[Cite as State v. Donaldson, 2023-Ohio-234.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT MONTGOMERY COUNTY
STATE OF OHIO : : Appellee : C.A. No. 29473 : v. : Trial Court Case Nos. 2020 CR : 01113/1; 2021 CR 00192 ORA DONALDSON : : (Criminal Appeal from Common Pleas Appellant : Court) :
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OPINION
Rendered on January 27, 2023
MATHIAS H. HECK, JR., by ANDREW T. FRENCH, Attorney for Appellee
KAREN B. GROSETH, Attorney for Appellant
.............
WELBAUM, J.
{¶ 1} Defendant-Appellant, Ora Donaldson, appeals from his convictions by way
of a delayed appeal following a jury trial in Montgomery C.P. No. 2020 CR 1113/1 and a
guilty plea in Montgomery C.P. No. 2021 CR 192. -2-
{¶ 2} Donaldson’s appointed appellate counsel has filed a brief pursuant to Anders
v. California, 386 U.S. 738, 87 S.Ct. 1396, 18 L.Ed.2d 493 (1967), asserting the absence
of non-frivolous issues for review. Donaldson was offered the opportunity by this court
to raise issues after receiving a copy of appellate counsel’s brief and relevant transcripts,
but he did not file a brief.
{¶ 3} As required by Anders, we conducted an independent review of the record
and found no issues with arguable merit for appeal. Therefore, counsel’s Anders brief
will be accepted, and Donaldson’s convictions will be affirmed.
I. Background
{¶ 4} On May 29, 2020, a Montgomery County grand jury indicted Donaldson in
Case No. 2020 CR 1113/1 on four counts of theft greater than $1,000, two counts of
receiving stolen property greater than $1,000, and three counts of receiving stolen
property involving motor vehicles. On July 24, 2020, the grand jury filed Re-indictment
B in that case, adding charges of theft of property greater than $1,000, aggravated
possession of drugs (Schedule I or II), receiving stolen property (a first-degree
misdemeanor), and engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity, a felony of the second
degree.
{¶ 5} Subsequently, on March 1, 2021, an indictment was filed in Case No. 2021
CR 192, charging Donaldson with one count of receiving stolen property on or about
January 11, 2021. On February 18, 2022, Donaldson’s attorney filed motions to
suppress evidence in both cases. The trial court orally denied the motion to suppress in -3-
Case No. 2020 CR 1113/1 during a pretrial conference held on March 3, 2022. See
Transcript of Proceedings, Final Pretrial Conference (March 3, 2022), p. 6-9 (finding the
motion untimely). On March 8, 2022, Case No. 2020 CR 1113/1 proceeded to a jury
trial, and Donaldson was convicted on all counts in the indictment and Re-indictment B
that involved him. On March 29, 2022, Donaldson entered a plea of guilty to receiving
stolen property in Case No. 2021 CR 192.
{¶ 6} Donaldson filed a motion for leave to file delayed notice of appeal in both
cases on May 10, 2022. We sustained the motion on May 26, 2022.
II. Analysis
{¶ 7} Pursuant to Anders, 386 U.S. 738, 87 S.Ct. 1396, 18 L.Ed.2d 493, we must
conduct an independent review of the record to determine if the appeal at issue is wholly
frivolous. Id. at 744. “Anders equates a frivolous appeal with one that presents issues
lacking in arguable merit. An issue does not lack arguable merit merely because the
prosecution can be expected to present a strong argument in reply, or because it is
uncertain whether a defendant will ultimately prevail on that issue on appeal.” State v.
Marbury, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 19226, 2003-Ohio-3242, ¶ 8. Rather, “[a]n issue
lacks arguable merit if, on the facts and law involved, no responsible contention can be
made that it offers a basis for reversal.” Id., citing State v. Pullen, 2d Dist. Montgomery
No. 19232, 2002-Ohio-6788, ¶ 4.
{¶ 8} If we decide the appeal is frivolous, we may grant counsel’s request to
withdraw and then dismiss the appeal without violating any constitutional requirements, -4-
or we can proceed to a decision on the merits if state law requires it. State v. McDaniel,
2d Dist. Champaign No. 2010-CA-13, 2011-Ohio-2186, ¶ 5, citing Anders at 744.
However, if we find that any issues “involve legal points that are arguable on their merits,
and therefore are not wholly frivolous, per Anders we must appoint other counsel to argue
the appeal.” Pullen at ¶ 2.
{¶ 9} Here, appellate counsel has raised six issues as potential assignments of
error to aid the court in its independent review. Counsel concluded that none of these
had arguable merit. Appellate counsel’s brief was thorough and of excellent quality.
We agree with her analysis that there are no issues of arguable merit.
A. Insufficient Evidence of Monetary Threshold
for Engaging in Pattern of Corrupt Activity
{¶ 10} The first issue presented for review is that Donaldson’s conviction for
engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity was based on insufficient evidence because the
State failed to prove that the monetary threshold of $1,000 was met by each individual,
not by the enterprise as a whole. This is not a correct statement either as to the facts or
the law. No non-frivolous issue is found here.
{¶ 11} According to the Anders brief, Donaldson asserted in letters to his attorney
that this threshold was not met because of the involvement of his co-defendant, Patricia
Hammer. Hammer’s case was docketed as Montgomery C.P. No. 2022 CR 1113/2, and
the parties were tried together.1
1“We note that it is a common practice for appellate courts to take judicial notice of publically accessible online court dockets.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Estridge, 2d -5-
1. Insufficiency of the Evidence
{¶ 12} As noted, the first suggested argument is that the conviction for a pattern of
corrupt activity is not supported by sufficient evidence. “A sufficiency of the evidence
argument disputes whether the State has presented adequate evidence on each element
of the offense to allow the case to go to the jury or sustain the verdict as a matter of law.”
State v. Wilson, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 22581, 2009-Ohio-525, ¶ 10, citing State v.
Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). In such situations, we apply the
test from State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), which states that:
An appellate court's function when reviewing the sufficiency of the
evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine the evidence
admitted at trial to determine whether such evidence, if believed, would
convince the average mind of the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt. The relevant inquiry is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light
most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found
the essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
(Citation omitted). Id. at paragraph two of the syllabus.
{¶ 13} Here, the sufficiency argument is based on the contention that the money
threshold for application of Ohio’s Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act
(“RICO”) was not reached. We review sufficiency issues de novo. State v. Dent, 163
Ohio St.3d 390, 2020-Ohio-6670, 170 N.E.3d 816, ¶16.
Dist. Miami No. 2021-CA-25, 2022-Ohio-208, ¶ 12, fn.1. The docket records of the Montgomery County Common Pleas Court are accessible online. -6-
2. Charges Against Donaldson and His Co-Defendant
{¶ 14} The original indictments in Case Nos. 2020 CR 1113/1 and 2020 CR 1113/2
were identical and contained nine counts, all of which pertained exclusively to Donaldson
other than counts seven and eight. These two counts included charges against Hammer
as well. Count seven alleged a violation of R.C. 2913.51(A) (receiving stolen property)
based on the theft of a 1995 Coleman pop-up camper trailer between the dates of April
12 and April 14, 2020. The trailer was valued at more than $1,000 and less than $7,500.
Count eight alleged a violation of R.C. 2913.02(A)(1) (theft, without consent) of the same
property on April 12, 2020. Again, this count alleged that the property's value was more
than $1,000 and less than $7,500.
{¶ 15} Re-indictment B was filed in Case No. 2020 CR 1113/1 on July 24, 2020,
adding four additional charges against Donaldson. One charge (labeled as count four),
alleged that Donaldson had engaged in a pattern of corrupt activity between April 30,
2015, and June 6, 2020, by engaging in the offenses listed in the A indictment, by
engaging in the offenses listed in counts one and two of the B indictment, and by having
prior convictions in 2017 and 2016.
{¶ 16} Similarly, additional charges were filed against Hammer in Re-indictment B
in Case No. 2022 CR 1113/2. Again, the indictments in the two cases were identical.
Count five alleged that Hammer had received stolen property (a drill set belonging to
Country Club Landscaping) on June 6, 2020, in violation of R.C. 2913.51(A). That
offense was listed as a first-degree misdemeanor, meaning the property was valued at -7-
less than $1,000. See R.C. 2913.51(C). Count six of Re-indictment B alleged that
Hammer had engaged in a pattern of corrupt activity between January 28, 2017, and June
6, 2020, by engaging in the offenses listed in counts seven and eight of the A indictment,
by engaging the offense listed in count five of the B Re-indictment, and by having prior
convictions in 2017. The counts involving a pattern of corrupt activity by both parties
were alleged to be violations of R.C. 2923.32(A)(1) and were classified as second-degree
felonies.
{¶ 17} On March 7, 2022, the State filed a motion in both cases asking to renumber
the counts in the indictments. The counts would be renumbered from one to 15, with
counts 14 and 15 pertaining to the pattern of corrupt activity charges against Donaldson
and Hammer. As relevant to the pattern of corrupt activity charges against Donaldson,
the State noted that, "As re-numbered, Ct.14 would identify Counts 1 through 11 as
predicate offenses, as well as the previous conviction in 2017 CR 313/1. At this time,
the State would strike previous conviction 2015 CR 1383/1 as an identified predicate
offense.” Motion to Amend (Mar. 7, 2022), p. 2.
{¶ 18} Pertinent to the pattern of corrupt activity charge against Hammer, the State
said, “Similarly, as re-numbered, Ct.15 would identify Counts 7, 9, and 13 as predicate
offenses, as well as the previous conviction in 2017 CR 313/3.” Id. On March 8, 2022,
the court granted the State’s motion to amend the counts.
{¶ 19} After a jury trial, Donaldson was found guilty of all charges against him
(amended counts one through 12) and count 14 (the pattern of corrupt activity charge).
All the verdicts for offenses in counts one through 10 had special findings regarding the -8-
fact that either the property was valued at more than $1,000 or that a motor vehicle was
involved. Seven of these counts with special findings involved property worth $1,000 or
more. Count 11 involved a first-degree misdemeanor for receiving stolen property (a
hedge trimmer), and count 12 involved aggravated possession of drugs, a fifth-degree
felony. See Verdict Entry, Case Nos. 2020 CR 1113/1 and 1113/2 (Mar. 18, 2022), p. 1-
2.
{¶ 20} Hammer was found guilty of amended counts nine and 13 and amended
count 15 (the pattern of corrupt activity charge). With respect to count nine, the jury
made a special finding that “the value of the property stolen, destroyed, or involved WAS
$1000.00 or more.” Id. at p. 2. This was the former count seven in the original
indictment, was a fifth-degree felony, and was a violation of R.C. 2913.51(A). See
Motion to Amend (Mar. 7, 2022), at p. 2. Count 13 involved the first-degree
misdemeanor for receiving stolen property (a drill set). Id. No value was assigned to
this item, but “the only limitation on receiving stolen property qualifying as “corrupt activity”
is that the value of the property at issue in any violation or combination of violations must
exceed $1,000.” (Emphasis added.) State v. Rich, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 27356,
2018-Ohio-1225, ¶ 67, fn.9.
2. Application of Ohio’s RICO Act
{¶ 21} R.C. 2923.32(A)(1) states that: "No person employed by, or associated with,
any enterprise shall conduct or participate in, directly or indirectly, the affairs of the
enterprise through a pattern of corrupt activity or the collection of an unlawful debt." R.C. -9-
2923.31(C) defines an “enterprise” to include “any individual, sole proprietorship,
partnership, limited partnership, corporation, trust, union, government agency, or other
legal entity, or any organization, association, or group of persons associated in fact
although not a legal entity. ‘Enterprise’ includes illicit as well as licit enterprises.”
{¶ 22} R.C. 2923.31(E) further states, in pertinent part, that:
“Pattern of corrupt activity” means two or more incidents of corrupt
activity, whether or not there has been a prior conviction, that are related to
the affairs of the same enterprise, are not isolated, and are not so closely
related to each other and connected in time and place that they constitute
a single event.
***
For the purposes of the criminal penalties that may be imposed
pursuant to section 2923.32 of the Revised Code, at least one of the
incidents forming the pattern shall constitute a felony under the laws of this
state in existence at the time it was committed * * *.
{¶ 23} As relevant here, R.C. 2923.31(I) provides that:
“Corrupt activity” means engaging in, attempting to engage in,
conspiring to engage in, or soliciting, coercing, or intimidating another
person to engage in any of the following:
(2) Conduct constituting any of the following:
*** -10-
(c) Any violation of section * * * 2913.02 [or] * * * 2913.51 of the
Revised Code * * * when the proceeds of the violation, the payments made
in the violation, the amount of a claim for payment or for any other benefit
that is false or deceptive and that is involved in the violation, or the value of
the contraband or other property illegally possessed, sold, or purchased in
the violation exceeds one thousand dollars, or any combination of violations
described in division (I)(2)(c) of this section when the total proceeds of the
combination of violations, payments made in the combination of violations,
amount of the claims for payment or for other benefits that is false or
deceptive and that is involved in the combination of violations, or value of
the contraband or other property illegally possessed, sold, or purchased in
the combination of violations exceeds one thousand dollars.
{¶ 24} Courts have held that “offenses committed by accomplices will qualify as
predicate acts sufficient to convict other participants in the enterprise of engaging in a
pattern of corrupt activity.” State v. Barnes, 6th Dist. Wood No. WD-07-024, 2008-Ohio-
1854, ¶ 23, citing State v. Gregg, 11th Dist. Ashtabula No. 2006-A-0013, 2007-Ohio-1201,
¶ 31.
{¶ 25} As indicated in Donaldson’s brief, he and Hammer have been involved in
criminal activity together for several years. Appellant’s Brief at p. 2-6 (in 2017, both were
arrested and convicted of theft of more than $1,000 for theft of a trailer; in 2020, Hammer
notarized a bill of sale for a trailer Donaldson stole; in April 2020, the police found Hammer
and Donaldson in possession of a stolen pop-up camper; after Donaldson was arrested -11-
and jailed after being found in possession of a truck stolen from a landscaping business,
Donaldson called Hammer and asked her to “make some money” so he could post bond;
Hammer then pawned tools stolen from the landscaping business along with the truck).
Donaldson has not disputed these facts nor does the record contradict them; instead,
Donaldson’s argument is that Hammer’s acts did not meet the threshold monetary
requirement for a pattern of corrupt activity.
{¶ 26} In State v. Stevens, 139 Ohio St.3d 247, 2014-Ohio-1932, 11 N.E.3d 252,
the Supreme Court of Ohio stated that “the minimum threshold found in R.C.
2923.31(I)(2)(c) must be applied to each individual within the enterprise and not to the
enterprise as a whole. In essence, unless a person is involved in transactions on behalf
of the enterprise in an amount equal to or greater than the statutory threshold, that person
is not susceptible to being prosecuted under the Ohio RICO statutes.” Id. at ¶ 4 (lead
opinion).
{¶ 27} Donaldson’s convictions clearly fit the statute’s requirements, given that he
had an accomplice with whom he was associated in criminal activity, had more than two
incidents of corrupt activity, and the value of the property was far more than $1,000.
Donaldson’s violations of R.C. 2913.02 and R.C. 2923.51 are also listed in R.C.
2923.31(I)(2)(c). Consequently, there is no arguable merit to Donaldson’s contention
that his conviction for a pattern of corrupt activity was not based on sufficient evidence.
{¶ 28} Furthermore, Donaldson’s argument about whether his co-defendant’s
convictions fit the threshold amount is irrelevant. Her acts did not need to meet the
monetary threshold for a pattern of corrupt activity; they only needed to be sufficient to -12-
satisfy the statutory requirement that Donaldson was engaged in an enterprise. As
indicated, this can be done by establishing that an accomplice also participated in
offenses.
{¶ 29} For example, in State v. Jazdzewski, 4th Dist. Washington No. 14CA15,
2015-Ohio-2416, a key witness in the defendant’s conviction for engaging in a pattern of
corrupt activity was his girlfriend, who had participated in some of the crimes as an
accomplice. However, the prosecutor for the county in which most offenses were
committed gave her immunity and did not criminally charge her. In addition, a prosecutor
in an adjacent county agreed not to seek a prison sentence for revocation of the witness’s
community control. Id. at ¶ 19. See also State v. Beverly, 143 Ohio St.3d 258, 2015-
Ohio-219, 37 N.E.3d 116, ¶ 16 (finding sufficient evidence that defendant and another
party’s actions constituted an “association-in-fact enterprise” because the record was
“replete with examples of [the defendant and the other party] associating together for a
common purpose of engaging in a course of conduct”).
{¶ 30} Given the facts recited above, Hammer clearly engaged in corrupt acts with
Donaldson and was an accomplice in association with him for purposes of establishing
an enterprise. Moreover, even if the monetary threshold had to be satisfied, Hammer
was convicted of a felony involving more than $1,000 and also of a misdemeanor involving
receipt of stolen property. Again, while no value was assigned by a special jury finding
for Hammer’s misdemeanor conviction for receiving stolen property, the only limitation is
that the value of a combination of offenses exceeds $1,000. Rich, 2d Dist. Montgomery
No. 27356, 2018-Ohio-1225, at ¶ 67, fn.9. Here, that requirement was satisfied. -13-
B. Sufficiency of Evidence to Support the Enterprise Element
{¶ 31} The second issue raised in the Anders brief is that the conviction of
engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity was based upon insufficient evidence because
the State failed to prove the enterprise element. Donaldson’s argument here is that there
was insufficient evidence that anyone besides himself was involved in the enterprise.
Donaldson’s counsel concluded that the issue lacks arguable merit, and we agree.
{¶ 32} We have previously noted the definition of “enterprise” in R.C. 2923.31(C).
The Supreme Court of Ohio has said that “the existence of an enterprise, sufficient to
sustain a conviction for engaging in a pattern of corrupt activity under R.C. 2923.32(A)(1),
can be established without proving that the enterprise is a structure separate and distinct
from a pattern of corrupt activity.” Beverly, 143 Ohio St.3d 258, 2015-Ohio-219, 37
N.E.3d 116, at ¶ 13.
{¶ 33} In light of our prior discussion, it is clear that Donaldson was not the only
individual involved in the enterprise, even though it was not a structure separate and
distinct from the pattern of corrupt activity. As noted, Hammond was also involved in the
corrupt activity. Consequently, there is no arguable merit to this potential assignment of
error.
C. Evidence of Pattern of Corrupt Activity
{¶ 34} The third potential assignment of error is that the conviction of engaging in
a pattern of corrupt activity was based on insufficient evidence because the State failed -14-
to prove a pattern of corrupt activity. The enormous evidence on this issue prevents
rejection of the Anders brief.
{¶ 35} We previously noted the statutory definition of a “pattern of corrupt activity,”
which “means two or more incidents of corrupt activity, whether or not there has been a
prior conviction, that are related to the affairs of the same enterprise, are not isolated, and
are not so closely related to each other and connected in time and place that they
constitute a single event. “ R.C. 2923.31(E). “[T]he pattern of corrupt activity ‘ “must
include both a relationship and continuous activity, as well as proof of the existence of an
enterprise.” ’ ” Dent, 163 Ohio St.3d 390, 2020-Ohio-6670, 170 N.E.3d 816, at ¶ 25,
quoting State v. Miranda, 138 Ohio St.3d 184, 2014-Ohio-451, 5 N.E.3d 603, ¶ 13.
(Other citation omitted.)
{¶ 36} Donaldson’s brief recites many facts from the trial which support the
relationship of Donaldson and Hammond and their continuous activity. Appellant’s Brief
at p. 2-6. Our review of the record confirms that this is the case. Accordingly, there is
no arguable merit in the proposition that insufficient evidence supported the finding that
a pattern of corrupt activity existed.
D. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel
{¶ 37} The fourth issue raised as a potential assignment of error is that counsel
was ineffective for not filing a timely motion to suppress and for not objecting to the State’s
introduction of various pieces of evidence.
{¶ 38} “The Sixth Amendment right to counsel in criminal proceedings presumes a -15-
concomitant right to the effective assistance of counsel in representing the legal interests
of the accused.” State v. Hatton, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 21153, 2006-Ohio-2670, ¶ 3,
citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 168, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984).
“Counsel's performance will not be deemed ineffective unless and until it is proved to
have fallen below an objective standard of reasonable representation and, in addition,
prejudice is shown to have arisen from counsel's deficient performance.” Id. at ¶ 4, citing
Strickland. “To show that he was prejudiced by his counsel's deficient performance, a
criminal defendant must demonstrate that, were it not for counsel's errors, the result of
the trial or proceeding would have been different.” Id., citing Strickland and State v.
Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989).
{¶ 39} As an initial point, Donaldson waived the right to appeal denial of the motion
to suppress in Case No. 2021 CR 192 when he entered a guilty plea. E.g., State v.
Beasley, 152 Ohio St.3d 470, 2018-Ohio-16, 97 N.E.3d 474, ¶ 15 (“[a] valid guilty plea by
a counseled defendant * * * generally waives the right to appeal all prior nonjurisdictional
defects, including the denial of a motion to suppress”); Dent at ¶ 6 (“guilty plea waives
ineffective assistance of counsel claims, except to the extent that counsel's alleged
deficient performance caused the waiver of Defendant's trial rights and the entry of his
plea to be less than knowing and voluntary”). Donaldson has not raised issues
pertaining to his guilty plea, and our review of the plea hearing indicates no issues of
arguable merit on that point. See Plea and Sentencing Transcript (Mar. 28, 2022), p.
4-12 (indicating that the trial court complied with Civ.R. 11(C) when accepting the plea).
{¶ 40} Furthermore, testimony from the trial and the transcript of the motion to -16-
suppress hearing in Hammer’s case (Case No. 2020 CR 1113/2, which was made a part
of this record) reveals the lack of arguable merit of the issues raised by the motion to
suppress in Case No. 2020 CR 1113/1.
{¶ 41} Specifically, both Donaldson and Hammer were seized and interrogated by
the police on April 14, 2020, after the police had received a dispatch about suspicious
behavior in an alley. When the police arrived at the scene, Donaldson and Hammer were
sitting in a red pickup truck. Decision and Entry Overruling Defendant's Motion to
Suppress, Montgomery C.P. No. 2020 CR 1113/2, (Dec. 5, 2020), p. 1-2. While
checking these individuals’ identification by computer, the police discovered that they both
were wanted for questioning in connection with three thefts of vehicle trailers. Id. at p.
2-3. When the detective who had placed the “suspect locater cards” in the system
arrived at the scene where Hammer and Donaldson were being detained, he checked the
truck’s license plate and VIN number and discovered the truck had been reported stolen
from a location in Dayton, Ohio. This was contrary to the defendants’ claim that it
belonged to a friend who lived in Middletown, Ohio. Id. The truck also had a window
that was broken out and a peeled steering column. Id. at p. 3.
{¶ 42} Hammer’s motion to suppress was filed on August 31, 2020. After hearing
the evidence at Hammer’s suppression hearing, the trial court found that probable cause
existed to detain Hammer and that she had knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waived
her Miranda rights. Id. at p. 5-10.
{¶ 43} Donaldson was represented by counsel at all times during the case, which
was not tried until March 8, 2022. Despite the fact that Hammer’s suppression motion -17-
had been filed in late August 2020, Donaldson waited until February 18, 2022 to file his
own motion. There is no possible basis for concluding that the trial court erred in finding
the motion untimely. In this regard, Crim.R. 12(D) states, with exceptions not relevant
here, that “[a]ll pretrial motions * * * shall be made within thirty-five days after arraignment
or seven days before trial, whichever is earlier.” Failure to file within the time limit waives
the right to file a suppression motion. E.g. State v. Garrett, 2d Dist. Greene No. 2004
CA 110, 2005-Ohio-4832, ¶ 14, citing Crim.R. 12(H). While a court may permit untimely
filing for “good cause,” id., Donaldson’s motion to suppress did not mention this point, nor
did it assert any reason for the untimely motion.
{¶ 44} Furthermore, Donaldson’s motion alleged the same grounds as Hammer’s
motion, i.e., that the seizure was illegal and that his Miranda rights had been violated.
See Motion to Suppress, Case No. 2020 CR 1113/1 (Feb. 18, 2022), p. 2-5. Since the
trial court had already rejected arguments as to the legality of the seizure, there could
have been no possible ground for suppression, even if the court had decided to consider
Donaldson’s motion.
{¶ 45} In addition, as Donaldson’s counsel notes, testimony at trial indicated that
Donaldson agreed to speak with the police after being given Miranda warnings.
Appellant’s Brief at p. 12, citing Tr. at p. 975. “It is well established that a defendant who
is subjected to custodial interrogation must be advised of his or her Miranda rights and
make a knowing and intelligent waiver of those rights before statements obtained during
the interrogation will be admissible.” (Citations omitted.) State v. Treesh, 90 Ohio St.3d
460, 470, 739 N.E.2d 749 (2001). Our review of the record fails to disclose any basis for -18-
finding that Donaldson’s statements to the police should have been suppressed.
Accordingly, a contention that trial counsel was ineffective in failing to timely file a
suppression motion lacks any arguable merit.
{¶ 46} As a final point, there is no indication that any evidentiary calls existed to
support a non-frivolous argument. Consequently, no surviving non-frivolous issues exist
here.
E. Denial of Motion to Dismiss RICO Count
{¶ 47} Appellate counsel’s fifth potential assignment of error asserts that the trial
court erred in denying Donaldson’s motion to dismiss the RICO count under Crim.R. 29.
“A motion for acquittal under Crim.R. 29(A) is governed by the same standard as the one
for determining whether a verdict is supported by sufficient evidence.” State v. Tenace,
109 Ohio St.3d 255, 2006-Ohio-2417, 847 N.E.2d 386, ¶ 37, citing State v. Carter, 72
Ohio St.3d 545, 553, 651 N.E.2d 965 (1995), and Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 386, 678
N.E.2d 541. We have already outlined the standards for a sufficiency analysis.
{¶ 48} Based on the preceding discussion and our review of the record, there is no
non-frivolous issue here. The evidence presented at trial in support of the RICO count
was overwhelming.
F. Restitution
{¶ 49} The sixth issue raised by appellate counsel is that the trial court’s restitution
order was contrary to law. In this regard, Donaldson’s counsel has said that she has -19-
reviewed all records available to her and finds no arguable merit in this potential issue.
However, counsel notes that she has not had access to the presentence investigation
report (“PSI”) and asks that we review this document. The PSI has been filed with our
court and has been reviewed.
{¶ 50} In the termination entry filed in Case No. 2020 CR 1113/1, the trial court
ordered Donaldson to pay restitution to seven victims in a total amount of $20,050. See
Termination Entry, Case No. 2020 CR 1113/1 (Mar. 29, 2022), p. 2. No restitution was
ordered in Case No. 2021 CR 192. See Termination Entry, Case No. 2021 CR 192
(Mar. 29, 2022). The court waived costs in both cases.
{¶ 51} “R.C. 2929.18(A)(1) gives a sentencing court discretion to order restitution
but not in an amount greater than the amount of economic loss suffered by the victim as
a direct and proximate result of the commission of the offense. The court may base the
amount of restitution on an amount recommended by the victim, the offender, a
presentence investigation report, estimates or receipts indicating the cost of repairing or
replacing property, and other information.” State v. Lalain, 136 Ohio St.3d 248, 2013-
Ohio-3093, 994 N.E.2d 423, ¶ 3. “A hearing is mandated only if the offender, victim, or
survivor disputes the amount.” Id. at ¶ 23. “Before imposing a financial sanction * * *
as part of a sentence, trial courts are required to consider a defendant's present and
future ability to pay the financial sanction at the sentencing hearing.” State v. Phillips,
2d Dist. Montgomery No. 29087, 2022-Ohio-1262, ¶ 23, citing R.C. 2929.19(B)(5).
(Other citation omitted.). The court does not need to expressly state that it considered a
defendant’s ability to pay, but the record should contain evidence that the court -20-
considered this. Id., citing State v. Culver, 160 Ohio App.3d 172, 2005-Ohio-1359, 826
N.E.2d 367, ¶ 57 (2d Dist.).
{¶ 52} “On review of a trial court's imposition of restitution as part of a felony
sentence, we apply the standard set forth in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(b), inquiring whether the
imposition of restitution is clearly and convincingly contrary to law.” State v. Brown,
2017-Ohio-9225, 103 N.E.3d 305, ¶ 25 (2d Dist.), citing State v. Marcum, 146 Ohio St.3d
516, 2016-Ohio-1002, 59 N.E.3d 1231, ¶ 7 and 10, and State v. Becraft, 2017-Ohio-1464,
89 N.E.3d 218, ¶ 17 (2d Dist.). After reviewing the record, we find no arguable merit in
a contention that the restitution order was contrary to law.
{¶ 53} As an initial point, the sentencing transcript reveals that Donaldson did not
challenge the restitution amounts, nor did he request a hearing. See Transcript of
Proceedings (Plea and Sentencing Hearing (Mar. 28, 2022)). The transcript further
reveals that the trial court did consider Donaldson’s ability to pay and found that he was
able to pay the restitution. Id. at p. 21. Consequently, there is no arguable basis for
challenging the court’s order in this regard.
{¶ 54} Furthermore, “[a] defendant who does not dispute an amount of restitution,
request a hearing, or otherwise object waives all but plain error in regards to the order of
restitution.” State v. Snowden, 2019-Ohio-3006, 140 N.E.3d 1112, ¶ 88 (2d Dist.), citing
State v. Woods, 2d Dist. Clark No. 2015-CA-75, 2016-Ohio-1103, ¶ 12. See also State
v. Floyd, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 19AP-449, 2020-Ohio-4655, ¶ 13; State v. West, 3d Dist.
Seneca No. 13-22-07, 2022-Ohio-4069, ¶ 23; and State v. Beckwith, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga
No. 111024, 2022-Ohio-2362, ¶ 10 (no objection made to amount of restitution). “Notice -21-
of plain error under Crim.R. 52(B) is to be taken with the utmost caution, under exceptional
circumstances and only to prevent a manifest miscarriage of justice.” State v. Long, 53
Ohio St.2d 91, 372 N.E.2d 804, 805 (1978), paragraph three of the syllabus.
{¶ 55} Applying this analysis here, no argument exists that is not frivolous, as the
restitution amounts the trial court ordered matched the amounts of restitution noted in the
PSI, except that Donaldson was actually required to pay less than might have been
ordered. Specifically, the trial court omitted restitution for one victim, S.A., whose loss
was valued at $1,000. See PSI, Victim Impact Statement, p. 10. The PSI also
recommended payment of the sanctions, and the trial court followed the
recommendations, other than the amount owed to S.A. Id. at p. 12. This was consistent
with the statute, which allows restitution to be based on the PSI.
{¶ 56} Finally, our review indicates that the remainder of the restitution amounts
were consistent with the record and with the PSI. Given these facts, there is no arguable
merit to the contention that the restitution order was contrary to law or that plain error
could exist.
{¶ 57} Accordingly, no issues of arguable merit regarding restitution are apparent
in the record.
III. Conclusion
{¶ 58} After conducting an independent review of the record as required by
Anders, we find that, based on the facts and relevant law involved, there are no issues
with arguable merit to present on appeal. Accordingly, the judgments of the trial court -22-
are affirmed. Appellate counsel is also granted permission to withdraw from further
representation.
EPLEY, J. and LEWIS, J., concur.