State v. Flores

Opinion

1 This decision was not selected for publication in the New Mexico Reports. Please see Rule 12- 2 405 NMRA for restrictions on the citation of unpublished decisions. Please also note that this 3 electronic decision may contain computer-generated errors or other deviations from the official 4 paper version filed by the Supreme Court and does not include the filing date.

5 IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO 6 STATE OF NEW MEXICO, 7 Plaintiff-Petitioner, 8 v. NO. 32,094 9 DANA FLORES, 10 Defendant-Respondent.

11 ORIGINAL PROCEEDING ON CERTIORARI 12 Sam B. Sanchez, District Judge

13 Gary K. King, Attorney General 14 Jacqueline R. Medina, Assistant Attorney General 15 Santa Fe, NM

16 for Petitioner

17 Albright Law & Consulting 18 Jennifer Rebecca Albright 19 Albuquerque, NM

20 for Respondent

21 DECISION 22 Daniels, Chief Justice.

1 This matter is before the full Court on certiorari to review the Court of 2 Appeals’ memorandum opinion, which affirmed the district court’s pretrial order 3 suppressing evidence. Having considered the briefing, record, and applicable law 4 in this case, we concur that there is no reasonable likelihood that a formal opinion 5 would advance New Mexico law. Acting within this Court’s discretion under Rule 6 12-405(B)(1) NMRA to dispose of a case by order or decision rather than formal 7 opinion where the “issues presented have been previously decided,” we enter this 8 Decision. 9 Facts and Proceedings Below 10 Defendant Dana Flores was charged with aggravated DWI under NMSA 11 1978, Section 66-8-102(D)(3) (2005) (amended 2010). Defendant’s motion to 12 suppress evidence and the State’s response present the following facts. On 13 December 12, 2005, Officer Salazar was dispatched to the scene of a car accident in 14 Taos. While Officer Salazar was en route to the accident scene, the police dispatcher 15 advised him that two people, a female and a male, had run away from the accident 16 scene and were at a bus stop. Officer Salazar went to the bus stop where he spoke 17 with Defendant, a witness named Mr. Griego, and two police officers. When 18 speaking with Defendant, Officer Salazar noticed that she appeared to be 19 intoxicated. When Officer Salazar asked Defendant to stand up and accompany him

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1 to the accident scene, she refused to cooperate. 2 Officer Salazar handcuffed Defendant, placed her in his patrol car, and told 3 her she was being detained for investigative purposes. After Officer Salazar 4 interviewed Mr. Griego at the bus stop, he transported Defendant to the accident 5 scene in his patrol car. At the scene, Officer Salazar interviewed Ms. Shiley, another 6 witness to the accident. Both Mr. Griego and Ms. Shiley told the officer that 7 Defendant was driving the car involved in the accident, and each described what had 8 happened. After interviewing Mr. Griego and Ms. Shiley, Officer Salazar asked 9 Defendant to perform field sobriety tests, but she refused. At that point, Officer 10 Salazar informed Defendant that she was under arrest. 11 Defendant moved to suppress evidence, arguing that she had been unlawfully 12 arrested, in violation of the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. 13 Citing Cave v. Cooley, 48 N.M. 478, 152 P.2d 886 (1944), Defendant argued that 14 Officer Salazar did not have probable cause and that no statute allows an officer 15 without a warrant to arrest a person for such a misdemeanor not committed in the 16 presence of an officer. But cf. City of Santa Fe v. Martinez, 2010-NMSC-033, ¶ 1, 17 148 N.M. 708, 242 P.3d 275 (holding that “the misdemeanor arrest rule does not 18 apply to DWI investigations”); City of Las Cruces v. Sanchez, 2009-NMSC-026, ¶ 19 2, 146 N.M. 315, 210 P.3d 212 (holding that under NMSA 1978, Section 66-8-125

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1 (1978), an officer may arrest a person without a warrant if that officer has reasonable 2 grounds to believe that the person had been present at the scene of an accident and 3 had committed the crime of DWI). The State responded that Defendant’s detention 4 was a lawful investigative stop because Officer Salazar had reasonable suspicion that 5 Defendant had broken or was breaking the law. See State v. Ochoa, 6 2008-NMSC-023, ¶ 19, 143 N.M. 749, 182 P.3d 130. 7 The Eighth Judicial District Court, Judge Sam B. Sanchez presiding, held a 8 pretrial suppression hearing on April 2, 2007. The only evidence presented at the 9 suppression hearing was the testimony of Officer Salazar. Defendant objected on 10 hearsay grounds multiple times during the testimony. The State responded that 11 hearsay is admissible at a suppression hearing and that the statements were not being 12 offered for the truth of the matter asserted. The district court sustained Defendant’s 13 hearsay objections, which prevented Officer Salazar from testifying about the 14 content of any out-of-court statements, including what he learned from the police 15 dispatcher, from the two officers present at the bus stop, and from Mr. Griego and 16 Ms. Shiley. 17 When the State asked Officer Salazar to explain where he saw the car that had 18 been involved in the accident and whether any damage had been done to the car or 19 any buildings at the accident scene, defense counsel objected on grounds of

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1 relevance. The State explained that the question was relevant to eliciting “the 2 articulable facts that the officer had” so that the court could determine “whether or 3 not the stop was in fact an investigatory detention or an arrest.” The court told the 4 State that it was “going to determine it was an arrest based on what [it had] seen and 5 heard so far.” 6 In response to the court’s proposed ruling, the State argued in the alternative 7 that Officer Salazar had reasonable suspicion that justified an investigatory stop to 8 determine whether Defendant was committing “a continuing crime, either resisting 9 and evading or fleeing the scene.” The district court asked how Officer Salazar 10 could testify about that since he was not present at the scene of the crime. The State 11 responded that Officer Salazar could explain whether, based on his experience, the 12 damage to the car and building evidenced criminal activity. The district court 13 disagreed with the State’s position and granted Defendant’s motion to suppress, 14 explaining that Officer Salazar “never got to the scene of the accident. He saw 15 [Defendant] before he ever got there. He placed her under arrest.” The State asked 16 the court for an opportunity to make a record. The court refused, saying “You’ve 17 made your record.” 18 On appeal, the State asked the Court of Appeals to vacate the suppression 19 order and remand to the district court for a full evidentiary hearing. The Court of

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1 Appeals denied the State’s requested relief in a memorandum opinion. State v. 2 Flores, No. 27,647, slip op. at 2 (N.M. Ct. App. Nov. 5, 2009). The Court of 3 Appeals held that the district court’s evidentiary rulings were erroneous but refused 4 to vacate the suppression order based on its view that the State had failed to 5 challenge the district court’s ultimate legal conclusion that there was an illegal arrest 6 or argue how the State had been prejudiced by the district court’s ruling. Id. at 5-7. 7 Standard of Review 8 This Court granted certiorari to consider whether to vacate the suppression 9 order and remand the case for a new hearing on Defendant’s motion to suppress. 10 We review the district court’s exclusion of evidence under an abuse of discretion 11 standard. Ruiz v. Vigil-Giron, 2008-NMSC-063, ¶ 7, 145 N.M. 280, 196 P.3d 1286. 12 “An abuse of discretion occurs when the ruling is clearly against the logic and 13 effects of the facts and circumstances of the case, is clearly untenable, or is not 14 justified by reason.” State v. Balderama, 2004-NMSC-008, ¶ 22, 135 N.M. 329, 88 15 P.3d 845. “A trial court abuses its discretion when it exercises its discretion based 16 on a misunderstanding of the law.” State v. Barr, 2009-NMSC-024, ¶ 29, 146 N.M. 17 301, 210 P.3d 198. 18 Discussion 19 At a suppression hearing, “[t]he court shall receive evidence on any issue of

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1 fact necessary to the decision of the motion.” Rule 5-212(D) NMRA. In this case, 2 the district court had to determine whether Defendant’s detention was a lawful 3 investigative detention or an unlawful arrest. Arrests and investigative detentions 4 are both ‘seizures’ under the Fourth Amendment, but an arrest is reasonable only if 5 there is probable cause, while an investigative detention can be justified by 6 reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. See State v. Slayton, 2009-NMSC-054, ¶ 7 32, 147 N.M. 340, 223 P.3d 337. The State had the burden of proving that the 8 seizure was justified. State v. Baldonado, 115 N.M. 106, 110, 847 P.2d 751, 755 9 (Ct. App. 1992). 10 The State argued that it was reasonable for Officer Salazar to detain 11 Defendant for investigative purposes. “Consistent with the reasonableness 12 requirement of the Fourth Amendment, police officers may stop a person for 13 investigative purposes where, considering the totality of the circumstances, the 14 officers have a reasonable and objective basis for suspecting that particular person 15 is engaged in criminal activity.” State v. Sewell, 2009-NMSC-033, ¶ 13, 146 N.M. 16 428, 211 P.3d 885. “A bright line test does not exist to evaluate whether an 17 investigatory seizure is invasive enough to constitute an arrest requiring probable 18 cause.” State v. Werner, 117 N.M. 315, 317, 871 P.2d 971, 973 (1994). 19 When distinguishing an investigative detention from a de facto arrest, a court

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1 should consider whether the police diligently pursued and expanded the 2 investigation. Id. at 319, 871 P.2d at 975. Neither handcuffing a suspect nor placing 3 a suspect in a patrol car constitutes an arrest per se. See id. at 318, 871 P.2d at 974. 4 Police may move a suspect to a different location in the course of an investigation 5 only if moving the suspect is reasonable under the circumstances. See, e.g., State v. 6 Flores, 1996-NMCA-059, ¶¶ 4, 15, 122 N.M. 84, 920 P.2d 1038 (holding that a one- 7 hour roadside detention followed by a two- to three-hour detention in handcuffs at 8 a police warehouse constituted an impermissible de facto arrest). 9 Because a court must judge the reasonableness of a stop based on the factual 10 circumstances under which it occurred, the district court should have permitted 11 Officer Salazar to testify about the totality of the facts known to him when he 12 detained Defendant. A pretrial hearing is different from a trial in that a pretrial 13 hearing focuses on the admissibility of evidence while a trial focuses on the 14 defendant’s guilt or innocence. State v. Rivera, 2008-NMSC-056, ¶ 15, 144 N.M. 15 836, 192 P.3d 1213. Accordingly, it is well established that hearsay is admissible 16 at a pretrial hearing. See id. (“At a suppression hearing, the court may rely on 17 hearsay and other evidence, even though that evidence would not be admissible at 18 trial.” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)); Rule 11-104(A) NMRA 19 (“Preliminary questions concerning . . . the admissibility of evidence shall be

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1 determined by the court . . . . In making its determination [the court] is not bound 2 by the rules of evidence except those with respect to privileges.”). 3 Furthermore, the testimony the district court excluded on hearsay grounds was 4 not hearsay, see Rule 11-801(C) NMRA, because the testimony was not offered for 5 its truth but instead for its effect on the listener. Officer Salazar learned of an 6 accident and investigated based on the information he received, which demonstrates 7 why he seized Defendant, not whether Defendant was actually guilty. Cf. State v. 8 Greyeyes, 105 N.M. 549, 551, 734 P.2d 789, 791 (Ct. App. 1987) (statements made 9 by a police dispatcher to an officer were not hearsay because they were offered to 10 explain police codes, not to prove the defendant guilty of DWI). The district court 11 abused its discretion when it sustained hearsay objections at the suppression hearing 12 and prevented Officer Salazar from testifying about the facts known to him. 13 The district court also erred by refusing to allow the State to make a record 14 for appellate review. A party cannot claim that the exclusion of evidence was error 15 unless the substance of the evidence was made known to the court. See Rule 11- 16 103(A)(2) NMRA. The State had the right to make an offer of proof in order to 17 show what evidence it would have introduced through Officer Salazar. See, e.g., 18 Nichols Corp. v. Bill Stuckman Constr., Inc., 105 N.M. 37, 39, 728 P.2d 447, 449 19 (1986) (“An offer of proof is essential to preserve error where evidence has been

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1 excluded.”); State v. Shaw, 90 N.M. 540, 542, 565 P.2d 1057, 1059 (Ct. App. 1977) 2 (“The right to offer proof is almost absolute.”). 3 We disagree with the Court of Appeals’ conclusion that on appeal the State 4 needed to describe the evidence it intended to introduce through Officer Salazar and 5 explain why that evidence would have required the district court to deny the motion 6 to suppress. See Flores, No. 27,647, slip op. at 7. The district court prevented both 7 parties from making a record. Requiring the State to argue the merits on appeal 8 would be unfair to Defendant, who did not have an opportunity to make a record in 9 opposition to the State’s case by cross-examining Officer Salazar or introducing 10 contradictory evidence. The district court’s erroneous and precipitous evidentiary 11 rulings prejudiced both the State and Defendant, constituting reversible error. 12 Conclusion 13 We reverse the Court of Appeals, vacate the suppression order entered by the 14 district court, and remand to the district court with instructions to conduct a 15 suppression hearing that is consistent with this Decision. 16 IT IS SO ORDERED.

17 ___________________________________ 18 CHARLES W. DANIELS, Chief Justice

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1 WE CONCUR:

2 ___________________________________ 3 PATRICIO M. SERNA, Justice

4 ___________________________________ 5 PETRA JIMENEZ MAES, Justice

6 ___________________________________ 7 RICHARD C. BOSSON, Justice

8 ___________________________________ 9 EDWARD L. CHÁVEZ, Justice