1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please see 2 Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please 3 also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other 4 deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the 5 filing date.
6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
8 Plaintiff-Appellee,
9 v. NO. 29,338
10 JOSE GARCIA,
11 Defendant-Appellant.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF LEA COUNTY 13 William G. Shoobridge, District Judge
14 Gary K. King, Attorney General 15 Margaret E. McLean, Assistant Attorney General 16 Joel Jacobsen, Assistant Appellate Defender 17 Santa Fe, NM
18 for Appellee
19 Jacqueline L. Cooper, Acting Chief Public Defender 20 Andrianne R. Turner, Assistant Appellate Defender 21 Santa Fe, NM
22 for Appellant
23 MEMORANDUM OPINION 1 BUSTAMANTE, Judge.
2 Defendant appeals his conviction and sentence for voluntary manslaughter,
3 third degree shooting at or from a motor vehicle, tampering with evidence, and
4 conspiracy to commit tampering with evidence. Specifically, he claims that his
5 conviction and sentence for both voluntary manslaughter and third degree shooting
6 at or from a motor vehicle violate his right to be free from double jeopardy. We
7 affirm.
8 BACKGROUND
9 Defendant and a friend were involved in a prolonged altercation with the victim
10 and other persons. At some point, Defendant’s friend was driving a vehicle, and
11 Defendant was in the front passenger seat. At a stoplight at an intersection, Defendant
12 looked over and saw the victim in the passenger seat of another vehicle, a Mustang.
13 Defendant claimed that the victim was yelling insults and making fidgety movements
14 and then leaned over. Believing the victim might be reaching for a gun, Defendant
15 grabbed his friend’s gun and shot through the driver’s side window towards the
16 Mustang. Defendant shot the victim, who later died of his injuries.
17 A jury convicted Defendant of the lesser included offense of voluntary
18 manslaughter while acquitting him of first and second degree murder. Defendant was
2 1 also convicted of shooting at or from a motor vehicle resulting in injury to another
2 person, tampering with evidence, and conspiracy to tamper with evidence.
3 At sentencing, Defendant argued that his convictions for voluntary
4 manslaughter and shooting at or from a motor vehicle should merge. The district
5 court disagreed and sentenced Defendant to six years on the voluntary manslaughter
6 count, six years on the shooting at or from a motor vehicle resulting in injury to
7 another person count, and eighteen months on the tampering with evidence and
8 conspiracy to tamper with evidence counts. This appeal followed.
9 DISCUSSION
10 Defendant’s Convictions do not Violate his Right to be Free From Double 11 Jeopardy
12 Defendant claims his convictions for voluntary manslaughter and shooting at
13 or from a motor vehicle resulting in injury to another person, both third degree
14 felonies, violate his right to be free from double jeopardy. See NMSA 1978, § 30-2-
15 3(A) (1994); NMSA 1978, § 30-3-8(B) (1993). We disagree.
16 “Among its protections, the double jeopardy clause protects a defendant against
17 multiple punishments for the same offense.” State v. Gonzales, 2007-NMSC-059,
18 ¶ 11, 143 N.M. 25, 172 P.3d 162. Defendant’s conviction and sentence for voluntary
19 manslaughter and shooting at or from a motor vehicle arise from the single act of
20 shooting and killing the victim and thus raise a “double description” double jeopardy
3 1 claim. See id. (recognizing that “cases where the defendant is charged with violation
2 of multiple statutes for the same conduct” are “double-description” cases). Id. In
3 addressing double-description claims, we employ the two-part test set forth by our
4 Supreme Court in Swafford v. State, 112 N.M. 3, 13, 810 P.2d 1223, 1233 (1991). See
5 State v. Armendariz, 2006-NMSC-036, ¶ 20, 140 N.M. 182, 141 P.3d 526. First, we
6 determine whether the conduct underlying the offenses was unitary. Id. ¶ 21. In this
7 case, it is undisputed that the conduct is unitary; Defendant was convicted of
8 voluntary manslaughter for his act of shooting and killing the victim, and his
9 conviction for third degree shooting at or from a motor vehicle is based on the same
10 conduct.
11 As Defendant’s conduct is unitary, “we proceed to the second part of the test,
12 which requires us to examine the relevant statutes to determine whether the
13 Legislature intended to create separately punishable offenses.” Id. In this case, it is
14 undisputed by the parties that the legislative intent was not clearly expressed for the
15 purposes of the second part of the Swafford test. Absent a clear expression of
16 legislative intent, we apply the test stated in Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S.
17 299, 304 (1932). See Armendariz, 2006-NMSC-036, ¶ 21. “In applying the
18 Blockburger test, this Court compares the elements of each crime with the elements
19 of the other to determine whether the Legislature intended separate punishments under
4 1 each statute.” State v. Lee, 2009-NMCA-075, ¶ 9, 146 N.M. 605, 213 P.3d 509. Once
2 “we conclude that each statute requires proof of an element that the other does not,
3 then a presumption arises that our legislature intended for the conduct to result in
4 separately punishable offenses.” State v. Caldwell, 2008-NMCA-049, ¶ 11, 143 N.M.
5 792, 182 P.3d 775. This presumption can be overcome by other indicia of legislative
6 intent. See id. Finally, we apply a de novo standard of review to the constitutional
7 question of whether there has been a double jeopardy violation. Id. ¶ 5.
8 In State v. Dominguez, 2005-NMSC-001, 137 N.M. 1, 106 P.3d 563, our
9 Supreme Court specifically held that third degree felony shooting at or from a motor
10 vehicle and voluntary manslaughter have different elements and serve different social
11 purposes, notwithstanding that there is one victim and the victim dies. Id. ¶¶ 12-16.
12 The Court reasoned that, unlike voluntary manslaughter, shooting at or from a motor
13 vehicle statute does not require proof of a death or include death as an alternative to
14 great bodily harm. Id. ¶¶ 10-12 (recognizing that, while death may be one evidentiary
15 means of proving great bodily harm under Section 30-3-8(B), “death is not a statutory
16 element of the crime”). After further noting that the two statutes protect different and
17 separate social interests and purposes, the Court concluded that the Legislature
18 intended to create separately punishable offenses in enacting these two statutes and
5 1 held that convictions for voluntary manslaughter and shooting at or from a motor
2 vehicle do not constitute double jeopardy violations. Id. ¶ 16.
3 Defendant acknowledges that Dominguez is directly on point, it defeats his
4 claim of a double jeopardy violation, and this Court is bound to follow the holding of
5 that case. See Alexander v. Delgado, 84 N.M. 717, 718, 507 P.2d 778, 779 (1973)
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1 This memorandum opinion was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please see 2 Rule 12-405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished memorandum opinions. Please 3 also note that this electronic memorandum opinion may contain computer-generated errors or other 4 deviations from the official paper version filed by the Court of Appeals and does not include the 5 filing date.
6 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
7 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
8 Plaintiff-Appellee,
9 v. NO. 29,338
10 JOSE GARCIA,
11 Defendant-Appellant.
12 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF LEA COUNTY 13 William G. Shoobridge, District Judge
14 Gary K. King, Attorney General 15 Margaret E. McLean, Assistant Attorney General 16 Joel Jacobsen, Assistant Appellate Defender 17 Santa Fe, NM
18 for Appellee
19 Jacqueline L. Cooper, Acting Chief Public Defender 20 Andrianne R. Turner, Assistant Appellate Defender 21 Santa Fe, NM
22 for Appellant
23 MEMORANDUM OPINION 1 BUSTAMANTE, Judge.
2 Defendant appeals his conviction and sentence for voluntary manslaughter,
3 third degree shooting at or from a motor vehicle, tampering with evidence, and
4 conspiracy to commit tampering with evidence. Specifically, he claims that his
5 conviction and sentence for both voluntary manslaughter and third degree shooting
6 at or from a motor vehicle violate his right to be free from double jeopardy. We
7 affirm.
8 BACKGROUND
9 Defendant and a friend were involved in a prolonged altercation with the victim
10 and other persons. At some point, Defendant’s friend was driving a vehicle, and
11 Defendant was in the front passenger seat. At a stoplight at an intersection, Defendant
12 looked over and saw the victim in the passenger seat of another vehicle, a Mustang.
13 Defendant claimed that the victim was yelling insults and making fidgety movements
14 and then leaned over. Believing the victim might be reaching for a gun, Defendant
15 grabbed his friend’s gun and shot through the driver’s side window towards the
16 Mustang. Defendant shot the victim, who later died of his injuries.
17 A jury convicted Defendant of the lesser included offense of voluntary
18 manslaughter while acquitting him of first and second degree murder. Defendant was
2 1 also convicted of shooting at or from a motor vehicle resulting in injury to another
2 person, tampering with evidence, and conspiracy to tamper with evidence.
3 At sentencing, Defendant argued that his convictions for voluntary
4 manslaughter and shooting at or from a motor vehicle should merge. The district
5 court disagreed and sentenced Defendant to six years on the voluntary manslaughter
6 count, six years on the shooting at or from a motor vehicle resulting in injury to
7 another person count, and eighteen months on the tampering with evidence and
8 conspiracy to tamper with evidence counts. This appeal followed.
9 DISCUSSION
10 Defendant’s Convictions do not Violate his Right to be Free From Double 11 Jeopardy
12 Defendant claims his convictions for voluntary manslaughter and shooting at
13 or from a motor vehicle resulting in injury to another person, both third degree
14 felonies, violate his right to be free from double jeopardy. See NMSA 1978, § 30-2-
15 3(A) (1994); NMSA 1978, § 30-3-8(B) (1993). We disagree.
16 “Among its protections, the double jeopardy clause protects a defendant against
17 multiple punishments for the same offense.” State v. Gonzales, 2007-NMSC-059,
18 ¶ 11, 143 N.M. 25, 172 P.3d 162. Defendant’s conviction and sentence for voluntary
19 manslaughter and shooting at or from a motor vehicle arise from the single act of
20 shooting and killing the victim and thus raise a “double description” double jeopardy
3 1 claim. See id. (recognizing that “cases where the defendant is charged with violation
2 of multiple statutes for the same conduct” are “double-description” cases). Id. In
3 addressing double-description claims, we employ the two-part test set forth by our
4 Supreme Court in Swafford v. State, 112 N.M. 3, 13, 810 P.2d 1223, 1233 (1991). See
5 State v. Armendariz, 2006-NMSC-036, ¶ 20, 140 N.M. 182, 141 P.3d 526. First, we
6 determine whether the conduct underlying the offenses was unitary. Id. ¶ 21. In this
7 case, it is undisputed that the conduct is unitary; Defendant was convicted of
8 voluntary manslaughter for his act of shooting and killing the victim, and his
9 conviction for third degree shooting at or from a motor vehicle is based on the same
10 conduct.
11 As Defendant’s conduct is unitary, “we proceed to the second part of the test,
12 which requires us to examine the relevant statutes to determine whether the
13 Legislature intended to create separately punishable offenses.” Id. In this case, it is
14 undisputed by the parties that the legislative intent was not clearly expressed for the
15 purposes of the second part of the Swafford test. Absent a clear expression of
16 legislative intent, we apply the test stated in Blockburger v. United States, 284 U.S.
17 299, 304 (1932). See Armendariz, 2006-NMSC-036, ¶ 21. “In applying the
18 Blockburger test, this Court compares the elements of each crime with the elements
19 of the other to determine whether the Legislature intended separate punishments under
4 1 each statute.” State v. Lee, 2009-NMCA-075, ¶ 9, 146 N.M. 605, 213 P.3d 509. Once
2 “we conclude that each statute requires proof of an element that the other does not,
3 then a presumption arises that our legislature intended for the conduct to result in
4 separately punishable offenses.” State v. Caldwell, 2008-NMCA-049, ¶ 11, 143 N.M.
5 792, 182 P.3d 775. This presumption can be overcome by other indicia of legislative
6 intent. See id. Finally, we apply a de novo standard of review to the constitutional
7 question of whether there has been a double jeopardy violation. Id. ¶ 5.
8 In State v. Dominguez, 2005-NMSC-001, 137 N.M. 1, 106 P.3d 563, our
9 Supreme Court specifically held that third degree felony shooting at or from a motor
10 vehicle and voluntary manslaughter have different elements and serve different social
11 purposes, notwithstanding that there is one victim and the victim dies. Id. ¶¶ 12-16.
12 The Court reasoned that, unlike voluntary manslaughter, shooting at or from a motor
13 vehicle statute does not require proof of a death or include death as an alternative to
14 great bodily harm. Id. ¶¶ 10-12 (recognizing that, while death may be one evidentiary
15 means of proving great bodily harm under Section 30-3-8(B), “death is not a statutory
16 element of the crime”). After further noting that the two statutes protect different and
17 separate social interests and purposes, the Court concluded that the Legislature
18 intended to create separately punishable offenses in enacting these two statutes and
5 1 held that convictions for voluntary manslaughter and shooting at or from a motor
2 vehicle do not constitute double jeopardy violations. Id. ¶ 16.
3 Defendant acknowledges that Dominguez is directly on point, it defeats his
4 claim of a double jeopardy violation, and this Court is bound to follow the holding of
5 that case. See Alexander v. Delgado, 84 N.M. 717, 718, 507 P.2d 778, 779 (1973)
6 (holding that the Court of Appeals is bound by Supreme Court precedent). However,
7 he then argues that Dominguez was wrongly decided and invites us to reconsider that
8 decision. Even if Dominguez is indeed “unworkable” and should be reconsidered, we
9 are nonetheless bound by its holding. See Alexander, 84 N.M. at 718, 507 P.2d at
10 779; State v. Swick, 2010-NMCA-098, ¶ 21, 148 N.M. 895, 242 P.3d 462 (recognizing
11 that the Court of Appeals is without authority to adopt a position espoused by
12 dissenting justices and is bound to follow Supreme Court precedent), cert. granted,
13 2010-NMCERT-010, 149 N.M. 65, 243 P.3d 1147. Therefore, we decline to revisit
14 it. Cf. State v. Riley, 2010-NMSC-005, ¶¶ 33-35, 147 N.M. 557, 226 P.3d 656
15 (declining the defendant’s request that the Court reconsider its holding in Dominguez).
16 Defendant’s Sentence for Third Degree Felony Shooting at or From a Motor 17 Vehicle was not Illegally Enhanced in Violation of Double Jeopardy Principles
18 Defendant was sentenced to six years in prison on each third degree felony
19 because the victim died as a result of Defendant’s actions. See NMSA 1978, § 31-18-
20 15(A)(7) (2007) (providing a six year sentence for a third degree felony resulting in
6 1 death). He contends that the district court violated his double jeopardy rights by
2 enhancing his sentence for third degree shooting at or from a motor vehicle from three
3 years to six years. He notes that shooting at or from a motor vehicle may be a second,
4 third, or fourth degree felony depending on the resulting harm. See § 30-3-8(B). He
5 then contends that, because his sentence for voluntary manslaughter punished him for
6 causing the victim’s death, it was a violation of his double jeopardy rights to “raise”
7 his conviction for shooting from or at a motor vehicle from a basic fourth degree
8 felony to a third degree felony resulting in death. We disagree.
9 First, to the extent Defendant is again raising a double jeopardy challenge based
10 on the fact that he was punished twice for the same act of shooting and killing, we
11 have already rejected that argument based upon our Supreme Court’s holding in
12 Dominguez. 2005-NMSC-001, ¶¶ 12-16 (holding that convictions for voluntary
13 manslaughter and third degree shooting at or from a motor vehicle arising from
14 unitary conduct do not violate principles of double jeopardy). Until our Supreme
15 Court decides to revisit its decision in that case, it remains good law and we are bound
16 by it. See Alexander, 84 N.M. at 718, 507 P.2d at 779; Swick, 2010-NMCA-098, ¶ 21.
17 We are also unpersuaded by Defendant’s argument that his sentence was
18 impermissibly “enhanced” in violation of double jeopardy principles. Defendant is
19 correct that enhancement of a sentence violates double jeopardy principles if the
7 1 enhancement is based on the elements of the offense or a contemporaneous
2 conviction. See Swafford, 112 N.M. at 16, 810 P.2d at 1236 (holding that a sentence
3 may not be enhanced if the enhancement is based on the “elements of either the
4 offense for which the defendant was sentenced or a separate, but contemporaneous,
5 conviction”). However, contrary to his contention, Defendant’s sentence for shooting
6 at or from a motor vehicle was not impermissibly “enhanced” to a six-year sentence
7 as that term is used in Swafford and its progeny.
8 Section 31-18-15(A) provides, in part, that “[i]f a person is convicted of a
9 noncapital felony, the basic sentence of imprisonment is as follows:
10 ....
11 (4) for a second degree felony resulting in the death of a human being, 12 fifteen years imprisonment; . . .
13 (7) for a third degree felony resulting in the death of a human being, 14 six years imprisonment; . . .
15 (9) for a third degree felony, three years imprisonment; . . .”
16 (emphasis added). The basic sentence may then be enhanced through application of
17 other portions of the Criminal Sentencing Act, NMSA 1978, Sections 31-18-12 to -26
18 (1977) (as amended through 2009) (the CSA). For example, pursuant to Section 31-
19 18-16(A) of the CSA, a defendant’s basic sentence may be enhanced by one year if
20 it is found that “a firearm was used in the commission of a noncapital felony.”
8 1 In Swafford, our Supreme Court held that the defendant’s convictions for
2 criminal sexual penetration (CSP) and incest as a result of a single incident did not
3 violate double jeopardy principles. 112 N.M. at 15, 810 P.2d at 1235. However, the
4 Court then considered whether the defendant’s double jeopardy rights were violated
5 by the district court’s decision to enhance the defendant’s basic sentence for CSP
6 pursuant to Section 31-18-15.1 of the CSA which provides the trial judge with “broad
7 discretion to enhance or reduce a defendant's sentence based on a finding of
8 aggravating or mitigating circumstances.” Swafford, 112 N.M. at 16, 810 P.2d at
9 1236. The defendant’s sentence had been enhanced based on the fact that the victim
10 of the CSP was a relative. Id. The Court held that double jeopardy principles
11 precluded the district court from enhancing the defendant’s sentence for CSP pursuant
12 to Section 31-8-15.1 based on the aggravating factor that the defendant and the victim
13 were related because the defendant’s conviction and sentence for incest already
14 recognized the relationship of the victim and the perpetrator. Swafford, 112 N.M. at
15 16-17, 810 P.2d at 1236-37 (holding that the defendant’s sentence could not be
16 enhanced because the legislature had already considered the relationship between the
17 defendant and the victim in setting the basic sentence for the crime of incest, a crime
18 for which the defendant was being punished).
9 1 In this case, Defendant’s six-year sentence is the basic sentence for a third
2 degree felony resulting in the death of a human being and his basic sentence was not
3 enhanced pursuant to Section 31-18-15.1 or any other aggravating or enhancing
4 provision of the CSA. Therefore, the enhancement concerns discussed in Swafford
5 do not apply. See Compton v. Lytle, 2003-NMSC-031, ¶ 19, 134 N.M. 586, 81 P.3d
6 39 (recognizing that the basic criminal sentences are provided in Section 31-18-15 of
7 the CSA, and those sentences may then be “enhanced” pursuant to Sections 31-18-
8 15.1 through-17 of that Act), superseded by statute as recognized in State v. Tafoya,
9 2010-NMSC-019, 148 N.M. 391, 237 P.3d 693; cf. State v. Alvarado,
10 1997-NMCA-027, ¶¶ 3, 11, 123 N.M. 187, 936 P.2d 869 (recognizing that what is
11 now Section 31-18-15(A)(7), “provides that a basic sentence of six years
12 imprisonment shall be imposed where an individual is convicted of a third degree
13 felony ‘resulting in the death of a human being’” (first emphasis added) and observing
14 that the defendant was not subject to multiple punishments when his basic sentence
15 was “enhanced” by one year pursuant to Section 31-18-16 based on his use of a
16 firearm to commit the crime).
17 We note that Defendant also cites to State v. Franklin, 116 N.M. 565, 865 P.2d
18 1209 (Ct. App. 1993), in support of his contention that the district court improperly
19 enhanced his sentence for shooting at or from a motor vehicle on the basis of the death
10 1 that was already factored into his punishment for voluntary manslaughter. However,
2 Franklin does not support Defendant’s argument because that case concerns whether
3 the defendant’s basic sentence imposed pursuant to Section 31-18-15 could be
4 enhanced pursuant to Section 31-18-16, the firearm enhancement provision. This
5 Court recognized that Swafford disapproved “using a required element of an offense
6 twice in a sentencing proceeding—first, to establish the base sentence and, second, to
7 aggravate or enhance the sentence. . . .” Franklin, 116 N.M. at 569, 865 P.2d at 1213.
8 It then applied the reasoning of Swafford and held that double jeopardy prohibited the
9 enhancement of the defendant’s basic sentence for voluntary manslaughter by
10 negligent use of a firearm by the firearm enhancement because possession of a firearm
11 was an element of the offense itself. Franklin, 116 N.M. at 571, 865 P.2d at 1215.
12 Neither Swafford nor Franklin stands for the proposition that double jeopardy
13 principles are violated merely because the defendant is subject to an increased basic
14 sentence pursuant to Section 31-18-15(A) when the sentence includes no
15 enhancements pursuant to Sections 31-18-15.1 or any other enhancement provision
16 of the CSA.
17 In his reply brief, Defendant notes that the word “enhanced” has been used by
18 our Supreme Court when discussing the sentence for shooting at or from a motor
19 vehicle which results in death. See Riley, 2010-NMSC-005, ¶ 47 (Daniels, J.,
11 1 specially concurring); Dominguez, 2005-NMSC-001, ¶ 32 (Bosson, J., concurring in
2 part and dissenting in part). However, in those cases, the only issue was whether
3 convictions for voluntary manslaughter/murder and shooting at or from a vehicle
4 violate double jeopardy principles; in neither case was the Court considering whether
5 any alleged “enhancement” was illegal. See generally, Riley, 2010-NMSC-005, ¶¶ 39-
6 49 (Daniels, J. and Chavez, J., specially concurring) (setting forth reasons why the
7 rationale espoused in Dominguez for holding that convictions for voluntary
8 manslaughter and shooting at or from a motor vehicle might warrant re-examination
9 should a well-reasoned argument be presented at some future point).
10 Finally, Defendant’s citation to State v. Shije, 1998-NMCA-102, 125 N.M. 581,
11 964 P.2d 142, fails to convince us that we have misunderstood the meaning of
12 “enhanced” when considering double jeopardy concerns or the legality of Defendant’s
13 sentence. In Shije, this Court merely recognized that a defendant who commits a
14 crime resulting in death is subject to a greater or “enhanced” basic sentence than a
15 defendant who commits a crime which does not result in death. Id. ¶¶ 8-9. There is
16 nothing in the language of this Court’s opinion in Shije suggesting that it was
17 considering the legality of a statutory enhancement to the basic sentence which would
18 raise the type of potential double jeopardy implications addressed in Swafford and
19 Franklin.
12 1 In sum, our Legislature has clearly provided that the basic sentence for any third
2 degree felony, including shooting at or from a motor vehicle, is six years if the victim
3 dies. See § 31-18-15(A)(7). Thus, the district court did not violate Defendant’s
4 double jeopardy rights in sentencing Defendant under Section 31-18-15(A)(7) for his
5 conviction for shooting at or from a motor vehicle resulting in the death of the victim
6 rather than under Section 31-18-15(A)(9), which only applies to a third degree felony
7 which does not result in death.
8 CONCLUSION
9 For the reasons set forth above, we affirm Defendant’s convictions and
10 sentence.
11 IT IS SO ORDERED.
12 13 MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge
14 WE CONCUR:
15 16 CYNTHIA A. FRY, Judge
17 18 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge
13 14