BURGESS, P. J.
Under an information duly filed in the office of the clerk of the circuit court of Warren county, by the prosecuting attorney of said county, charging the defendant William E. Church with murder in the first degree, in killing one Henry W. Yeater at said county on the 31st day of August, 1903, by cutting his throat with a razor, he was convicted in said court, at its June term, 1904, of murder in the first degree as charged, and his punishment fixed at death. He appeals.
At the time of the homicide the defendant was about twenty-two years .of age, and had lived most of his life with deceased and his wife, Mrs. Yeater, who had taken him, when a boy about nine years of age, to raise. They lived upon a farm about seven miles north of Warrenton in Warren county. When the defendant was about fourteen years of age he was charged with some petty offenses, among which was the theft of a watch, to which he pleaded guilty, and was sent to the State Reform School for boys at Boonville, where he remained about one year, when he was, pardoned and returned to his home with the Yeaters.
On Saturday, August 29, 1903, defendant attended the old settler’s reunion in Warrenton and was seen by many persons who were also in attendance, talked with them and mingled in the crowd “just like any body else.” On this same day, defendant went to see certain persons and endeavored to get them to assist him to put a roof on the house which was occupied by Mr. and 'Mrs. Yeater; he purchased $60 or $70 worth of roofing, paid for same, and received some change back, indeed, transacted the business in a businesslike manner. On the next day, Sunday, the defendant attended preaching at a neighborhood church, and did not return home until about 11 o’clock p. m. What happened at the Yeater home that night is not known except through the confessions and statements made by the defendant thereafter. The next afternoon the rural letter1 carrier [618]*618found a letter in the mail box near the Yeater home telling of the trouble there the' night before, which letter was identified as being in the defendant’s handwriting. Before this letter was written, the defendant changed his clothing, concealed his bloody trousers and shoes in a corn field some distance from a private road, prepared a lunch, took his picture with bim; packed Ms grip and started to walk to the M. K. & T. railroad, wMch was on the extreme south side of said county. Defendant crossed the "Wabash railroad tracks in going south that morning, selected a road through the woods and was seen eating his lunch about noon. He first went to a station called Gore, but finding that there was no agent there, and that the train wMch he desired to> take did not stop there, he walked to another station two or three miles distant, named Case. The agent at Case ,was engaged in other business besides representing the railroad company, and defendant went to his store and purchased a ticket to St. Louis. WMle waiting for Ms train, defendant went to a corn field close by, where he changed Ms clothing, and returned about half an hour before Ms train was due. The stations of Gore and Case had no telegraph nor telephone commuMcations. Defendant took the 2:30 train that afternoon for St. Louis, and as soon thereafter as possible left St. Loms for CMcagO'. He was heard of in CMcagO', in Milwaukee and in Cleveland; wMle in CMcagO' he joined a labor organization or agency and secured employment on the Chicago', Milwaukee and St. Paul railroad, and afterwards on the Great Western railroad. At Cleveland, defendant enlisted in the UMted States Navy and in a short time was sent to a post near the city of PMladelphia,. WMle in Chicago, defendant adopted the name of Buescher, and under this assumed! name he was known in the various other cities where he worked, and also in the Marine service. Under tMs assumed name, defendant wrote to the prosecuting attorney, to' a neighbor and to a lady in Warren county. [619]*619These letters were the means of the officers discovering where he was and of his arrest.
In March, 1904, detectives Gallagher and Lynch went to the barracks where defendant was stationed and in company with Jack Young arrested defendant. When arrested, Mr. Young asked defendant if he knew him, and defendant replied that he had never seen him before. A few days later these officers searched defendant and found in his pocket a copy of a Philadelphia newspaper giving an account of the arrest of defendant and of the crime with which he was charged. After notifying him of his rights and of his privilege to say nothing, and assuring him that whatever he said could be used against him, defendant made a written confession to these officers, which was duly signed and witnessed. Said confession is as follows :
“Philadelphia, March 29', 1904.
“I, William E. Church, of Warrenton, Missouri, of my own free will and accord, hereby make the following statement, without any promise or inducements being held out to me whatever:
“On the night of August 31, 1903, I had been to church at Truxton, I arrived home about 11 p m. and then went and drank a lot blackberry wine; about 1 a. m. Monday morning, September 1, I was going upstairs when Mr. Yeater called me in his room and asked me where I had been; I told him I had been to church; I then left his room and went to my room and stayed there a short time; then I went to a cigar box in my room and got my razor where I always kept it; then I went down to the first floor front, Mr. Yeater was laying in bed and I cut his throat; I throwed my left hand around his forehead to hold him down, while I cut his throat; I then satisfied myself that he was dead.
“I then went over and cut Mrs. Yeater’s throat, who was in the other bed, this room contained two beds, Mr. Yeater occupied one and Mrs. Yeater the other; after I cut Mrs. Yeater’s throat she hollered two or [620]*620three times; she fell out of bed after I took my hands off her; I cut her probably five times, but I do not positively know how many times; I then wrote.a note for the mail carrier and put it in the mail box; I then.took a few of my things and started for Gore, Missouri, which was about 17 miles away; I changed my clothes in the corn field and throwed them away because they had blood on them.
“At Gore, Missouri, I bought a ticket for St. Louis, Missouri, before I left the depot I bought a ticket for Chicago and left the same night; I arrived in Chicago about 6 a. m. on Tuesday morning, I secured a job in Adam’s freight yard and worked there until Saturday night; I had six dollars after I had paid my board; I left there the following morning for Ottumwa, Iowa, I worked on the railroad in an extra crew of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul railroad; worked for them two weeks; I then went back to Chicago, arrived at 8 a. m. and left at 9 p. m. for Waverly, Iowa, and got a job laying steel on the Great Western railroad; I stayed there two days and then went to Minneapolis and got a job on the Great Northern railroad as one of an extra train crew; I stayed there six weeks and then went to Duluth; I worked there on the docks there for two weeks, and then left on a boat for Buffalo; I was there one week; while there, I wrote a letter to J. E. Young; I told him in it I would return in July and kill him if he did not leave Warrenton; I then sailed over to Asthubula, Ohio, over the lake; I was there two days and then went to. Cleveland, Ohio, and enlisted in the United States Marine Corps on the 22nd of December, 1903; I left Cleveland on the 31st of December, 1903, for League Island Navy Yard, Philadel'phia.
“I got there on the first day of January at noon; I have been there ever since until my arrest, on Friday, the 25th day of March, 1904.
“William E. Church.
[621]*621“Witnesses:
James Tate, Sr.,
Edward A. Gallagher,
John H. Lynch.”
The sheriff of Warren county, accompanied by prosecuting attorney Garber, brought defendant from Philadelphia to St. Louis. On the road these officers again told defendant that he could not be compelled to talk; that anything he said might be used against him, etc., and asked him certain questions in regard to this tragedy. The defendant told the officers that he was anxious to join the army; that he believed Mr. Teater did not intend to give him any money; that when he returned to his home that Sunday night, Mr. Yeater spoke to him about being out so late; that he went to his room, laid down on his bed for a short time, got up, went to the basement and drank a lot of blackberry wine to brace him up; that he then took his razor out of a cigar box, went into Mr. Yeater’s room, finding him asleep, and cut his throat; that Mrs. Teater was aroused and that he had quite a scuffle with her, but succeeded in cutting her throat also; that he then went to a cornfield close by,and hid his bloody clothes and put on his Sunday clothes; that he took his grip, prepared a lunch and started to- leave; that he walked across the Wabash track along south some miles to the M. K. & T. track, where he went to two stations, at the first of which he could not buy a ticket, but at the second one he bought a ticket, and while waiting for the train went to a cornfield and changed his clothes. Then as soon as he arrived in St. Louis he was afraid to stay there, so went to Chicago as soon as he could; that while in Chicago, he went to a labor agency and secured employment, but that he did not like to- stay there for fear of detection, but as there was so much trouble just then over the car bam fire he felt compara- , tively safe, as the whole time of the police was occupied in investigating - those implicated- in that; that. [622]*622■whenever he would, see a poli ciernan or detective looking at him, he would walk straight up to him and ask the way to some place in the city; that he worked for two railroads, went to Cleveland, enlisted in the Marine service of the United States; that he wrote to the young woman in Warren county hoping he could get up a correspondence with her.
The evidence for the State further tended to show that the wounds inflicted1 by the defendant upon Mr. and Mrs. Yeater were fatal, death resulting instantly.
On behalf of the defendant, his counsel endeavored to show that he was of unsound mind, and a large number of witnesses were introduced upon that subject.
Mr. L. D. Drake; superintendent of the Boys’ Reform School at Boonville, testified to' his acquaintance with the defendant during the ten or twelve months he was in said school; that the defendant was not a bright boy, and he never considered him strong mentally. That defendant was then addicted to the habit of self-abuse; and it became necessary to put night gloves on him for a time. On cross-examination, however, this witness admitted that he never thought defendant was insane; if he had shown signs of that, he would not have been allowed to remain in the reform school; that the defendant was industrious and worked whenever he was told to do so; that he understood what he was there for and understood every command that was given him; that Mrs. Yeater seemed very much interested in the boy and finally came to the school with an order from Governor Stephens for his discharge.
A number of other witnesses were introduced by the defendant who testified that they had attended school with defendant for several years, and some of them had visited him, played ball with him, played base and whip cracker. While they all expressed a dislike for him at school and admitted that he was not popular, that he was mean and hard to get along with, especially so far as the younger pupils were concerned, [623]*623they all stated that in their judgment he was of sound mind, and they never heard his mental capacity called in question any more than any other hey in school.
Many of the neighbors, men. and women, were placed upon the stand by defendant, and they, too, told of his conduct, such as breaking window glass in the sehoolhouse and in the Granger Hall, and one of them told of his shooting a dog and another that he lacked a baby buggy over and hurt the occupant, but that they all attributed his conduct to meanness and not to insanity.
Defendant also placed a woman >on the stand who did washing for the Yeater family, and who heard a discussion between Mrs. Yeater and defendant a few days before the murder; that Mrs. Yeater said that everything on the place would belong to Willie (meaning defendant). She too gave it as her opinion that he was of sound mind and understood his business just like any one else. The teacher, whose school defendant attended, admitted defendant’s unpopularity and sometimes rough and rather cruel conduct, especially toward the smaller.boys, but she too believed he was of sound mind.
While defendant was in the city jail in St. Louis, he made statements to representatives of the press, and told them of the crime he had committed, at the same time talking as if he thought he was still connected with the Marine service of the United States and that the commandant would come for him as soon as the trial was over.
Jailor Dawson of St. Louis testified to seeing de>fendant for a number of days during his stay in that jail, and that defendant’s actions were such as to lead him to believe that defendant was then of unsound mind. Having had considerable experience with criminals, both sane and insane. Mr. Dawson was asked the hypothetical question, that if defend-, ant had changed his clothing after the commis[624]*624sion of such a crime, had fled the country, had changed his' name and joined the marine service of the United States, would he be of the opinion that defendant was of sound mind during the time of such conduct, and he replied promptly that those things indicated deliberation and an effort to evade the law, and 'in his judgment must of necessity be done by one of sound mind.
Two jail guards from St. Louis testified to defendant’s conduct while in the city jail. One of them saw him in the act of self-abuse on one occasion; and the other guard saw him several times. "When thus engaged, defendant would walk up to the do,or of his cell, so that the guards in the hall could see him. They testified that they tried to persuade him to desist and tried to shame him, but without success.
Two physicians testified to examining defendant while he was in the St. Louis jail, and while he was in Warrenton during the trial; and both gave it as their opinion that he was of unsound mind. One physician, who was employed as an expert, gave it as his opinion that defendant had ‘‘reasoning* insanity.” One of these physicians, Dr. Hudson, testified to his acquaintance with defendant and visit to the Yeater home some months prior to the homicide, and that it was his opinion that defendant was then insane.
In rebuttal, the State produced five physicians who testified that they had watched defendant through the trial, had examined him carefully in the Warrenton jail, and that it was. their opinion he was of sound mind. They also stated that the defendant’s conduct at the time of and since the commission of the homicide indicated that he had good reasoning powers and was of sound mind. These physicians further testified that the fact that he had been guilty of excessive masturbation did not indicate that defendant’s mind was impaired nor that he had any mental trouble whatever.
The court instructed the jury upon murd'er in the [625]*625first degree, flight, want of motive, insanity, drunkenness and reasonable doubt. '
In due time after verdict defendant filed motion fór a new trial, assigning thirty grounds therefor, but only such as are discussed by counsel for defendant will be adverted to. Other facts will be stated in the course of the opinion.
The defendant was arraigned at the April term, 1904, of the circuit court of Warren county, and Judge Johnson, the regular judge of said circuit, being disqualified, he called in Judge Shelton of the second judicial circuit to try this case, and it was set for immediate trial. Judge Shelton being present, took the bench and called the ease for trial. Defendant contends that this was in disregard of the rights of defendant, and an abuse of judicial discretion, but in what way the rights of defendant were prejudiced by such action, or in what way it was an abuse of judicial discretion, we are not informed, nor are we able to perceive. The statute (section 2597, R. S. 1899) provides that whenever a change of venue is granted on account of the prejudice of the judge, “the judge of said court shall set the case down for trial on some day of the term, or on some day as early as practicable in vacation, and notify and request the judge of some other circuit to try the cause; and it shall be the duty of the judge so requested to appear and' hold the court at the time appointed at the trial of said cause;” and What difference it could make to defendant or in what .way or manner his rights were in any way prejudicially affected by the mere fact that Judge Shelton was in the court house at the time he was called try the case and then proceeded with it, we are unable to see.
The information was filed on the second day of September, 1903, in vacation of court, and at the April term, 1904, of said court, defendant, who in the meantime had been arrested on the information, waived for[626]*626mal arraignment and pleaded not guilty to the information. Thereafter at the adjourned April term, 1904, of said court defendant by his attorney filed bis application, alleging that the defendant was then insane, and had become insane since the filing of the information and the commission of the offense, and on account of the perverted and deranged condition of his mental and moral faculties the said William E. Church was by reason thereof incompetent and incapable of testifying in his own behalf as the law permitted him to do, or to be of any assistance to his counsel in the conduct of his trial; and prayed the court to order a summons to issue for a jury to decide the question as to the insanity of the said William E. Church, as provided by section 2603, Revised Statutes 18991. After hearing evidence upon behalf of the defendant which conclusively negatived the assertion that he had become insane after the filing of the information, the court overruled the motion, and defendant excepted.
Again on the 27th day of June, 1904, defendant’s counsel filed another motion for an inquisition for the especial purpose of determining the insanity of the defendant Church, and that a jury be summoned for that purpose. This motion is based upon substantially the same grounds ás the former one, except that it does not ask that the inquisition be held in accordance with section 2603, supra. This motion was also overruled and defendant saved an exception. It is now earnestly insisted by counsel for defendant that the court committed error in overruling both of said motions.
In criminal procedure at the common law, if the question of the insanity of the person upon trial is raised, it may be tried, in the discretion of the court, either by special jury impaneled for that purpose, or by the jury who are to try the indictment; yet inspection of the accused by the judge without a jury is permissible. [2 Bishop’s Crim. Proc., sec. 666, and authorities cited.] But under the practice in [627]*627this State, if the accused is insane at the time of the commission of the offense with which he is charged, this is tried by the jury charged with the trial of the indictment or information, and in this way his insanity, if proven, is available as a defense; but if he becomes insane after he is indicted or information is preferred against him by the proper officer, and before his trial for the offense, and the court having cognizance of the case should have reason to believe that he has. so become insane, this prehminary question is made the subject of statutory regulation (sec. 2603, R. S. 1899), and it is made the duty of such court to suspend all further proceedings against such person under said charge and to order a jury to be summoned to try and decide the question of the insanity of such person, etc.
Section 2604, Revised Statutes 1899, provides that “if upon such inquiry the said jury shall become satisfied that such person has so become insane, they shall so declare in their verdict, and the court shall, by proper warrant to the sheriff, marshal or jailor, order such person to be conveyed to the lunatic asylum and there kept until restored to reason. ’ ’ Section 2605 provides that “when such person shall be restored to reason, he shall be returned to- the county whence he came, and the proceedings against him shall be continued and be prosecuted, and his trial had as though no such inquiry and proceedings thereon, as herein provided, had been made, and if upon such inquiry it shall be determined that said person has not so become insane as aforesaid, the criminal proceedings against him shall be continued and prosecuted, and his trial had in the same manner as though no such inquiry had been made and had.”
It will thus be séen that a person who is insane at the time of the commission of a criminal offense, and is afterwards indicted or informed against therefor, when put upon trial for the offense, may avail himself of his insanity as a defense to the charge against him, or, if he becomes insane after indictment or information [628]*628presented against Mm, Ms insamty may be inquired into by a jury as provided for by statute, and in this way Ms rights are as fully protected and every opportunity afforded him to avail himself of Ms insamty, if insane, as are afforded him at common law.
In our opimon the court did not err in overruling the motions.
It is insisted that the record does not show that defendant was present' on June 27th, when the motion to determine Ms sanity was denied, nor that the defendant was present when the twelve jurors were called and sworn to try the case.
Although the record may fail to show affirmatively that defendant was present in court on the special occasions mentioned, it does show that he was present in court when the case was called for trial, was “ arraigned and pleaded not guilty,” and that after the information was amended he again appeared thereto', “waived formal arraignment and pleaded not guilty,” which clearly shows that defendant was present in person at the time of his arraignments (State v. Hunter, 181 Mo. 316); and in the absence of anytMng in the record showing to the contrary it will be presumed that he was present throughout the trial. The record, as amended, also shows the impaneling of the forty composing the panel and the selection and swearing of the twelve jurors that sat upon the trial of the cause.
A broadside; as'it were, is fired at the panel of forty, with respect to which it is claimed that error was committed in their selection in that by their voir dire examination it was shown that they had read the defendant’s written confession of his grnlt in one or more newspapers, from wMch practically all of them had formed opinions of Ms guilt which would take evidence to remove. But each and every one of them who had formed an opimon as to defendant’s guilt answered that he could, notwithstanding the impression made upon Ms mind by the reading of said confession, hear [629]*629the evidence, give defendant a fair and impartial trial, and a true verdict render according to the law and evidence.
This kind of challenge appears to have been considered by counsel for defendant as a challenge to the array, which he insists should have been sustained by the court. But as we have already ruled, they were qualified. Moreover, at common law, and the rule has never been changed by statute, a challenge to the ar-r ray is required to be in writing, while in the case at bar it was merely verbal, therefore insufficient. [State v. Clark, 121 Mo. 500, and authorities cited; State v. Taylor, 134 Mo. 109; State v. Brennan, 164 Mo. 487.]
The twelve jurors who were selected to sit upon the trial of the cause, viz., Charles Kunze, Eritz Paul, Thomas Hodges, William Gírame, August Ritter, Charles Feldman, Thomas Kite, William E. Otterman, Albert Ashman, Henry Dunker, Charles Sennart and Charles Hess, were challenged for cause.
The following is the material portion of the examination of Fritz Paul: “Q. You say you read of this offense in the Folksfriend? A. Yes, sir. Q. Did that make any impression on your mind as to the guilt or innocence of the defendant? A. I think it ought to>. Q. Did it? A. Yes, sir, it did. Q. From what you .know about this case, by reading about it, you have discussed it and talked about it with your neighbors? A. I don’t know that I have talked about it much; of course I have once in a while. Q. From what you have read and heard about this case would it take evidence to remove the impression you have upon' your mind now? A. Yes, sir.” Examined by Court: “Q. Now, Mr. Paul, could you notwithstanding that impression made by that article (Mr. Ball, counsel for defendant, called' your attention to), that is mere newspaper rumor, could you hear the evidence and a true verdict render according to the law and evidence? A. Yes, sir,” By Mr. Ball: “Q. It would take evidence to remove the [630]*630impression you have in yonr mind now? A. Yes, sir. Q. Now if the defense in this case should be a plea of insanity and the defendant should be proven insane to your reasonable satisfaction would the prejudice and bias you have on yonr mind prevent you from returning a verdict of not guilty on the ground of insanity? A. Yes, sir.” By the Court: “Q. How? A. Yes, sir. Q. You don’t mean to say that you have an impression that would induce you to ignore the testimony of his insanity? A. No, if they would testify that he was insane, I could say then that I could. Q. You mean to say this, if the defense should be insanity you have no bias which would prevent you giving due weight to the testimony as to his insanity, or sanity? you have no prejudice to prevent you weighing the testimony? A. No, sir. Q. And giving due credit to his sanity or in-, sanity? A. That’s right. Q. Then if the testimony satisfies your mind, reasonably so, that this party is insane would you say so in your verdict? A. Yes, sir. Q. By reason of insanity? A. Yes, sir.”
This is a fair sample of what was stated by the other jurors who sat upon the trial of the case, all of whom stated in their examinations touching their qualifications that after hearing all the evidence in the case they could give the defendant a fair and impartial trial notwithstanding some of them had formed opinion from newspaper reports. It is therefore deemed unnecessary to set forth any part of their examinations, for if Paul was a qualified juror all the rest were, and if he was not qualified to sit in the case, the judgment will have to be reversed any way.
It is manifest from their examinations that the opinions of the jurors were based entirely upon newspaper reports and that neither they nor either of them had expressed any opinion as to the truth of such statements. It is evident that the trial court was satisfied of the truth of their statements, in every respect, [631]*631which, is evidenced by the fact that the challenges to the jurors, for cause were overruled.
The confession as published in the papers was part of those publications and the jurors having read them, including that confession, and formed opinions therefrom with respect to the guilt of the defendant, the case is clearly brought within the provisions of section 2616, Revised' Statutes 1899, which provides that “it shall be good cause of challenge to a juror that he has formed or delivered an opinion on the issue, or any material fact to be tried, but if it appear that such opinion is founded only on rumor and newspaper reports, and not such as to prejudice or bias the mind of the juror, he may be sworn. ’ ’ It has always been held under this statute that a person testifying on his voir dire in a criminal cause, that he had read newspaper reports of the case and had formed an opinion which it would require evidence to remove, but that he could try the case fairly, is a competent juror. [State v. Rose, 32 Mo. 346; State v. Duffy, 124 Mo, 1; State v. Hunt, 141 Mo. 626; State v. Walton, 74 Mo. 270; State v. Cunningham, 100 Mo. 382; State v. Brennan, 164 Mo. 487; State v. Robinson, 117 Mo. 649; State v. Shackelford, 148 Mo. 493; State v. Reed, 137 Mo. 125.]
It is said for defendant that the court erred in permitting to be read in evidence the written confession signed by defendant over the objection of defendant, because he was insane, with respect to which he offered to introduce evidence at the time, which offer was refused.
While the record discloses that the defendant was under arrest at the time he made the confession, it is well settled that a statement made by a prisoner is not involuntary because made after his arrest, and in actual custody at the time; besides, the preliminary proof showed very conclusively that it was voluntary and that no promises were offered to him, no threats [632]*632made, and no inducements whatever held out to him in order induce him to make it.
The confession was, therefore, properly admitted in evidence, unless, as contended by counsel for defendant, he should have been permitted, before its admission in evidence, to show that the defendant was insane at the time he made it. Upon this feature of the case we quote the following from the case of the State v. Haworth, 24 Utah 398:
“In the case of State v. Feltes, 51 Iowa l. c. 496, it is said: ‘The first error assigned is upon the admission of the testimony of one Emma Squires. She was called to testify to certain confessions of the defendant. His counsel objected upon the ground that he was, at the time of the alleged confession, under the influence of intoxicating liquor, and was affected by delirium tremens, or otherwise insane, and they asked to be allowed to show by the witness herself, and other witnesses, that such was the fact, before she should be allowed to testify in regard to the confession, to' the end that the court might sustain their, objection to her testifying in regard to the confession, if the court should be satisfied that the defendant was affected with delirium tremens, or otherwise insane, or, at least, if her testimony was to be received, it should be after the jury had been made acquainted with the defendant’s condition. . . . Evidence that the defendant, at the time of the alleged confession, was intoxicated or insane, was proper to' impair or destroy the effect of the confession. The defendant was allowed to introduce such evidence upon cross-examination. But he complains that he should have been allowed to' introduce it first, for the reasons above set out. In our opinion the court did not err. It was for the jury to' determine what weight should be given to his confession, in view of his mental condition, as shown. [Com. v. Howe, 9 Gray 110.] The court, therefore, could not properly have excluded evidence of the confession. Nor do we think [633]*633it was the defendant’s right to show his condition first, by way of preparing the mind of the jury against any' undue impression from the evidence of the confession.. The time when the jury was made acquainted with it must, we think, be deemed immaterial. They must be presumed to have given the evidence in relation to it its due weight. ’ In Com. v. Howe, cited in the above case, it is said: ‘ The court instructed the jury that the evidence of intoxication wa.s an objection to the weight, and not to the competency of the testimony, and that, if the defendant was so much under the influence of liquor as not to understand what he was confessing, they should disregard the confessions altogether. These instructions were entirely right.’ In Rex v. Spilsbury, 7 Car. & P. 187, Mr. Justice Coleridge said: ‘I am of the opinion that a statement being made by a prisoner while he was drunk is not therefore inadmissible as evidence against him, and that, to render a confession inadmissible, it must be obtained either by hope or fear. This is a matter .of observation for me, upon the weight that ought to attach to this statement when it is considered by the jury.’ The statement was received. [State v. Grear, 28 Minn. 426, 10 N. W. 472, 41 Am. Rep. 296; Lester v. State, 32 Ark. 731; Jefferds v. People, 5 Parker Cr. R. 561; 6 Am. and Eng. Enc. Law, 570.] "Wharton, in his work on Criminal Evidence (9 Ed.), sec. 635, says: ‘We must also, applying the same tests as we have already applied to. witnesses, inquire whether the defendant, at the time of the occurrence narrated, was capable of accurate observation. Hence it is admissible, in order to affect the credibility of the declaration, to show that the declarant was drunk or insane at such time.’ In support of this statement the case of State v. Feltes, supra, is cited. In section 84 of McKelvey on Evidence, it is stated that ‘the question as to the mental condition of the accused at the time of the making of the confession is held to be for the jury to determine, upon such evidence as both sides may submit/ [634]*634Neither the refusal of the defendant’s request to place witnesses on the stand to show primarily the mental and physical condition of the defendant, nor the admission in evidence of the confession, Exhibit 0, was error. In 1 Rose. Or. Ev. (8 Ed.), 90, it is said: If the confession is taken down in writing and signed by the prisoner, or its truth acknowledged by parol, or if it be written by him, then it is put in as an ordinary document, and read by the officer of the court. ’ [Rex v. Swatkins, 4 Car. & P. 550; State v. Demareste (La.), 6 So. 136; Peter v. State, 4 Smedes & M. 31; Murphy v. People, 63 N. Y. 590; 6 Am. and Eng. Ency. Law (2 Ed.), 576.]”
The defense being insanity, at the time of the commission of the crime and up to and during the trial, which there was evidence tending to show, its weight was for the determination of the jury, in view of the mental condition of defendant, as shown by the evidence, at the time the confession was made, as well as at the time of the commission of the crime, and in this way defendant received the full benefit of his contention, as much so as if he had been permitted to introduce evidence for the purpose of showing his insanity before the confession was read in evidence. Indeed, the question of insanity was for the determination of the jury and not for the court. We think the court pursued the proper and logical course, in refusing to permit defendant to introduce the preliminary proof of his insanity at the time his confession was offered in evidence.
During the trial the defendant offered to prove by Mr. L. D. Drake, superintendent of the Boys’ Reform School, that Mrs. Yeater stated to him that defendant was insane. Upon objection by the State this evidence was excluded. What Mrs. Yeater may have said was the merest hearsay, and inadmissible from any standpoint. She was not a party to this case, and any statement that she may have made prior to her death, was [635]*635not binding on the State, and clearly inadmissible. [State v. Punshon, 124 Mo. 448; State v. Bauerle, 145 Mo. 1.]
The assertion is made by defendant’s counsel in Ms brief, that the court erred in refusing to permit him to cross-examine his witness George Crouch, but he nowhere intimates why the court should have departed from the general rule which prohibits a party from cross-examimng Ms own witness, wMch he may do-, however, in the discretion of the court. Certainly no error was committed by the court in this instance.
The point is made that error was committed in allowing certain physicians to visit the jail and examine the defendant and then give evidence for the State as to Ms mental condition. But we are unable to agree to this contention. The defendant made no objection to the examination, but submitted to it. In State v. Jones, 153 Mo. 457, it was held that it was proper for the sheriff in charge of the defendant, and a physician who was present, to testify that the defendant, in compliance with the request of the sheriff, showed them Ms leg, and to thereafter testify in behalf of the State as to the condition of Ms leg, and that they discovered bruises and discolorations wMch were the result of a human bite. There was other evidence tending to show that in- the difficulty between the prosecuting witness, and the man who- assaulted and robbed him, the prosecuting witness bit the man who assaulted him on the leg. [State v. Tettaton, 159 Mo. 354.]
In the case of People v. Truck, 170 N. Y. 203, the defendant was upon trial for murder. The defense was insamty, and the taking of the defendant by the sheriff to a room, outside of the jail, and the examination of Mm by the experts employed by the People, was claimed by the defendant as being improper as compelling him to be a witness against himself. The court observed: “The practice of allowing the experts for the People and the defense to make examinations of the [636]*636prisoner, as to Ms mental condition, is the ordinary procedure in cases where the defense of insanity is interposed, and was resorted to in tMs case by defendant’s counsel.”
Under such circumstances a witness may be sent to examine Mm wMle in jail as to his mental condition. [1 Greenleaf on Evidence (16 Ed.), see. 469 e; People v. Glover, 71 Mich. 303.]
It is further insisted that error was committed in permitting the prosecuting attorney to testify to conversations with defendant with respect to Ms connection with the crime, over Ms objection. It appears from the record that the prosecuting attorney fully informed the defendant of his rights, and also notified him before he made any incriminating statments against himself that anything he said with respect to the homicide would be used against him at the trial, and that it was after this that the defendant confessed to the Mlling of both Mr. and Mrs. Teater. There was no. promise of immunity or hope held out to defendant in order to induce Mm to make the admissions, as in the case of State v. Hagan, 164 Mo. 654, but his statements to the prosecuting attorney were clearly voluntary. The fact that the defendant was under arrest, and in the presence of the officers, did not render the statements and admissions of defendant inadmissible. [State v. Jones, 171 Mo. 401; Underhill on Crim. Evidence, secs. 129-130; Wigmore on Evidence, sec. 851; 1 Elliott on Evidence, sec. 287.]
It is also insisted that the court erred in instructing the jury that drunkenness is no defense, because a comment on the evidence, in that it singles out that part of the alleged confession of the defendant without evidence upon which to base it. This instruction is not, we think, a comment upon the evidence, and is practically the same as the instructions passed upon and approved by this court in State v. West, 157 Mo. 309. The contention that there was no evidence that defendant [637]*637was drunk at the time of the commission of the homicide and therefore there was no evidence upon which to predicate the instruction in regard to drunkenness being no excuse for crime, seems to be justified by the facts disclosed by the record. The only evidence, if it can be called such, tending in the remotest degree, or from which it could here be inferred that the defendant was drunk at the time of the homicide, was that there was wine in the cellar and that after defendant had been to church and arrived at the house at about eleven o’clock on the night of the homicide, he went and drank a “lot” of blackberry wine, but he did not say how. much, or what effect it had upon him. The killing occurred about one a. m. next morning, or shortly thereafter. It is true that a “lot” sometimes means a great deal, but as used by . defendant in his, confession the quantity, in the absence of evidence that it made the defendant drunk or was intoxicating, was entirely too' indefinite and unsatisfactory to authorize an instruction of the character of the one under consideration. But it does not necessarily follow that the error was prejudicial. We do not think it was; At most the proposition was merely an abstract one, which should not operate as a reversal of the judgment under: the circumstances of this case. If the defendant was not drunk how could he be prejudiced by instructing the jury that drunkenness is no excuse for crime', etc. 1 There is no contention that anything was an excuse for the crime in this case other than the insanity of the defendant, hence we are unable to conceive how he could have been prejudiced by this instruction.
The instructions given are free from substantial objection, except as we have indicated; in fact, are not challenged by the defendant, and all of them have been substantially approved by this court. [State v. Duestrow, 137 Mo. 44; State v. Palmer, 161 Mo. 152; State v. Holloway, 156 Mo. 222; State v. Melvin, 166 Mo. 565; [638]*638State v. Boyd, 178 Mo. 2; State v. Knowles, 185 Mo. 175.]
Another contention is that the court erred in not reprimanding counsel for the State when he referred to the defendant as a “culprit.” Upon objection by counsel for defendant, the court said to the attorney then addressing the jury, “Be careful about the terms you apply to the accused.” Thereupon the attorney corrected his statement by saying: “The accused, then, the accused upon trial, ’ ’ thus in effect withdrawing the objectionable remark.
In passing upon a similar question in the case of the State v. Fitzgerald, 130 Mo. l. c. 436, it was said: “While it must be conceded that the remark was out of place, and should not have been made, yet when it was withdrawn by counsel who made it, it could not have been prejudicial to the rights of defendant, and the judgment should not be reversed upon that ground.” A similar question was before this court again in the case of the State v. Hibler, 149 Mo. l. c. 484, and it was said: “While counsel in their arguments before juries should confine them to the facts disclosed by the evidence, and never indulge in personal abuse of the defendant on trial in a criminal case, it is not every divergence from this course that will justify the reversal of the judgment. But in order to justify such a result it should appear to the court that the remarks complained of were prejudicial to defendant, and probably had something to do in bringing about the conclusion reached by the jury.”
Our conclusion is, that under the circumstances, the remark complained of was not prejudicial to the defendant and that the judgment should not be reversed upon that ground.
It is also further insisted that the court erred in overruling defendant’s motion for a new trial upon the ground of newly-discovered evidence. The affidavits on file in support of this contention tended to show the [639]*639early history of defendant, and the past and present condition of his mother, and her other children. This evidence would have been admissible on the trial as tending to show the defendant’s mental condition at the time of the homicide, and that he was then insane. But there was a large amount of testimony introduced upon this branch of the case, and the newly-discovered evidence could have been nothing more than cumulative, and could not, we think, have produced a dieffrent result.
Among the things necessary for a defendant to show in order to entitle him to a new trial upon the ground of newly-discovered evidence, is that it is so material that it would probably produce a different result if the new trial were granted; and that it is not cumulative only. [State v. McLaughlin, 27 Mo. 112; State v. Ray, 53 Mo. 345; State v. Musick, 101 Mo. 260; State v. Welsor, 117 Mo. 570; State v. Nettles, 153 Mo. 468; State v. McCullough, 171 Mo. 571; State v. McKenzie, 177 Mo. 699.] It is plain from the affidavits filed in support of the motion, that they did not bring the case within the rule stated and so often announced by this court.
The only defense in this case was insanity. There could have been no other, because defendant in a written, as well as in a verbal, confession admitted the murder of his foster parents, and told all about its details, which shows it to have been unsurpassed in atrociousness by any crime ever committed in this commonwealth, and that, too, without any apparent motive therefor, and in excuse for the offense it devolved upon him to show to the reasonable satisfaction of the jury before whom he was tried and whose province it was to pass upon his innocence or guilt, under the evidence and instructions of the court, that he was insane at the time of the commission of the crime. This he failed to do. He had a fair trial, and finding no reversible er[640]*640ror, in tie record we affirm tie judgment, and direct tlat tie sentence pronounced be executed.
All concur.