[Cite as State v. Cowins, 2013-Ohio-277.] IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-120191 TRIAL NO. B-1103580 Plaintiff-Appellee, :
vs. :
DONALD COWINS, : O P I N I O N.
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Court of Common Pleas
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part, and Cause Remanded
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: February 1, 2013
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Paula E. Adams, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
Wendy R. Calaway, for Defendant-Appellant.
Please note: this case has been removed from the accelerated calendar. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
CUNNINGHAM, Judge.
{¶1} Following a bench trial, defendant-appellant Donald Cowins appeals from
the convictions and sentences imposed for his brutal attack on Amber Bardoff and her
boyfriend Barry Motley. Cowins attempted to rob each at gunpoint, restrained Motley,
again at gunpoint, and then moved Bardoff to a secluded spot and raped her orally and
vaginally. Because the trial court imposed consecutive sentences for the two rape offenses
without making the statutorily required findings, we must vacate those two sentences and
remand the case for resentencing on those two offenses only. We affirm the trial court’s
judgment in all other respects.
{¶2} In the early hours of June 1, 2011, Bardoff and Motley were walking near
the corner of Elm and Henry Streets in Cincinnati. Cowins, riding a bicycle, approached
the companions. He dismounted, walked toward the two, and brandished a handgun.
Cowins pointed the weapon at Motley’s head and demanded money from both. Neither
had any cash. Cowins then ordered Motley to sit and instructed him that he would kill
Bardoff if Motley moved. Cowins marched Bardoff across the street and around the
corner of a building. He ordered her to disrobe. After putting on a condom, Cowins told
Bardoff to perform fellatio. Then he ordered her to lie on her stomach and raped her.
{¶3} Police cars patrolling nearby frightened Cowins and he attempted to move
Bardoff to another location to continue the attack. But he ultimately fled on his bicycle,
leaving a condom wrapper and his cellular telephone at the scene of the attack. Cowins,
now shirtless, was arrested soon after fleeing. His discarded bicycle, handgun, black skull
cap, and white tank top were found nearby. As police officers secured a perimeter around
the crime scene, Motley and Bardoff approached two officers and described what had
happened.
{¶4} At the conclusion of the trial, the court found Cowins guilty of each of the
nine counts alleged in the indictment. After a sentencing hearing, the trial court imposed
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consecutive sentences of imprisonment for the aggravated robbery, oral rape, and vaginal
rape of Bardoff, and the accompanying firearm specifications, as alleged in Counts 1, 5,
and 6 of the indictment. The aggregate sentence was 22 years. The trial court also entered
convictions for the aggravated robbery of Motley, the kidnapping of Bardoff, the
kidnapping of Motley, and an additional firearm offense, as alleged in Counts 3, 7, 8, and 9
of the indictment. The court ordered the sentences for these offenses to be served
concurrently with the other prison terms.
I. Confrontation Clause Issues
{¶5} For clarity, we will address Cowins’ assignments of error in temporal
order. In his second assignment of error, Cowins argues the trial court erred in admitting
hearsay testimony in three instances by permitting Cincinnati police Officers Henrietta
Hall and Rose Valentino to recount Motley’s and Bardoff’s out-of-court statements made
at the crime scene, and by permitting police Detective Iris Kelly to testify that Bardoff had
identified Cowins as the perpetrator in a pretrial photo line-up. Cowins argues that
permitting the officers to testify violated his constitutional right to confront the witnesses
against him. He further argues that Bardoff’s statements to Officers Hall and Valentino
were not excited utterances and thus were excludable hearsay. The assignment of error is
not well-taken.
{¶6} The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution states, “In all
criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right * * * to be confronted with the
witnesses against him[.]” Thus the Confrontation Clause bars the “testimonial statements
of a witness who did not appear at trial unless he was unavailable to testify, and the
defendant had a prior opportunity for cross-examination.” Crawford v. Washington, 541
U.S. 36, 53-54, 124 S.Ct. 1354, 158 L.Ed.2d 177 (2004).
{¶7} The threshold inquiry is whether the challenged out-of-court statements
were testimonial in nature and needed to be tested by confrontation. See State v. Lewis,
1st Dist. Nos. C-050989 and C-060010, 2007-Ohio-1485, ¶ 30. Statements are
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“testimonial when the circumstances objectively indicate that there is no * * * ongoing
emergency, and that the primary purpose of the interrogation is to establish or prove past
events potentially relevant to later prosecution.” Davis v. Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 822,
126 S.Ct. 2266, 165 L.Ed.2d 224 (2006); see State v. Stahl, 111 Ohio St.3d 186, 2006-Ohio-
5482, 855 N.E.2d 834, paragraph one of the syllabus. But the Confrontation Clause does
not bar the use of testimonial statements for purposes other than establishing the truth of
the matter asserted. E.g., Lewis at ¶ 41.
{¶8} We note Cowins did not object to the admission of any of the challenged
statements. Thus, absent plain error in the trial court’s admission of the testimony, this
issue has been waived. See Evid.R. 103(A)(1) and 103(D); Crim.R. 52(B). An error rises to
the level of plain error only where it is both obvious and outcome-determinative. See
Lewis at ¶ 39.
{¶9} Moreover, violations of the Confrontation Clause, even if preserved for
appellate review, are subject to a harmless-error analysis. See State v. Hood, _ Ohio St.3d
_, 2012-Ohio-6208, _ N.E.2d _, ¶ 43; see also State v. Nix, 1st Dist. No. C-030696, 2004-
Ohio-5502, ¶ 78 (applying both plain-error and harmless-error analysis); State v. Hart, 1st
Dist. No. C-060686, 2007-Ohio-5740, ¶ 37. “ ‘Where constitutional error in the
admission of evidence is extant, such error is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt if the
remaining evidence, standing alone, constitutes overwhelming proof of [the] defendant’s
guilt.’ ” Hood at ¶ 43, quoting State v. Williams, 6 Ohio St.3d 281, 452 N.E.2d 1323 (1983),
paragraph six of the syllabus.
{¶10} The already high threshold of prejudice that Cowins must surmount is
raised even higher by the fact that this case was tried to an experienced trial judge, sitting
as the trier of fact. When this court reviews a bench trial in a criminal case, we presume
that the “court considered only the relevant, material, and competent evidence in arriving
at its judgment unless it affirmatively appears to the contrary.” State v. White, 15 Ohio
St.2d 146, 151, 239 N.E.2d 65 (1968).
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{¶11} Cowins first argues that the trial court erred in admitting Officer Hall’s
testimony that Motley had approached her near the scene of the crime and had described
how the perpetrator had asked for money at gunpoint, had led Bardoff away at gunpoint,
and had raped her. Since Motley did not testify at trial and was never subject to cross-
examination, Cowins asserts that the admission of his testimonial statements to the police
was error.
{¶12} The state argues only that Officer Hall’s testimony was offered not for its
truth but rather to describe the process of the investigation and how the officers came to
be in the area establishing a perimeter. Appellee’s Brief at 10; see Lewis, 2007-Ohio-1485,
at ¶ 41. That rationale is undermined by Officer Hall’s earlier testimony that she had
received a radio broadcast ordering her to establish a perimeter around the crime scene.
The broadcast had also informed her that she was to be on the lookout for the armed
perpetrator of a rape, a black male wearing a white tank top and riding a bicycle.
{¶13} But the admission of Motley’s testimonial statements through Officer Hall
constituted harmless error. The evidence of Cowins’ guilt was overwhelming and Motley’s
offending testimony was merely cumulative of other admissible evidence. Bardoff had
recounted nearly identical facts to Officer Valentino moments after Motley spoke with
Officer Hall. Unlike Motley, Bardoff testified at trial and was subject to cross-
examination. Thus the Confrontation Clause placed no constraint on the use of her prior
testimonial statements. See State v. Lang, 129 Ohio St.3d 512, 2011-Ohio-4215, 954
N.E.2d 596, ¶ 113; see also State v. Rucker, 1st Dist. No. C-110082, 2012-Ohio-185, ¶ 37.
And Bardoff’s statement was otherwise admissible under the excited-utterance exception
to the hearsay rule. See Evid.R. 803(2). Both Officer Hall and Officer Valentino had
described Bardoff as being visibly scared, excited, and in shock. Her statements to police
moments after being raped at gunpoint were made under such circumstances as would
reasonably show they resulted from impulse rather than reason and reflection. See State
v. Lukacs, 188 Ohio App.3d 597, 2010-Ohio-2364, 936 N.E.2d 506, ¶ 21 and 28 (1st Dist.).
5 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶14} In light of Bardoff’s in-court identification of Cowins as the perpetrator,
her statements to Officer Valentino moments after the rape, her identification of Cowins in
a photo line-up, and the ample physical evidence linking Cowins to the crime, including
his DNA being found on the recovered handgun, black skull cap, and white tank top, we
cannot find that the admission of Motley’s statement to Officer Hall contributed to
Cowins’ conviction. Its admission was harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.
{¶15} Cowins next argues that the trial court erred in permitting Detective Kelly
to testify at trial that Motley had identified Cowins as his assailant from a photo line-up,
and that Motley, in selecting Cowins’ photograph, had said, “That’s my man.” See State v.
Ray, 189 Ohio App.3d 292, 2010-Ohio-2348, 938 N.E.2d 378, ¶ 36 (8th Dist.) (photo-
line-up identification made in the course of a police investigation, when there was no
emergency, is testimonial and, thus, subject to the Confrontation Clause).
{¶16} The state argues that any error in the admission of Motley’s identification
and statement was harmless in light of the other, overwhelming evidence of guilt. We
agree. In addition to the other evidence of guilt, Bardoff identified Cowins from the same
photo line-up. Since Bardoff testified at trial and was available for cross-examination
about the lineup and its reliability, Cowins cannot demonstrate any reversible prejudice
flowing from Detective Kelly’s testimony. The second assignment of error is overruled.
{¶17} Cowins further claims, under his fourth assignment of error, that he was
denied the constitutionally guaranteed effective assistance of counsel by his trial counsel’s
failure to object to the admission of the challenged hearsay and Confrontation Clause
testimony.
{¶18} To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel, an appellant
must show, first, that trial counsel’s performance was deficient and, second, that the
deficient performance was so prejudicial that he was denied a reliable and fundamentally
fair proceeding. See Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364, 113 S.Ct. 838, 122 L.Ed.2d 180
(1993); see also Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 689, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed.2d
6 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
674 (1984); State v. Bradley, 42 Ohio St.3d 136, 538 N.E.2d 373 (1989), paragraphs two
and three of the syllabus. A reviewing court must indulge a strong presumption that
counsel’s conduct fell within the wide range of reasonable professional assistance. See
State v. Mason, 82 Ohio St.3d 144, 157-158, 694 N.E.2d 932 (1998).
{¶19} In light of our resolution of the second assignment of error, we hold that
Cowins cannot demonstrate prejudice flowing from the admission of the testimony
sufficient to mandate a reversal of his convictions. See Fretwell, supra. The fourth
assignment of error is overruled.
II. Sufficiency and Weight-of-the-Evidence Claims
{¶20} In his first assignment of error, Cowins challenges the weight and
sufficiency of the evidence adduced at trial to support his convictions. Since Motley
did not testify at trial, Cowins argues that there was little evidence to support his
convictions for the aggravated robbery and kidnapping of Motley.
{¶21} But the state presented ample evidence to support the convictions.
The state introduced testimonial evidence tying Cowins to the attack on Bardoff and
Motley. Bardoff testified at trial and identified Cowins as the perpetrator. She testified
that Cowins had approached Bardoff and Motley on the street, had sought money from
each at gunpoint, had threatened Motley, and had raped Bardoff orally and vaginally. She
had recounted similar facts to Officer Valentino moments after the rape. And she had
identified Cowins as the perpetrator in a photo line-up. The testimony of the investigating
officers and the other witnesses to the attack and to Cowins’ flight afterward corroborated
her testimony. The state also produced ample physical evidence linking Cowins to the
crime. His DNA was found on the handgun recovered near the site of Cowins’ capture,
and on the black skull cap and white tank top witnesses said Cowins had been wearing.
7 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
And Bardoff and Motley had given Officer Valentino the cellular telephone and condom
wrapper that Cowins had left at the scene of the rape.
{¶22} While there were inconsistencies in some witnesses’ testimony, the
weight to be given the evidence and the credibility of the witnesses were for the trial
court, acting as the trier of fact, to determine in resolving conflicts and limitations in
the testimony. See State v. DeHass, 10 Ohio St.2d 230, 227 N.E.2d 212 (1967),
paragraph one of the syllabus. Our review of the entire record fails to persuade us that
the trial court, acting as the trier of fact, clearly lost its way and created such a manifest
miscarriage of justice that the convictions must be reversed and a new trial ordered. See
State v. Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387, 678 N.E.2d 541 (1997). The trial court was
entitled to reject Cowins’ theory that the state had failed to adduce anything more
than circumstantial evidence and hearsay testimony to prove he had committed the
charged offenses.
{¶23} The test for the sufficiency of the evidence required to sustain a conviction
is whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution, any
rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a
reasonable doubt. See State v. Conway, 108 Ohio St.3d 214, 2006-Ohio-791, 842 N.E.2d
996, ¶ 36; see also Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560
(1979). In deciding if the evidence was sufficient, we neither resolve evidentiary conflicts
nor assess the credibility of the witnesses, as both are functions reserved for the trier of
fact. See State v. Williams, 197 Ohio App.3d 505, 2011-Ohio-6267, 968 N.E.2d 27, ¶ 25
(1st Dist.).
{¶24} As the record reflects substantial, credible evidence from which the trial
court could have reasonably concluded that all the elements of the charged crimes had
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been proved beyond a reasonable doubt, including that Cowins had robbed and
kidnapped Motley with a firearm, the assignment of error is overruled.
III. Sentencing Error
{¶25} In his third assignment of error, Cowins argues that his convictions for (1)
the aggravated robbery and kidnapping of Motley as charged in Counts 3 and 8, (2) the
rape and kidnapping of Bardoff as charged in Counts 5, 6, and 7, and (3) the oral and
vaginal rape of Bardoff as charged in Counts 5 and 6 were allied offenses of similar import
subject to merger. Therefore, he contends, the trial court denied him the protections of
R.C. 2941.25, Ohio’s multiple-count statute, by convicting him of each offense and
imposing multiple sentences of incarceration.
{¶26} Since Cowins has appealed only from the sentences imposed for the
offenses charged in Counts 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8, we limit our review to errors affecting those
sentences. See App.R. 12(A); see also R.C. 2953.08(G)(2); State v. Saxon, 109 Ohio St.3d
176, 2006-Ohio-1245, 846 N.E.2d 824, paragraph three of the syllabus (“An appellate
court may * * * vacate only a sentence for an offense that is appealed by the defendant and
may not modify, remand, or vacate the entire multiple-offense sentence.”).
{¶27} Under R.C. 2941.25, if a defendant’s conduct results in the commission of
allied offenses of similar import subject to merger, the defendant may ordinarily be
convicted of only one of the offenses. But if the defendant commits each offense with a
separate animus, then convictions may be entered for all the offenses. See R.C.
2941.25(B); see also State v. Johnson, 128 Ohio St.3d 153, 2010-Ohio-6314, 942 N.E.2d
1061, ¶ 51.
{¶28} Cowins first contends that his convictions for the aggravated robbery and
kidnapping of Motley are allied offenses that must be merged. We disagree.
{¶29} The commission of aggravated robbery necessarily entails the restraint of
the victim for a brief time. See State v. Jenkins, 15 Ohio St.3d 164, 198, 473 N.E.2d 264
9 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
(1984), fn. 29 (“kidnapping is implicit within every aggravated robbery”); see also State v.
Anderson, 1st Dist. No. C-110029, 2012-Ohio-3347, ¶ 25. But where the restraint is
prolonged, the confinement is secretive, or the movement or restraint is so substantial as
to demonstrate a significance independent of the robbery, there exists a separate animus
to support the kidnapping conviction. See State v. Logan, 60 Ohio St.2d 126, 131, 397
N.E.2d 1345 (1979), syllabus.
{¶30} Based on the evidence adduced at trial, we are satisfied that Cowins
committed aggravated robbery and kidnapping with a separate animus. After attempting
to rob Motley at gunpoint, Cowins ordered him to stay seated on the sidewalk so that he
could rape Bardoff. Cowins restrained Motley of his liberty by threatening to kill Bardoff if
he moved. The kidnapping was not merely incidental to the aggravated robbery. Rather it
had a significance independent of the robbery—to effect the rape of Bardoff and to prevent
Motley from fleeing, summoning assistance, or aiding his companion. See State v.
Chaffer, 1st Dist. No. C-090602, 2010-Ohio-4471, ¶ 15.
{¶31} Because Cowins committed these offenses with a separate animus for each
offense, the trial court properly convicted and sentenced him for aggravated robbery and
the kidnapping of Motley. The trial court did not err in entering multiple convictions for
these offenses. See Crim.R. 52(B).
{¶32} Cowins next asserts that his convictions for both the oral and vaginal rape
of Bardoff, as charged in Counts 5 and 6, were based upon the same course of conduct,
occurring at the same time to the same victim. And he argues that the rapes and
kidnapping of Bardoff, charged in Counts 5, 6, and 7, were a single act, committed with a
single animus. Thus, he argues, the trial court denied him the protections of the multiple-
count statute by sentencing him for the offenses.
{¶33} Contrary to Cowins’ arguments, this court has previously found that
distinct and different kinds of sexual activity resulting in rape, charged under the same
statutory section, can be separate offenses for purposes of merger under R.C. 2941.25.
10 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
E.g., State v. Strong, 1st Dist. Nos. C-100484 and C-100486, 2011-Ohio-4947, ¶ 71 (rape
by vaginal intercourse and rape by digital penetration committed in the same sexual
encounter separately punishable). And we have repeatedly held that moving a rape
victim, under threat of violence, to a place of concealment like an alleyway to effect a rape
evinces a significance independent of the rape sufficient to support multiple punishments
for rape and kidnapping. E.g., State v. Garrett, 1st Dist. No. C-090592, 2011-Ohio-5431,
¶ 52.
{¶34} But we do not reach these issues now because we must vacate the
sentences imposed for the two rape offenses on other grounds. Although neither party
raised the issue, Cowins was sentenced five months after the September 30, 2011, effective
date of 2011 Am.Sub.H.B. No. 86 (“H.B. 86”). Therefore, he should have been sentenced
under its provisions. See State v. Jones, 1st Dist. No. C-110603, 2012-Ohio-2075, ¶ 14-16;
see also State v. Erkins, 1st Dist. No. C-110675, 2012-Ohio-5372, ¶ 54.
{¶35} The enactment of H.B. No. 86 revived the requirement that trial courts
make findings before imposing consecutive sentences under R.C. 2929.14(C)(4). See State
v. Alexander, 1st Dist. Nos. C-110828 and C-110829, 2012-Ohio-3349, ¶ 13, citing Jones at
¶ 17. While the sentencing court is not required to use “talismanic words,” it must be clear
from the record that the trial court actually made the statutorily required findings. See
Alexander at ¶ 16; see also State v. Lebron, 2012-Ohio-4156, 976 N.E.2d 945, ¶ 11 (8th
Dist.).
{¶36} Here, although the trial court imposed consecutive sentences for the two
rape offenses, it failed to make the statutory findings either in a sentencing-findings
worksheet or in its sentencing colloquy. At the sentencing hearing, the trial court merely
recited Cowins’ convictions and the sentence for each offense. Thus the sentences
imposed for the two rape offenses were contrary to law, and we must vacate those two
sentences. See Alexander at ¶ 14; see also Erkins at ¶ 57; State v. Valdez, 1st Dist. No. C-
110646, 2012-Ohio-5754, ¶ 7. The sentence imposed under Count 8, for the kidnapping of
11 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Bardoff, was to be served concurrently and thus did not require scrutiny under R.C.
2929.14(C)(4). The third assignment of error is overruled in part, and sustained in part.
{¶37} Therefore, we vacate the sentences imposed under Counts 5 and 6, and
remand the case to the trial court for it to consider whether consecutive sentences for
those two rape offenses are appropriate under R.C. 2929.14(C) and 2941.25, and, if so, to
make the proper findings on the record. In all other respects we affirm the trial court’s
judgment.
Judgment accordingly.
SUNDERMANN, P.J., and HENDON, J., concur.
J. HOWARD SUNDERMANN, retired, from the First Appellate District, sitting by assignment.
Please note:
The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.