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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. No. A-1-CA-35197
5 DAVID C. GALVAN,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF CURRY COUNTY 8 Drew D. Tatum, District Judge
9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General 10 Laura E. Horton, Assistant Attorney General 11 Santa Fe, NM
12 for Appellee
13 Robert E. Tangora, L.L.C. 14 Robert E. Tangora 15 Santa Fe, NM
16 for Appellant
17 MEMORANDUM OPINION
18 HANISEE, Judge. 1 {1} Defendant David Galvan appeals from the district court’s order revoking his
2 probation. Defendant challenges his probation revocation on due process grounds, and
3 argues that his confrontation rights were violated by the district court’s reliance on
4 hearsay evidence of unverified facts to revoke his probation. Defendant argues that
5 without the inadmissible hearsay testimony, there was insufficient evidence to support
6 the revocation of his probation. Having considered Defendant’s arguments and
7 reviewed the recording of the probation revocation hearing, we affirm.
8 BACKGROUND
9 {2} Defendant entered into a plea agreement with the State, which consolidated his
10 sentence in two separate district court cases, and provided for supervised probation
11 in lieu of incarceration. The State moved to revoke Defendant’s probation based on
12 allegations asserted in the probation revocation report (PVR). The State’s motion
13 alleged that Defendant failed to comply with the standard conditions requiring him to
14 report as required, and to report a change of status, which required Defendant to
15 provide notice to the probation office if he left the county, moved residences, or
16 changed jobs. The State then filed an amended motion to revoke, based on the first
17 addendum to the PVR, which alleged a violation of the standard condition requiring
18 the obeyance of state law. The allegation was based on subsequently lodged charges
19 of resisting, evading, or obstructing an officer; failure to yield; and no proof of
2 1 insurance. The State also filed a second amended motion to revoke probation based
2 on the allegations in the second addendum to the PVR, alleging an additional violation
3 for failure to report as required. In total, the State asserted factual allegations to
4 support four violations of three of the conditions of probation. After hearing the
5 State’s evidence, the district court ruled that Defendant violated all three conditions,
6 and revoked probation. Defendant appeals and challenges the district court’s
7 consideration of hearsay evidence to support the decision to revoke probation.
8 DISCUSSION
9 Arguments
10 {3} Defendant contends that the district court failed to provide him minimum due
11 process by revoking his probation without giving him an opportunity to confront the
12 witnesses and without a finding of good cause for not allowing confrontation.
13 Defendant relies on State v. Guthrie, 2011-NMSC-014, ¶¶ 3-5, 150 N.M. 84, 257 P.3d
14 904, and State v. Phillips, 2006-NMCA-001, ¶ 10, 138 N.M. 730, 126 P.3d 546
15 overruled on other grounds by Guthrie, 2011-NMSC-014. Defendant argues that like
16 Phillips, the State only presented hearsay testimony from a supervising probation
17 officer summarizing the contents of a PVR not admitted into evidence. As a result,
18 Defendant contends that the district court had no means of testing the accuracy or
19 reliability of the facts recited in the PVR.
3 1 {4} The State argues that insofar as Defendant asserts he was unable to confront his
2 former probation officer regarding the alleged failure to report, there was another
3 allegation supported by testimony from his new probation officer, who did testify, and
4 to whom he also failed to report. In addition, the State argues that the violation for
5 failing to obey the law was supported by the district court taking judicial notice of a
6 judgment and sentence for new convictions. The State asserts that because this Court
7 will uphold the district court’s revocation of probation if just one violation is proven,
8 it is unnecessary to reach Defendant’s due process claims related to the remaining
9 allegations. See State v. Leon, 2013-NMCA-011, ¶ 37, 292 P.3d 493 (stating that
10 where a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting multiple
11 probation violations, “if there is sufficient evidence to support just one violation, we
12 will find the district court’s order was proper”). We nevertheless review the evidence
13 presented in support of each of the alleged probation violations in order to ascertain
14 whether remand is warranted. See State v. Marquart, 1997-NMCA-090, ¶¶ 20-21, 123
15 N.M. 809, 945 P.2d 1027 (indicating that where the district court applies an improper
16 legal standard when adjudicating an alleged violation of a condition of probation,
17 remand is necessary for the district court to make factual findings under the proper
18 standard, and to determine if revocation of probation is still warranted on the
19 remaining violation alone).
4 1 Standard of Review
2 {5} Whether Defendant’s due process right to confrontation was violated is a
3 question of law which we review de novo, while deferring to the district court’s
4 factual findings. See State v. Castillo, 2012-NMCA-116, ¶ 9, 290 P.3d 727. We
5 review the district court’s revocation of Defendant’s probation for an abuse of
6 discretion. See Leon, 2013-NMCA-011, ¶ 36. It is the state’s burden to establish with
7 a reasonable certainty that a defendant violated probation, see id., “such that a
8 reasonable and impartial mind would believe that the defendant violated the terms of
9 probation.” State v. Green, 2015-NMCA-007, ¶ 22, 341 P.3d 10. However, once the
10 state offers evidence that a condition of probation was violated, the defendant must
11 present some evidence to either excuse the non-compliance, see State v. Martinez,
12 1989-NMCA-036, ¶ 8, 108 N.M. 604, 775 P.2d 1321, or contest relevant facts. See
13 Guthrie, 2011-NMSC-014, ¶ 35.
14 Good Cause Inquiry
15 {6} When revocation of probation is based on hearsay, the determinative question
16 is whether “good cause” supported the district court’s decision to disallow
17 confrontation. See id. ¶¶ 17, 33 (establishing the good-cause standard in the context
18 of probation officers that relied exclusively on documents in the probation file about
19 which they had no personal knowledge). The focus of the good-cause inquiry is
5 1 “whether confrontation of the witness is essential to the truth-finding process[,]”
2 taking into consideration “the need for, and the utility of, confrontation of a live
3 witness in the context of a particular case.” Id. ¶¶ 2, 21. “In evaluating the utility of
4 confrontation, courts look to the kind of evidence offered to prove a particular kind
5 of assertion.” Id. ¶ 34. “Significantly, live testimony of adverse witnesses, such as a
6 probation officer, is not always required during probation revocation hearings.” Id.
7 ¶ 12.
8 {7} Whether such good cause exists depends not only on the kind of evidence
9 presented to establish the violation, but on the type of violation alleged—subjective
10 or objective. See id. ¶¶ 2, 21. A violation premised upon a subjective conclusion
11 involves “judgment, perception, credibility, inferences, and interpretation[,]” and
12 “includes sensory-based or judgment-based determinations or interpretations, such as
13 testimony evaluating a probationer’s progress during a treatment program.” Id. ¶¶ 38-
14 39. “Live testimony is often more useful and important in ascertaining the truth of
15 subjective conclusions.” Id. ¶ 39. “Conversely, if the evidentiary question is merely
16 objective, negative, and routine—that the probationer was not in a particular place
17 when he was supposed to be—then the question frequently may be answered without
18 the need for confrontation.” Id. Situations “where good cause for not requiring
19 confrontation is likely . . . would include situations in which the state’s evidence is
6 1 uncontested, corroborated by other reliable evidence, and documented by a reliable
2 source without a motive to fabricate, or possibly situations where the evidence is
3 about an objective conclusion, a routine recording, or a negative fact, making the
4 demeanor and credibility of the witness less relevant to the truth-finding process.” Id.
5 ¶ 40.
6 {8} With these principles in mind, we review the hearsay evidence admitted to
7 determine whether there was good cause for not allowing confrontation. We first
8 address the objective violations for failure to report as required and failure to report
9 a change of residence. In total, the State alleged facts to support three violations for
10 failure to report as required in February 2015, March 2015, and May 2015, although
11 only two violations of the standard condition to report as required were alleged by the
12 State; and one violation for failure to report a change of residence. We then turn to the
13 substantive violation for failure to obey the law.
14 Failure to Report Violations
15 {9} Officer Shane Barnes, of the Adult Probation Office in Portales, New Mexico,
16 was originally assigned to supervise Defendant’s probation. When Officer Barnes
17 resigned, Officer Kristy Muller took over supervision of Defendant’s probation.
18 Officer Muller testified that she had no personal contact with Defendant other than
19 that she had previously seen him in the probation intake office. The order of
7 1 probation, signed by Officer Barnes, was admitted as an exhibit over Defendant’s
2 objection that Officer Muller did not herself observe Defendant sign the order. Officer
3 Muller testified regarding the standard protocol for probationers, including how the
4 conditions of probation are explained to probationers.
5 {10} Officer Muller also testified that Defendant violated the condition of his
6 probation requiring him to report as required. She testified that Defendant failed to
7 report to her in February 2015, for an appointment previously scheduled with Officer
8 Barnes, as noted in their computer records. Defendant objected on grounds that
9 Officer Muller lacked personal knowledge of the alleged violation, and that it was
10 unknown whether other arrangements to meet on a different date could have been
11 made with another officer that were not noted in the computer records. The district
12 court overruled Defendant’s objection.
13 {11} Officer Muller further testified that Defendant again failed to report to her in
14 March 2015. She testified that following Defendant’s failure to report in February
15 2015, she called Defendant’s emergency contact, as listed in the probation office
16 records. She was told by Defendant’s sister that he was not there, and that she had not
17 seen him. She asked Defendant’s sister to give him the message to report as soon as
18 possible. Officer Muller testified that the last time Defendant reported to the probation
8 1 office was in January 2015; and as of March 2015, when she wrote the PVR,
2 Defendant still had not reported to her or made any contact with her office.
3 {12} Officer Muller also testified regarding Defendant’s failure to report a change
4 of residence. After speaking with Defendant’s sister in February 2015, Officer Muller
5 requested that Officer Tony Sanford, of the Portales Police Department, conduct a
6 home visit. Officer Sanford reported back that Defendant’s family members told him
7 Defendant had been living in Clovis. Defendant was listed as, and was supposed to be,
8 living in Portales.
9 {13} Officer Moises Barela, who subsequently took over the supervision of
10 Defendant’s probation, testified regarding the violation for failure to report in May
11 2015, as alleged in the second addendum to the PVR. Officer Barela testified that he
12 began supervising Defendant when “he picked up new charges,” and that Defendant
13 failed to report as required after he bonded out on those charges. He further testified
14 that an attempt to locate was conducted in May 2015 at Defendant’s sister’s house. He
15 stated that there was no one there, but that he left his card, and then called and spoke
16 with Defendant’s sister. He related to her that Defendant had not reported to the office
17 after bonding out and that he needed to report by nine o’clock in the morning the
18 following day. Officer Barela testified that Defendant had not reported to him since
19 he was assigned to his supervision.
9 1 Good Cause for Not Requiring Confrontation
2 {14} Defendant challenges whether there was good cause for not requiring
3 confrontation. Specifically, as to the violation for failure to report in May 2015,
4 Defendant argues that Officer Barela had no recollection of the PVR’s contents.
5 However, the record shows that Officer Barela’s testimony was based on his personal
6 knowledge, as alleged in the PVR he wrote and signed. Because Officer Barela
7 testified regarding his personal knowledge, and was subject to cross-examination,
8 there was no issue as to confrontation. Given that Officer Barela’s testimony was
9 properly admitted, we conclude that there was sufficient evidence to support the
10 allegations in the second addendum to the PVR for failure to report as required in May
11 2015.
12 {15} Defendant also challenges the violations for failure to report as required in
13 February and March 2015, and failure to report a change of residence, which were
14 based on Officer Muller’s PVR and testimony. Defendant argues that Officer Muller
15 summarized facts contained in a PVR, which she had never before reviewed or signed,
16 because the probation officer who had actually written the PVR did not testify.
17 However, contrary to this assertion, both the record and our review of the hearing
18 show that Officer Muller actually wrote and signed the PVR, which she referred to in
19 her testimony, and which was made part of the record. We conclude that Defendant’s
10 1 due process rights were not violated by the admission of Officer Muller’s testimony,
2 which was based on her personal knowledge.
3 {16} To the extent Defendant argues that the evidence was not reliable because
4 Officer Muller was not the same officer that scheduled the report date for the failure
5 to report violation in February 2015, and should not have been permitted to testify
6 about another officer’s data entries into the computer system, we conclude that there
7 was good cause for not requiring confrontation in this instance. The asserted hearsay
8 is the scheduled report date entered into the probation office’s computer records by
9 Officer Barnes, who did not testify. We conclude that the asserted hearsay had
10 probative value. See State v. Vigil, 1982-NMCA-058, ¶ 23, 97 N.M. 749, 643 P.2d
11 618 (“In the law of evidence, if an item is “probative” it has the effect of proof; the
12 item either proves or tends to prove. An item does not have the effect of proof, that
13 is, it is lacking in rational persuasive power, absent some basis for accepting the item
14 as reliable.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). The scheduled report
15 date, entered into the computer by Defendant’s former probation officer, as to whom
16 there was no evidence of a motive to fabricate, constituted objectively reliable
17 information supporting the routine documentation of a negative fact—that Defendant
18 did not report to the probation office on the scheduled date. See Guthrie, 2011-
11 1 NMSC-014, ¶ 40 (recognizing situations where the demeanor and credibility of the
2 witness is not as relevant in determining the truth).
3 {17} Significantly, Defendant did not present contrary evidence to show that he did
4 report to Officer Muller as scheduled, that the scheduled date listed in the computer
5 records was inaccurate, that he did in fact report a change of address, or that his
6 address had not changed such that reporting a change of status was unnecessary. See
7 id. ¶ 35 (“Evidence is contested if contrary evidence has been introduced or the
8 probationer persuades the court that a particular assertion may not be reliable,
9 accurate, or true.”). “[T]he purpose of the hearing is to evaluate contested relevant
10 facts, not every assertion the state may put forward as part of its case for revocation.”
11 Id. ¶ 12 (emphasis, internal quotation marks, and citation omitted).
12 {18} We recognize that by challenging the officers’ personal knowledge of the
13 alleged violations, Defendant was, by implication, asserting that the information they
14 provided was not reliable. See id. ¶ 34 (“Is the assertion contested by the probationer,
15 or is the state merely being asked to produce a witness to establish something that is
16 essentially uncontroverted?”). We note that defense counsel did object on grounds that
17 Officer Muller lacked personal knowledge of the February 2015 violation for failure
18 to report and argued that other arrangements could have been made with another
19 officer that were not noted in the computer records. However, this was presented in
12 1 the form of argument and Defendant presented no evidence to support it. See State v.
2 Cordova, 2014-NMCA-081, ¶ 10, 331 P.3d 980 (“[A]rgument of counsel is not
3 evidence.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). We see no utility in
4 requiring live testimony from Defendant’s former probation officer that entered the
5 scheduled report date into the computer, particularly where Defendant argued, but did
6 not present evidence, to contest it. See Guthrie, 2011-NMSC-014, ¶ 2 (guiding “the
7 due process inquiry of our courts to focus more on the need for, and the utility of,
8 confrontation of a live witness in the context of a particular case”).
9 {19} Moreover, these allegations are “merely objective, negative, and routine,” and
10 do not include conclusions involving “judgment, perception, credibility, inferences,
11 and interpretation.” Id. ¶ 39. Failing to report as scheduled, and failing to report a
12 change of address are fairly routine matters, for which the probation office’s computer
13 records are sufficiently reliable sources on which to rely. See id. ¶ 36 (noting that
14 “certain hearsay evidence is inherently reliable due to its source and the circumstances
15 surrounding its introduction”). Had Officer Barnes himself testified, it is likely that
16 he too would have referred to the computer records for the scheduled report date. See
17 id. ¶ 46 (“[E]ven a live witness with personal knowledge would likely have referred
18 to the file to make many of these assertions.”).
13 1 {20} Defendant relies on Anaya v. State, 606 P.2d 156 (Nev. 1980), a Nevada
2 Supreme Court case, cited with approval in Vigil, in support of his argument. See
3 Vigil, 1982-NMCA-058, ¶ 22. Defendant argues that, like the facts in Anaya, where
4 the probation officer testified to the contents of an arrest report which had been
5 prepared by a different arresting officer, here too, the use of hearsay without
6 confrontation should have been disallowed. Even if we were to rely on case law from
7 another jurisdiction, the case cited by Defendant is both distinguishable and
8 inapplicable to the alleged violations at issue here.
9 {21} In Anaya, the arrest report referred to by the testifying probation officer was not
10 admitted into evidence, and the officer’s testimony—based upon multiple levels of
11 hearsay—was for the purpose of establishing a subjective violation of probation
12 conditions. 606 P.2d at 121. The alleged violations were the presence of intoxicants
13 via blood alcohol level, failure to cooperate with probation officers, failure to conform
14 conduct to the law and failure to complete a rehabilitation program. Id. The Nevada
15 Supreme Court determined that “[t]he probation officer’s testimony, summarizing the
16 contents of an arrest report, was multiple hearsay: predicated purely upon a recital of
17 what the report said that the arresting officers had observed.” Id. at 124. In contrast,
18 here the alleged violations for failure to report as required and failure to report a
19 change of address are objective in nature. In addition, Officers Muller and Barela both
14 1 testified, referencing the PVRs they themselves wrote and signed, and which were
2 made part of the record below.
3 {22} Thus, we determine that there was good cause for justifying Officer Muller’s
4 hearsay testimony, thereby dispensing the need for live testimony from Defendant’s
5 former probation officer regarding the report date previously entered into the
6 computer. While the district court may not have made an express finding of good
7 cause, we conclude that the evidence presented by the State falls within the good
8 cause side of the spectrum. See Guthrie, 2011-NMSC-014, ¶¶ 2, 48-49 (indicating that
9 the test for the validity of the good cause finding need not be “formulaic” so long as
10 the record supports “the functional equivalent” of a finding of good cause). It is
11 apparent from the record that because of the probative value and reliability of the
12 evidence presented here, there was good cause for not allowing confrontation. See id.
13 ¶¶ 44-45. We note that although such good cause is apparent from the record in this
14 case, we encourage district courts to make express findings of good cause when
15 appropriate. See id. ¶ 49 (“Although the judge made no explicit findings of good
16 cause, and we do exhort district judges in the future to explain their rulings in more
17 detail, the test for validity of the finding need not be so formulaic.”).
15 1 Failure to Obey the Law
2 {23} Officer Barela testified that Defendant violated the condition of his probation
3 requiring him to obey the law as alleged in the first addendum to the PVR. He testified
4 that Defendant had been arrested on new charges. Over Defendant’s objection, the
5 State introduced the judgment and sentence from magistrate court. Defense counsel
6 stipulated to Defendant’s having been so convicted, but argued that it resulted from
7 a no contest plea, which was not an admission, and that Defendant should have an
8 opportunity to cross-examine witnesses. The district court overruled the objection, and
9 took judicial notice of the judgment and sentence. The district court did, however,
10 preclude Officer Barela from testifying as to the underlying facts of the new charges
11 because he was not there, and indicated that Defendant could challenge the factual
12 basis for the charges.
13 {24} Defendant challenges Officer Barela’s testimony on the basis that he merely
14 alleged that Defendant had been arrested on additional charges. To the contrary,
15 Defendant was not merely alleged to have committed a crime, for which he had not
16 been convicted. This is not a situation where, for example an unidentified, confidential
17 source alleges that the probationer has committed another crime. Cf. id. ¶ 36. Such a
18 situation is of the sort which our Supreme Court has indicated “we would be hard
19 pressed to envision a situation in which personal testimony and confrontation would
16 1 not be required.” Id. ¶ 38. Here, the State introduced, and the district court took
2 judicial notice of, the actual judgment and sentence of conviction. “If probation
3 violation occurs upon indictment or conviction, introducing documents alone should
4 be sufficiently reliable in the absence of some unusual variable.” Id. Because the
5 district court took judicial notice of the judgment and sentence, we see no error in
6 considering it as probative evidence of the fact that Defendant was convicted. See
7 State v. Marquez, 1986-NMCA-119, ¶ 7, 105 N.M. 269, 731 P.2d 965 (“In New
8 Mexico, a plea of nolo contendere in a criminal proceeding provides the basis for the
9 criminal conviction.”); see also NMSA 1978, § 30-1-11 (1963) (“No person shall be
10 convicted of a crime unless found guilty by the verdict of the jury . . . or upon the
11 defendant’s confession of guilt or a plea of nolo contendere[.]”).
12 CONCLUSION
13 {25} Because we conclude that there was good cause for not requiring confrontation
14 in admitting the hearsay evidence, we hold that the State met its burden of establishing
15 with a reasonable certainty that Defendant violated each of the three conditions of
16 probation alleged in the PVRs; and Defendant presented no evidence to either excuse
17 non-compliance or to contest the relevant facts presented. We therefore conclude that
18 there was no abuse of discretion by the district court, and affirm the amended order
19 revoking probation. See State v. Rojo, 1999-NMSC-001, ¶ 41, 126 N.M. 438, 971 P.2d
17 1 829 (“We cannot say the trial court abused its discretion by its ruling unless we can
2 characterize it as clearly untenable or not justified by reason.” (internal quotation
3 marks and citation omitted)).
4 {26} IT IS SO ORDERED.
5 6 J. MILES HANISEE, Judge
7 WE CONCUR:
8 9 MICHAEL E. VIGIL, Judge
10 11 STEPHEN G. FRENCH, Judge