable suspicion” to stop and investigate the vehicle. See Delaware v. Prouse, ... U. S. . . ., 99 St. Ct. 1391, 59 L. Ed. (2d) 660 (1979).

Appellants next assert their confessions were improperly admitted into evidence because they were procured involuntarily through coercion and denial of counsel. Appellants [694]*694concede they were advised of their constitutional rights pursuant to Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U. S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. (2d) 694 (1966), and signed waiver forms.

They were questioned briefly on the evening of their arrest and again the following day, without making any inculpatory statements. Subsequently, however, appellants were interviewed by a black investigator, and both gave confessions, and then were taken before a magistrate and a warrant was issued.

Appellants argue their confessions were inadmissible because they were held in custody for twenty-seven hours before being taken to a magistrate. We do not believe this delay amounted to coercion. As stated in State v. Funchess, 255 S. C. 385, 390, 179 S. E. (2d) 25, 27 (1971) :

“We have held that a confession made while the accused is in the custody of an officer before any warrant for his arrest has been issued does not render it inadmissible. State v. Brown, 212 S. C. 237, 47 S. E. (2d) 521. However, the conduct of the officers obtaining the confession will be rigidly scrutinized and the fact that it is made while the accused is under arrest is a circumstance to be taken into consideration •in determining whether the confession was freely and voluntarily given. State v. Cain, 246 S. C. 536, 144 S. E. (2d) 905.”

We hold the twenty-seven hour period during which they were held in custody before appearing before a magistrate is not an unreasonable length of time under the circumstances of this case.4 See State v. Swilling, 249 S. C. 541, 155 S. E. (2d) 607 (1967).

Appellants apparently contend that a black officer was purposely used by law enforcement authorities to interrogate them in order to gain their confidence. We [695]*695fail to read any sinister purpose or prejudicial result into this procedure. We agree with the trial court and the jury that the confessions were voluntary.

We next consider an issue not raised in appellants’ brief, but which, because of the imposition of the death sentence, we review under the doctrine of in favorem vitae.

Immediately prior to the offering of defense testimony, the trial judge fully and properly advised each appellant of his constitutional option of testifying or not testifying in the case. Each indicated his desire to testify. In the course of these instructions, counsel for the appellants 5 stated to the court that he had advised his clients that if they took the witness stand they would have the right to refuse to answer any question that would incriminate them. The trial judge acquiesced in this interpretation of the law by defense counsel and ruled the appellants could take the witness stand subject to their right to invoke the constitutional and statutory right of refusing to answer any question that might incriminate them.

The Fifth Amendment provides that no person shall be compelled in a criminal case to be a witness against himself. It is manifest that a necessary element of compulsory self-incrimination is some degree of coercion. See Hoffa v. United States, 385 U. S. 293, 87 S. Ct. 408, 17 L. Ed. (2d) 374, reh. den. 386 U. S. 940, 87 S. Ct. 970, 17 L. Ed. (2d) 880 (1966).

The privilege not to give self-incriminating evidence may be waived by anyone entitled to invoke it. Annotation, 38 A. L. R. (2d) 255, § 10. The right of an accused not to testify also comes within the protection of the Fifth Amendment. However, when an accused takes the stand in his own behalf, he waives his privilege against compulsory self-incrimination and must answer all proper questions. Brown v. U. S.,

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Bluebook (online)
258 S.E.2d 890, 273 S.C. 690, 1979 S.C. LEXIS 479, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/state-v-gilbert-sc-1979.