04/28/2020
DA 17-0143 Case Number: DA 17-0143
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2020 MT 102N
STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff and Appellee,
v.
EDWARD LEVI KEYES,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Thirteenth Judicial District, In and For the County of Yellowstone, Cause No. DC 15-0887 Honorable Michael G. Moses, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Chad Wright, Appellate Defender, Kristina L. Neal, Assistant Appellate Defender, Helena, Montana
For Appellee:
Timothy C. Fox, Montana Attorney General, Micheal S. Wellenstein, Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana
Scott D. Twito, Yellowstone County Attorney, Mary Leffers Barry, Deputy County Attorney, Billings, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: February 12, 2020
Decided: April 28, 2020
Filed:
cir-641.—if __________________________________________ Clerk Chief Justice Mike McGrath delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating
Rules, this case is decided by memorandum opinion and shall not be cited and does not
serve as precedent. Its case title, cause number, and disposition shall be included in this
Court’s quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana
Reports.
¶2 Edward Levi Keyes (“Keyes”) appeals from an order of the Thirteenth Judicial
District Court, Yellowstone County, denying his motion for a new trial and his motion to
compel testimony. A jury found Keyes guilty of three counts of Incest and one count of
Solicitation of Incest. Keyes argues he was deprived of a fair and impartial trial because
during trial a foster parent improperly and intentionally influenced a child’s testimony.
He also argues the District Court abused its discretion in denying his motion to compel
testimony of the child’s therapist. Finally, Keyes argues the District Court exceeded its
statutory authority by imposing a court technology fee per count. We affirm the District
Court’s denial of Keyes’ motions and reverse the District Court’s decision regarding the
technology fee.
¶3 Prior to trial, the State filed a motion in limine asking the District Court to prohibit
the child’s therapist, Sally Grunst (“Dr. Grunst”), from testifying at trial. Dr. Grunst
began working with the victim after she had disclosed Keyes’ sexual abuse and was
removed from her parents’ care. Keyes had listed Dr. Grunst as a trial witness, which
prompted the State’s motion. The State argued Dr. Grunst should not be compelled to
2 testify about matters discussed in that it is privileged material under the mental health
professional-client privilege afforded by § 26-1-807, MCA, and that Keyes had been
provided a copy of Dr. Grunst’s treatment notes during discovery. The District Court
denied Keyes’ motion to compel Dr. Grunst’s testimony citing the therapist-client
privilege in § 26-1-807, MCA, noting that there had not been a waiver of the privilege.
¶4 On July 1, 2016, after a five-day trial, the jury found Keyes guilty of three counts
of Incest pursuant to § 45-5-507, MCA, and one count of Solicitation of Incest pursuant
to § 45-4-101, MCA.
¶5 On August 1, 2016, Keyes filed a motion for new trial. Keyes argued that on the
second day of trial, E.R., one of the child victim witnesses who testified, was influenced
by a spectator that was in the courtroom. At the beginning of E.R.’s testimony, she was
struggling to testify and was visibly emotionally distraught. The Court, sua sponte,
suggested a ten-minute recess to allow E.R. to gather herself. After the recess, E.R.
returned to the witness stand. The child’s foster mother (“F.M.”) stood with her arms
crossed, leaning against a partial wall separating the gallery from the bar, for all of the
child’s testimony. Keyes argued that it was inherently prejudicial for a child on the
witness stand to be visibly influenced by a supporter in the spectator section, and that he
was denied his right to a fair trial and therefore due process.
¶6 On October 27, 2016, the District Court held a hearing on Keyes’ motion for new
trial. Keyes asserted that F.M. influenced E.R.’s testimony during the trial by standing
for the entire time E.R. was testifying and making many movements, head moves, smiles,
and grimaces. Keyes’ only witness at the evidentiary hearing on his motion for new trial,
3 a paralegal for the defense team, testified to her personal interpretations and observations
about E.R. and F.M. The District Court reviewed the video feed of the courtroom camera
pointing directly at the gallery, noting it provided the “clearest evidence of what unfolded
during E.A.R.’s June 28, 2016, testimony.”
¶7 On October 28, 2016, the District Court denied Keyes’ motion for new trial. The
District Court concluded the video evidence showed that F.M.’s conduct was nowhere
near serious enough that it caused a manifest miscarriage of justice, left unsettled
fundamental fairness of the trial, or compromised the integrity of the judicial system,
citing State v. Griffin, 2016 MT 231, ¶ 12, 385 Mont. 1, 386 P.3d 559.
¶8 We review a district court’s denial of a motion for new trial made under
§ 46-16-702, MCA, for an abuse of discretion. State v. Reinert, 2018 MT 111, ¶ 12, 391
Mont. 263, 419 P.3d 662. Regarding the admission of evidence at trial, a district court’s
evidentiary rulings are reviewed by for an abuse of discretion. Reinert, ¶ 13. A district
court’s conclusions of law are reviewed for correctness. State v. Duffy, 2000 MT 186,
¶ 18, 300 Mont. 381, 6 P.3d 453.
¶9 The United States and Montana Constitutions protect a defendant’s right to a fair
trial, and the district court bears the duty to ensure that the defendant receives a fair trial.
Griffin, ¶ 9. Montana law provides that “[f]ollowing a verdict of guilty, the court may
grant the defendant a new trial if required in the interest of justice.” Section
46-16-702(1), MCA. A court may deny the motion or grant a new trial after the hearing,
if justified by law and the weight of the evidence. Section 46-16-702(3), MCA. Absent a
showing of manifest abuse of discretion, a district court’s decision will be affirmed. State
4 v. Gambrel, 246 Mont. 84, 91, 803 P.2d 1071, 1076 (1990). We will only disturb a
district court’s denial of a motion for a new trial where the movant shows, by evidence
that is clear, convincing, and practically free from doubt, the error of the trial court’s
ruling. Mason v. Ditzel, 255 Mont. 364, 376, 842 P.2d 707, 725 (1992).
¶10 Keyes has failed to show the District Court’s failure to grant the motion was a
manifest abuse of discretion. We previously held in a similar case involving an alleged
witness coaching issue that the district court is in the best position to determine whether
coaching of a witness has occurred, and if so, has broad discretion to determine whether
such coaching has been prejudicial to either party. State v. Rendon, 273 Mont. 303, 306,
903 P. 2d 183, 185 (1995). The District Court reviewed the video evidence of the trial
that was pointed directly at the gallery. After its review, it found that it “plainly show[ed]
nothing out of the ordinary,” and that while “F.M.
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04/28/2020
DA 17-0143 Case Number: DA 17-0143
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA
2020 MT 102N
STATE OF MONTANA,
Plaintiff and Appellee,
v.
EDWARD LEVI KEYES,
Defendant and Appellant.
APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Thirteenth Judicial District, In and For the County of Yellowstone, Cause No. DC 15-0887 Honorable Michael G. Moses, Presiding Judge
COUNSEL OF RECORD:
For Appellant:
Chad Wright, Appellate Defender, Kristina L. Neal, Assistant Appellate Defender, Helena, Montana
For Appellee:
Timothy C. Fox, Montana Attorney General, Micheal S. Wellenstein, Assistant Attorney General, Helena, Montana
Scott D. Twito, Yellowstone County Attorney, Mary Leffers Barry, Deputy County Attorney, Billings, Montana
Submitted on Briefs: February 12, 2020
Decided: April 28, 2020
Filed:
cir-641.—if __________________________________________ Clerk Chief Justice Mike McGrath delivered the Opinion of the Court.
¶1 Pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c), Montana Supreme Court Internal Operating
Rules, this case is decided by memorandum opinion and shall not be cited and does not
serve as precedent. Its case title, cause number, and disposition shall be included in this
Court’s quarterly list of noncitable cases published in the Pacific Reporter and Montana
Reports.
¶2 Edward Levi Keyes (“Keyes”) appeals from an order of the Thirteenth Judicial
District Court, Yellowstone County, denying his motion for a new trial and his motion to
compel testimony. A jury found Keyes guilty of three counts of Incest and one count of
Solicitation of Incest. Keyes argues he was deprived of a fair and impartial trial because
during trial a foster parent improperly and intentionally influenced a child’s testimony.
He also argues the District Court abused its discretion in denying his motion to compel
testimony of the child’s therapist. Finally, Keyes argues the District Court exceeded its
statutory authority by imposing a court technology fee per count. We affirm the District
Court’s denial of Keyes’ motions and reverse the District Court’s decision regarding the
technology fee.
¶3 Prior to trial, the State filed a motion in limine asking the District Court to prohibit
the child’s therapist, Sally Grunst (“Dr. Grunst”), from testifying at trial. Dr. Grunst
began working with the victim after she had disclosed Keyes’ sexual abuse and was
removed from her parents’ care. Keyes had listed Dr. Grunst as a trial witness, which
prompted the State’s motion. The State argued Dr. Grunst should not be compelled to
2 testify about matters discussed in that it is privileged material under the mental health
professional-client privilege afforded by § 26-1-807, MCA, and that Keyes had been
provided a copy of Dr. Grunst’s treatment notes during discovery. The District Court
denied Keyes’ motion to compel Dr. Grunst’s testimony citing the therapist-client
privilege in § 26-1-807, MCA, noting that there had not been a waiver of the privilege.
¶4 On July 1, 2016, after a five-day trial, the jury found Keyes guilty of three counts
of Incest pursuant to § 45-5-507, MCA, and one count of Solicitation of Incest pursuant
to § 45-4-101, MCA.
¶5 On August 1, 2016, Keyes filed a motion for new trial. Keyes argued that on the
second day of trial, E.R., one of the child victim witnesses who testified, was influenced
by a spectator that was in the courtroom. At the beginning of E.R.’s testimony, she was
struggling to testify and was visibly emotionally distraught. The Court, sua sponte,
suggested a ten-minute recess to allow E.R. to gather herself. After the recess, E.R.
returned to the witness stand. The child’s foster mother (“F.M.”) stood with her arms
crossed, leaning against a partial wall separating the gallery from the bar, for all of the
child’s testimony. Keyes argued that it was inherently prejudicial for a child on the
witness stand to be visibly influenced by a supporter in the spectator section, and that he
was denied his right to a fair trial and therefore due process.
¶6 On October 27, 2016, the District Court held a hearing on Keyes’ motion for new
trial. Keyes asserted that F.M. influenced E.R.’s testimony during the trial by standing
for the entire time E.R. was testifying and making many movements, head moves, smiles,
and grimaces. Keyes’ only witness at the evidentiary hearing on his motion for new trial,
3 a paralegal for the defense team, testified to her personal interpretations and observations
about E.R. and F.M. The District Court reviewed the video feed of the courtroom camera
pointing directly at the gallery, noting it provided the “clearest evidence of what unfolded
during E.A.R.’s June 28, 2016, testimony.”
¶7 On October 28, 2016, the District Court denied Keyes’ motion for new trial. The
District Court concluded the video evidence showed that F.M.’s conduct was nowhere
near serious enough that it caused a manifest miscarriage of justice, left unsettled
fundamental fairness of the trial, or compromised the integrity of the judicial system,
citing State v. Griffin, 2016 MT 231, ¶ 12, 385 Mont. 1, 386 P.3d 559.
¶8 We review a district court’s denial of a motion for new trial made under
§ 46-16-702, MCA, for an abuse of discretion. State v. Reinert, 2018 MT 111, ¶ 12, 391
Mont. 263, 419 P.3d 662. Regarding the admission of evidence at trial, a district court’s
evidentiary rulings are reviewed by for an abuse of discretion. Reinert, ¶ 13. A district
court’s conclusions of law are reviewed for correctness. State v. Duffy, 2000 MT 186,
¶ 18, 300 Mont. 381, 6 P.3d 453.
¶9 The United States and Montana Constitutions protect a defendant’s right to a fair
trial, and the district court bears the duty to ensure that the defendant receives a fair trial.
Griffin, ¶ 9. Montana law provides that “[f]ollowing a verdict of guilty, the court may
grant the defendant a new trial if required in the interest of justice.” Section
46-16-702(1), MCA. A court may deny the motion or grant a new trial after the hearing,
if justified by law and the weight of the evidence. Section 46-16-702(3), MCA. Absent a
showing of manifest abuse of discretion, a district court’s decision will be affirmed. State
4 v. Gambrel, 246 Mont. 84, 91, 803 P.2d 1071, 1076 (1990). We will only disturb a
district court’s denial of a motion for a new trial where the movant shows, by evidence
that is clear, convincing, and practically free from doubt, the error of the trial court’s
ruling. Mason v. Ditzel, 255 Mont. 364, 376, 842 P.2d 707, 725 (1992).
¶10 Keyes has failed to show the District Court’s failure to grant the motion was a
manifest abuse of discretion. We previously held in a similar case involving an alleged
witness coaching issue that the district court is in the best position to determine whether
coaching of a witness has occurred, and if so, has broad discretion to determine whether
such coaching has been prejudicial to either party. State v. Rendon, 273 Mont. 303, 306,
903 P. 2d 183, 185 (1995). The District Court reviewed the video evidence of the trial
that was pointed directly at the gallery. After its review, it found that it “plainly show[ed]
nothing out of the ordinary,” and that while “F.M. does indeed stand the entirety of E.R.’s
testimony . . . there is nothing overtly demonstrative about her.”
¶11 The District Court did not abuse its discretion by denying Keyes’ motion to
compel testimony of E.R.’s therapist, Dr. Grunst. Keyes argued in his motion to compel
testimony that Dr. Grunst’s record could contain exculpatory information.1
1 Keyes argues, for the first time on appeal, that the District Court erred by denying his motion to compel testimony from Dr. Grunst without first inspecting her record in camera for exculpatory information, and then balancing whether E.R.’s right to confidentiality outweighed Keyes’ fundamental right to a fair trial. Keyes now requests this Court to remand this issue to the District Court and require it to conduct an in-camera inspection of Dr. Grunst’s proposed testimony and records and, “if exculpatory,” make a finding whether Keyes’ fundamental right to a fair trial outweighs E.R.’s right to confidentiality. We have consistently held that issues presented for the first time on appeal are “untimely and we will not consider them,” since it is “fundamentally unfair to fault the trial court for failing to rule on an issue it was never given the opportunity to consider.” State v. LaFreniere, 2008 MT 99, ¶ 11, 342 Mont. 309, 180 P.3d 1161. 5 ¶12 Keyes’ argument lacks merit. A district court has a “duty to conduct an in-camera
review to ascertain whether there [is] any exculpatory evidence in the files,” when a
“defendant requests a crime victim’s confidential records.” State v. Stutzman, 2017 MT
169, ¶ 29, 388 Mont. 133, 398 P.3d 265 (emphasis added). Since Keyes already had
access to Dr. Grunst’s notes, he had the burden to make an offer of proof showing that
Dr. Grunst’s notes and her testimony contained exculpatory evidence. See M. R. Evid.
103(a)(2); In re O.A.W., 2007 MT 13, ¶ 51, 353 Mont. 304, 153 P.3d 6; State v. Miller,
231 Mont. 497, 508, 757 P.2d 1275, 1282 (1988) (holding “[a]n offer of proof should be
specific as to the facts to be proven”). Keyes asserted that the exculpatory evidence was
that E.R., in fifteen months of therapy with Dr. Grunst, did not make disclosures against
Keyes. However, exculpatory information is material that, if disclosed, would have
“affected the outcome of the proceeding.” Stutzman, ¶ 31. This disclosure “neither
denies nor confirms sexual abuse” and does not amount to a sufficient offer of proof
under M. R. Evid. 103(a)(2). Stutzman, ¶ 31. The District Court did not abuse its
discretion in denying Keyes’ motion to compel testimony of Dr. Grunst.
¶15 Regarding the District Court’s assessment of the technology user fee, both parties
agree on this point. Accordingly, we instruct the District Court on remand to strike the
$10 per count user surcharge in the sentencing order and impose only one $10 user
surcharge. Section 3-1-317(1)(a), MCA; State v. Pope, 2017 MT 12, ¶¶ 31-32, 386
Mont. 194, 387 P.3d 870.
¶16 We have determined to decide this case pursuant to Section I, Paragraph 3(c) of
our Internal Operating Rules, which provides for memorandum opinions. This appeal
6 presents no constitutional issues, no issues of first impression, and does not establish new
precedent or modify existing precedent.
¶17 Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded to the District Court to revise the
written terms of the sentence consistent with this Opinion.
/S/ MIKE McGRATH
We Concur:
/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA /S/ BETH BAKER /S/ DIRK M. SANDEFUR /S/ JIM RICE