IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA
No. COA23-22
Filed 17 October 2023
Mecklenburg County, Nos. 18CRS233449-50, 18CRS233485, 19CRS6128-31
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
v.
RAY SHAWN DANIELS
Appeal by defendant from judgment entered 16 May 2022 by Judge Lisa C.
Bell in Mecklenburg County Superior Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 4 October
2023.
Attorney General Joshua H. Stein, by Special Deputy Attorney General Stuart (Jeb) M. Saunders, for the State.
Richard J. Costanza, for the defendant-appellant.
TYSON, Judge.
Ray Shawn Daniels (“Defendant”) appeals from a final judgment entered upon
the jury’s verdicts for: (1) assault on a law enforcement official with firearm; (2)
assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill; (3) attempted first-degree murder;
(4) assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill inflicting serious injury; (5)
attempted first-degree murder; (6) possession of a firearm by a felon; and (7) ten
counts of attempted discharge of a firearm into an occupied moving vehicle. Our
review reveals no error. STATE V. DANIELS
Opinion of the Court
I. Background
Thomas Gilmore (“Gilmore”), a minor child, was waiting at a school bus stop
with his friend during the morning of 20 September 2018. (Pseudonym used to
protect identity of minor, per N.C. R. App. P. 42(b)). While waiting, Gilmore heard
multiple gunshots, and he and his friend ran into a nearby convenience store. After
entering the convenience store, Gilmore’s friend realized Gilmore was bleeding and
had been struck by a bullet. Gilmore was transported to the hospital by ambulance,
where it was determined a bullet entered the back of his right thigh and passed
through his leg, injuring his thigh and scrotum. Gilmore did not see who had shot
him, nor did he observe anyone with a firearm nearby.
That same morning, Mecklenburg County Sheriff’s Deputy Corey Thompson
(“Deputy Thompson”) was wearing his uniform and driving to an off-duty assignment
in a marked patrol vehicle. Upon reaching the four-way intersection of West Sugar
Creek Road and Reagan Drive, he heard gunshots. On his right, Deputy Thompson
saw a crowd of fifteen to twenty people running towards him. He made a right-hand
turn and observed a person on the ground and a man wearing a light-colored shirt
and blue jeans standing over him.
Deputy Thompson activated his emergency equipment and saw the man, who
had been standing, run and jump into the passenger side of a black Cadillac stopped
a couple of feet away. The Cadillac sped away from the area, and Deputy Thompson
initiated a chase of the vehicle. During the chase, the person occupying the front
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passenger seat of the Cadillac began shooting a pistol at Deputy Thompson’s patrol
vehicle. At least ten shots were fired by the shooter. Deputy Thompson slowed to
gain distance between himself and the Cadillac, so the projectiles would not hit him.
Neither Deputy Thompson nor his patrol vehicle were struck by any bullets fired by
the shooter inside the Cadillac. During the chase, the Cadillac reached speeds of
“upwards of a hundred” miles per hour and weaved in and out of heavy traffic.
At one point during the chase, the Cadillac pulled into a gas station. A person,
who was later identified by Deputy Thompson as the Defendant, attempted to exit
the front passenger side of the Cadillac, but he realized Deputy Thompson was
nearby. Defendant immediately re-entered the Cadillac, and the chase continued.
After a few minutes, Deputy Thompson’s superior officer advised him to cease pursuit
of the Cadillac. Deputy Thompson stopped his pursuit and deactivated his patrol
vehicle’s emergency equipment. He had observed the Cadillac exit from Interstate
85. Deputy Thompson took the same exit and patrolled the area to search for the
Cadillac. He located the Cadillac parked in a restaurant parking lot, unoccupied.
The same morning, Mecklenburg County Sheriff’s Deputy Joseph Beckham
(“Deputy Beckham”) was on duty when he heard radio traffic indicating another
deputy was involved in a chase. Deputy Beckham testified he activated his lights
and sirens and drove to Interstate 85 South towards Graham Street, the suspect’s
last known location. As he approached the area, he heard radio traffic indicating
Charlotte-Mecklenburg police officers were chasing a suspect through an ABC store
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parking lot. He also saw an officer pointing across the street. He observed a black
male with dreadlocks running away from that officer.
Deputy Beckham activated his patrol vehicle’s emergency equipment and
chased the suspect. He observed the suspect run behind a retail center and through
some bushes. Deputy Beckham exited his vehicle, followed the suspect, and found
him hiding in the bushes in a “surrendered position.” Deputy Beckham held the
suspect at gunpoint until other officers arrived. He handcuffed the suspect, who he
later determined was unarmed. At trial, Deputy Beckham identified Defendant as
the man he had arrested.
Deputy Beckham and his K-9 dog searched the immediate area for a gun.
Other officers assisted, including Mecklenburg County Sheriff’s Sergeant J.M.
Whitmore (“Sergeant Whitmore”). The K-9 dog “found a track” and pursued it.
Sergeant Whitmore was walking behind the dog, flipped open a green recycling bin,
and found a bulletproof vest inside. A handgun was “sandwiched” in the vest, with
an extended magazine protruding “out [of] the butt of the gun.”
Forensic DNA testing was conducted on the firearm, which indicated a mixture
of DNA from at least three individuals. The Defendant’s DNA was the major profile
contributor to the mixture. The State Crime Lab’s analyst could not determine the
identity of the other contributors. Additionally, forensic DNA testing was conducted
on the bulletproof vest, also indicating a mixture of DNA from at least three
individuals. Again, Defendant’s DNA was the major profile contributor to the
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mixture, and the Lab’s analyst was unable to make any determinations regarding the
other contributors.
Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Officer Shannon Foster collected discharged
cartridge casings and projectiles at various locations where the shootings had
occurred. Gene Rivera, a Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department firearm
examiner, examined the casings and projectiles and compared them with the
recovered handgun. He determined ten of the projectiles were fired from the
handgun, but the remaining two projectiles were too damaged to allow an accurate
determination of whether or not they were fired from the recovered handgun. A jury
convicted Defendant of all charges.
During the sentencing hearing, the parties stipulated that Defendant had been
previously convicted of the federal offense of “carjacking,” as codified at 18 U.S.C.
§ 2119. On 10 March 2009, Defendant pled guilty to Count I of the indictment, which
tracked the language of 18 U.S.C. § 2119, alleging Defendant and others while:
aiding and abetting each other, did knowingly and with intent to cause death and serious bodily harm, take a motor vehicle, that is, a 1989 Chevrolet Caprice, North Carolina Registration WVJ-8022, that had been transported, shipped, and received in interstate and foreign commerce, from the person and presence of another by force and violence by intimidation[.]
Defendant did not stipulate to the finding the carjacking conviction was
substantially similar to common law robbery. In addition to the guilty verdicts, the
jury also found as an aggravating factor the Defendant possessed a bulletproof vest
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during the commission of these offenses.
The trial court gave the State and Defendant the opportunity to be heard on
the issue of whether the offenses of carjacking and common law robbery are
substantially similar. The trial court ruled the State had satisfied its burden of
proving by a preponderance of the evidence that the offenses are substantially
similar. The trial court stated:
So U[.]S[.] code 18 – 18 U[.]S[.] code, sections 2119, the offense of carjacking is reflected in State’s motion Exhibit 2. The description of that, under the code, is whoever takes a motor vehicle that has been transported, shipped, or received in interstate or foreign commerce from the person, or presence of another by force and violence, or by intimidation or attempts to do so. And I find that that description, those elements, are substantially similar to North Carolina offense of common law robbery, and that is reflected as a Class G felony on the worksheet[.]
The trial court’s finding resulted in the assessment of four sentencing points.
The assessment added up to ten sentencing points total. The trial court consolidated
three of Defendant’s offenses, including his convictions for attempted first-degree
murder, assault on a law enforcement official with firearm, and assault with a deadly
weapon with intent to kill, into one sentence. The trial court determined Defendant’s
attempted first-degree murder conviction would be sentenced under a Class B-1
felony with the addition of the sentencing enhancement. Defendant was sentenced
as a prior record level IV offender to an active term of 300 to 372 months, with credit
for 1,219 days served in custody.
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The trial court also consolidated all of Defendant’s other offenses into a
separate judgment, which incorporated Defendant’s convictions for attempted first-
degree murder, assault with a deadly weapon with intent to kill inflicting serious
injury, possession of a firearm by a felon, and all ten counts of attempted discharge
of a firearm into an occupied moving vehicle. Defendant’s attempted first-degree
murder conviction was classified as a Class B-2 felony “with the sentencing
enhancement of a B-1.” Defendant received a sentence of 300 to 372 months to run
consecutively to his previous sentence. Defendant appeals.
II. Jurisdiction
This Court possesses jurisdiction pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-27(b)(1)
(2021).
III. Issue
Defendant argues the trial court erred as a matter of law when it determined
Defendant’s federal carjacking conviction was substantially similar to our state’s
common law robbery, which resulted in the Defendant being sentenced at a higher
prior record level.
A. Standard of Review
“The standard of review relating to the sentence imposed by the trial court is
whether the sentence is supported by evidence introduced at the trial and sentencing
hearing. However, ‘the question of whether a conviction under an out-of-state statute
is substantially similar to an offense under North Carolina statutes is a question of
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law’ requiring de novo review on appeal.” State v. Fortney, 201 N.C. App. 662, 669,
687 S.E.2d 518, 524 (2010) (citations omitted).
Determining “whether the out-of-state conviction is substantially similar to a
North Carolina offense is a question of law” and requires comparing the elements of
the offenses. Id. at 671, 687 S.E.2d at 525 (citation omitted). The trial court “may
accept a stipulation that the defendant in question has been convicted of a particular
out-of-state offense and that this offense is either a felony or a misdemeanor under
the law of that jurisdiction[,]” but it “may not accept a stipulation to the effect that a
particular out-of-state conviction is ‘substantially similar’ to a particular North
Carolina felony or misdemeanor[.]” State v. Bohler, 198 N.C. App. 631, 637-38, 681
S.E.2d 801, 806 (2009).
B. Analysis
Our State’s sentencing statute provides guidance to determine whether a
defendant’s conviction for an offense committed in another jurisdiction may be
calculated in a defendant’s prior record level:
If the State proves by the preponderance of the evidence that an offense classified as either a misdemeanor or a felony in the other jurisdiction is substantially similar to an offense in North Carolina that is classified as a Class I felony or higher, the conviction is treated as that class of felony for assigning prior record level points. If the State proves by the preponderance of the evidence that an offense classified as a misdemeanor in the other jurisdiction is substantially similar to an offense classified as a Class A1 or Class 1 misdemeanor in North Carolina, the conviction is treated as a Class A1 or Class 1 misdemeanor for
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assigning prior record level points.
N.C. Gen. Stat. § 15A-1340.14(e) (2021).
Our precedents define common law robbery as “the felonious, non-consensual
taking of money or personal property from the person or presence of another by means
of violence or fear.” State v. Porter, 198 N.C. App. 183, 186, 679 S.E.2d 167, 169-70
(2009) (quoting State v. Smith, 305 N.C. 691, 700, 292 S.E.2d 264, 270 (1982)).
The federal carjacking statute provides:
Whoever, with the intent to cause death or serious bodily harm takes a motor vehicle that has been transported, shipped, or received in interstate or foreign commerce from the person or presence of another by force and violence or by intimidation, or attempts to do so, shall—
(1) be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 15 years, or both,
(2) if serious bodily injury (as defined in section 1365 of this title, including any conduct that, if the conduct occurred in the special maritime and territorial jurisdiction of the United States, would violate section 2241 or 2242 of this title) results, be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 25 years, or both, and
(3) if death results, be fined under this title or imprisoned for any number of years up to life, or both, or sentenced to death.
18 U.S.C. § 2119 (2018).
Both the federal carjacking statute and North Carolina’s common law robbery
require the forceful and violent taking of property. The federal carjacking statute
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requires the taking to be accompanied “by force and violence or by intimidation[.]”
Id. Our State’s common law robbery statute similarly requires the taking of property
“by means of violence or fear.” Porter, 198 N.C. App. at 186, 679 S.E.2d at 169-70
(citation and internal quotation marks omitted).
1. State v. Sanders
Defendant, relying on State v. Sanders, argues our Supreme Court has adopted
an elements comparison test when evaluating whether a foreign conviction is
substantially similar to a North Carolina offense. State v. Sanders, 367 N.C. 716,
720, 766 S.E.2d 331, 334 (2014) (“The Court of Appeals has stated, and we agree, that
‘[d]etermination of whether the out-of-state conviction is substantially similar to a
North Carolina offense is a question of law involving comparison of the elements of
the out-of-state offense to those of the North Carolina offense.’” (citation omitted)).
Defendant argues the similarity of the federal carjacking offense and common
law larceny fails to pass the test outlined in Sanders. In Sanders, the Supreme Court
found the Tennessee offense of domestic assault was not substantially similar to the
North Carolina offense of assault on a female:
[A] woman assaulting her child or her husband could be convicted of “domestic assault” in Tennessee, but could not be convicted of “assault on a female” in North Carolina. A male stranger who assaults a woman on the street could be convicted of “assault on a female” in North Carolina, but could not be convicted of “domestic assault” in Tennessee.
Id. at 721, 766 S.E.2d at 334.
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The Court in Sanders found the two offenses were not substantially similar,
because the conduct that is criminalized in each offense was different. Id. Domestic
assault and assault on a female both involve two different, specifically defined
victims. Id. at 720, 766 S.E.2d at 334 (“The [Tennessee] offense thus requires that
the person being assaulted fall within at least one of these six enumerated categories
of domestic relationships. The offense does not require the victim to be female or the
assailant to be male and of a certain age.”).
Here, unlike in Sanders, the elements of carjacking and common law robbery
require similar conduct, and no elements are mutually exclusive. Both offenses share
two essential elements: (1) there is a non-consensual taking and theft of property;
and (2) the taking is accompanied by force, violence, fear, or intimidation. 18 U.S.C.
§ 2119; Porter, 198 N.C. App. at 186, 679 S.E.2d at 169-70. When a victim is being
dispossessed of property, use of intimidation and force invoke violence or fear, which
are requirements of both offenses. It is hard to envision the lack of presence or
occurrence of any or all factors in the commission of either crime.
2. Interstate Commerce Requirement
Defendant next argues carjacking and common law robbery are not
substantially similar because the federal carjacking offense requires the stolen
property be connected to interstate commerce. North Carolina’s common law larceny
does not contain an interstate commerce requirement, as that element invokes
federal jurisdiction.
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The State relies on the analysis in State v. Graham in arguing the elements of
carjacking and North Carolina common law robbery are substantially similar. State
v. Graham, 379 N.C. 75, 863 S.E.2d 752 (2021). The defendant in Graham, like the
Defendant in the present case, argued “if the difference between the two statutes
renders the other state’s law narrower or broader, ‘or if there are differences that
work in both directions, so that each statute includes conduct not covered by the
other, then the two statutes will not be substantially similar[.]’” Id. at 81, 863 S.E.2d
at 756. Our Supreme Court found this argument unpersuasive and concluded the
defendant’s position “conflates the requirement that statutes subject to comparison
be substantially similar to one other with [the] erroneous perception that the two
statutes must have identicalness to each other.” Id. at 82, 863 S.E.2d at 756.
The Court further concluded “substantially similar” does not mean
“literalness,” “identicalness,” or “exactitude.” Id. The Court explained:
Standing alone, neither word—“substantially” or “similar” —connotes literalness; therefore, when these words are combined to create the legal term of art “substantially similar,” this chosen phraseology reinforces the lack of a requirement for the statutory language in one enactment to be the same as the statutory language in another enactment in order for the two laws to be treated as “substantially similar.” Yet, the dissent here—despite the obvious essential pertinent parallels between the Georgia statute and the North Carolina statute—would withhold a recognition that the two statutes are substantially similar because all of the same provisions are not common to each of them. In this respect, although the dissent professes that it understands the difference between “substantially similar” and identicalness, nonetheless it appears that the
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dissent is so ensnared and engulfed by a need to see a mirrored reflection mutually cast between the two statutes that the dissent is compelled to promote this erroneously expansive approach.
Id. at 82-83, 863 S.E.2d at 756-57.
This Court in State v. Riley compared N.C. Gen. Stat. § 14-415.1(a), which
criminalizes possession of a firearm by a felon, with its federal counterpart, 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g)(1). State v. Riley, 253 N.C. App. 819, 820, 802 S.E.2d 494, 495-96 (2017).
North Carolina’s offense of possession of a firearm by a felon “requires proof that (1)
the defendant had been convicted of a felony and (2) thereafter possessed (3) a
firearm.” Id. at 825, 802 S.E.2d at 499 The federal statute, codified in 18 U.S.C.
§ 922(g)(1), “requires proof that (1) the defendant had been convicted of a crime
punishable by more than one year in prison, (2) the defendant possessed (3) a firearm,
and (4) the possession was in or affecting commerce.” Id. at 825, 802 S.E.2d at 498-
99.
This Court held the statutes are substantially similar, even though the federal
law contains the additional element requiring possession of the firearm “in or
affecting commerce” to invoke federal jurisdiction. Id. at 825-27, 802 S.E.2d at 498-
500. Here, as in Riley, Defendant’s argument asserting the additional element of
interstate commerce distinguishes the crimes fails. Id.
3. Sentencing Requirements
Defendant argues the sentencing enhancements in the federal carjacking
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statute, which are not present in North Carolina common law robbery, require this
Court to hold the two offenses are not substantially similar. Compare 18 U.S.C.
§ 2119(1)-(3) with Porter, 198 N.C. App. at 186, 679 S.E.2d at 169-70.
The defendant in Riley argued the federal offense of being a felon in possession
of a firearm was not substantially similar to the North Carolina offense of possession
of a firearm by a felon based upon the sentencing disparities between the two
offenses. Riley, 253 N.C. App. at 826, 802 S.E.2d at 499. The federal offense required
the person to have been previously convicted of a crime “punishable by imprisonment
for a term exceeding one year,” whereas the North Carolina offense required the
person to have previously been “convicted of a felony.” Id. (internal quotations
omitted). Notwithstanding those differences, the Court found substantial similarity
existed between the two crimes:
There may be other hypothetical scenarios which highlight the more nuanced differences between the two offenses. But the subtle distinctions do not override the almost inescapable conclusion that both offenses criminalize essentially the same conduct—the possession of firearms by disqualified felons. Both statutes remained unchanged in the 2012 to 2015 time period, and despite the differences we have discussed, the federal offense of being a felon in possession of a firearm is substantially similar to the North Carolina offense of possession of a firearm by a felon, a Class G felony.
Id. at 827, 802 S.E.2d at 500.
Similarly, in Graham, the defendant argued the North Carolina and Georgia
offenses for statutory rape were not substantially similar because of how the two
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statutes treated “the age difference between the two participants.” Graham, 379 N.C.
at 81, 863 S.E.2d at 755. The Georgia statute provided different punishment ranges
depending on the age of the offender and the age of the victim, “which impact[ed] the
perpetrator’s degree of punishment.” Id. (explaining the Georgia statute provided
“‘[a] person convicted of the offense of statutory rape shall be punished by
imprisonment for not less than one nor more than 20 years; provided, however, that
if the person so convicted is 21 years of age or older, such person shall be punished
by imprisonment for not less than ten nor more than 20 years; provided, further, that
if the victim is 14 or 15 years of age and the person so convicted is no more than three
years older than the victim, such person shall be guilty of a misdemeanor’”). The
North Carolina statute differentiated between the class of felony an offender could be
punished under, depending on the age of the victim, the age of the offender, and the
disparity between the victim’s and the offender’s ages. Id. at 81, 863 S.E.2d at 755-
56.
Our Supreme Court held “the statutory wording of the Georgia provision and
the North Carolina provision do not need to precisely match in order to be deemed to
be substantially similar.” Id. at 82, 863 S.E.2d at 756. The test in Sanders does not
“require identicalness between compared statutes from different states and mandate
identical outcomes between cases which originate both in North Carolina and in the
foreign state.” Id. at 84, 863 S.E.2d at 757.
Here, the offenses are substantially similar, despite the sentencing
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enhancements present in the federal carjacking statute, which are not present in
North Carolina common law robbery. Id.; Riley, 253 N.C. App. at 825-27, 802 S.E.2d
at 498-500; 18 U.S.C. § 2119; Porter, 198 N.C. App. at 186, 679 S.E.2d at 169-70.
Defendant’s objection and argument is overruled.
4. Broader Scope
Defendant finally argues the two offenses are not substantially similar because
the scope of North Carolina common law robbery is broader than the federal
carjacking offense. He asserts the common law offense of larceny involves the violent
taking of any property, while federal carjacking is limited to forcible theft of a motor
vehicle.
In State v. Key, this Court found an out-of-state statute was substantially
similar to a North Carolina common law offense, despite the absence of an intent
element in the sister-state’s statute. State v. Key, 180 N.C. App. 286, 293-96, 636
S.E.2d 816, 822-23 (2006). The common law offense in North Carolina required the
offender to have intended “to deprive the owner of his property permanently.” Id. at
294, 636 S.E.2d at 823 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Both the
Maryland statute and North Carolina common law larceny focused on “the
perpetrator placing the property under his control and depriving the owner of control
over it.” Id. at 294, 636 S.E.2d at 823. Because the two offenses had similar elements
with respect to taking the property, this Court held the two offenses were
substantially similar. Id.
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Here, both the federal carjacking statute and North Carolina common law
robbery require a non-consensual taking of property under threat, force, or
intimidation. 18 U.S.C. § 2119; Porter, 198 N.C. App. at 186, 679 S.E.2d at 169-70.
Following the reasoning in Key, Defendant’s argument that common law robbery and
the carjacking statute are not substantially similar, because the scope of common law
robbery is broader, fails and is overruled. Key, 180 N.C. App. at 293-95, 636 S.E.2d
at 822-23.
IV. Conclusion
The trial court properly concluded federal carjacking is a substantially similar
offense to the North Carolina offense of common law robbery, a Class G Felony.
Defendant was sentenced as a Habitual Felon at the proper prior record level and has
not demonstrated error by the trial court’s classification to warrant re-sentencing.
Defendant received a fair trial, free from prejudicial errors he preserved and
argued on appeal. We find no error in the jury’s verdict or in the judgments entered
thereon. It is so ordered.
NO ERROR.
Judges Hampson and Carpenter concur.
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