Waliíer, J.,
after stating tbe case: Tbe first six exceptions relate to tbe examination of witnesses by tbe State as to what occurred at tbe trial of Will-Tolbert, in which tbe perjury was alleged to have been committed. This testimony was competent for several purposes, and, among them, to show tbe commission of tbe perjury and tbe threats and coercion of tbe defendant to bring it about, and also to corroborate tbe State’s witnesses who testified at tbe trial of this case. There are other reasons which sustain tbe rulings of tbe court not necessary to be set out in much detail, as they are very apparent, upon an inspection of this record. We may state this much, as applicable to these exceptions and to several others, tbat tbe testimony to which many of tbe exceptions were taken was competent and relevant as tending to show a motive on tbe part of defendant, and to present clearly tbe setting of tbe facts and circumstances, under which tbe defendant conceived and executed bis nefarious scheme to subdue witnesses by bis intimidation of them in order to protect and save bis son, and thereby to obstruct tbe fair administration of justice in tbe courts, and especially was it relevant as corroborating Mrs. Tolbert. Tbe evidence tended to show tbat Henry Glowers was protesting bis innocence, so long as only be and Will Tolbert were present ; tbat a separate trial being ordered, and Will Tolbert — having taken tbe stand and denied tbat be and Henry Chambers bad anything to do with tbe entry into Edmund’s store — Henry Chambers still protested bis innocence until dowers was brought from Greensboro, when, seeing tbat all of bis efforts were futile, be plead guilty. Another reason why this testimony was admissible is tbat tbe perjury of Will Tolbert must be proven, and all tbe evidence excepted to tended to show, in connection with bis own testimony and tbat of bis mother, tbat perjury bad been committed.
These reasons also apply to exceptions seven to twenty-four, both inclusive. As to exception eight, which was to tbe exclusion of tbe ques
tion of defendant to Pat Adkins, a deputy sheriff, it appears that the question was afterwards substantially answered, and fully enough to render harmless any error, if one was committed.
Monds v. Town of Dunn, 163
N. C., 108;
Berbarry v. Tombacher,
162 N. C., 497. Besides, it did not appear, at the time, what his answer would have been to the question.
Smith v. Comrs.,
176 N. C., 466. Another reason why the ruling was correct is that the proj)osed testimony was hearsay, as it called for the unsworn declarations of Will Tolbert, and this also applies to exception twenty-five.
The next exception, was directed to what manifestly was a mere “slip of the tongue” by the judge, which was harmless, as it appeared beyond question what was the charge in the indictment and the whole case was, ,in that respect, tried upon the correct theory. That portion of the charge to which exception twenty-seven was addressed was an attempt by the judge to explain the nature of the offense and to state its several elements, and in no sense was it an expression of opinion upon the facts. The passage in the charge which follows shows conclusively that no expression of opinion as to the facts was intended, nor was any such opinion given or intimated. The defendant's contention was that, even if the testimony of the witnesses in the other case was false and perjured, he was in no way responsible for it, as he did not instigate it. The judge fairly stated this to the jury, and left it to them to pass upon, without any suggestion as to what should be their conclusion.
There are objections to the manner in which contentions of the parties were stated by the judge to the jury, but they come too late, as we have often held in similar cases, the following being some of the most recent ones.
S. v. Spencer,
176 N. C., 709;
Bradley v. Mfg. Co.,
177 N. C., 153;
Sears v. R. R.,
178 N. C., 285, and
Hall v. Giessell,
179 N. C., 657.
The rule as to the duty of the jury to find the facts essential to constitute guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, was sufficiently explained to the jury. It will not do to base an exception upon a single expression of the judge in his charge, omitting what naturally goes along with it, and stated in other parts thereof, but the charge should be taken and construed as a whole, in the same connected way as intended and given by the judge, and upon the presumption that the jury did not overlook any part of it.
S. v. Exum, 138
N. C., 599;
Kornegay v. R. R.,
154 N. C., 389;
S. v. Lewis, ibid.,
632.
The motion in arrest of judgment was properly disallowed. As to the alleged misnomer in the spelling of Tolbert’s name, the two names are so nearly alike as to bring them within the operation of the maxim
idem sonans. S. v. Patterson,
24 N. C., 360;
S. v. Collins,
115 N. C., 718;
S.
v. Drakeford,
162 N. C., 667. The time when the offense was committed is sufficiently stated in the indictment.
Our statute has abolished many matters of form that do not affect the substantial merits of the case. Oonsol. Statutes of 1920, sec. 4616. That the proof did not conform to the allegations of the bill is not ground for arresting the judgment. The defect must appear upon the face of the bill.
S. v. Hawkins,
155 N. C., 466. The last ground is not true in fact, as will appear from the indictment, the word “willfully” being used therein.
Subornation of perjury consists in procuring, or instigating, another to commit the crime of perjury, and is a misdemeanor at common law. While accessorial in its nature, it has been made an offense separate and distinct from perjury, and, therefore, the suborner of perjury, it has been said, may be tried before the conviction of the perjurer. 30 Cyc., 1423. The elements of the offense are there fully set forth, and they were established in this case. 30 Cyc., 1423 (b). A person is guilty of subornation of perjury if he procures another, by threats, to knowingly commit the offense.
S. v. Geer,
48 Kansas, 752. Our statute provides that “if a person shall,
by any means,
procure another person to commit such willful and corrupt perjury, as is mentioned in the preceding section” (3615), he shall be punished as if he had himself committed the perjury. (Eevisal, sec. 3616.) This is like the Kansas statute, under which
Geer's case
was decided.
At common law perjury is committed when a lawful oath is administered in some judicial proceeding or due course of justice to a person who swears willfully, absolutely, and falsely, and corruptly in a matter material to the issue or point in question. Where the crime is committed at the instigation or procurement of another, it is termed subornation of perjury, though some authorities hold that it is in fact mere perjury, but this on the theory that it is a misdemeanor, and aiders and abettors are principals and not accessories.
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Waliíer, J.,
after stating tbe case: Tbe first six exceptions relate to tbe examination of witnesses by tbe State as to what occurred at tbe trial of Will-Tolbert, in which tbe perjury was alleged to have been committed. This testimony was competent for several purposes, and, among them, to show tbe commission of tbe perjury and tbe threats and coercion of tbe defendant to bring it about, and also to corroborate tbe State’s witnesses who testified at tbe trial of this case. There are other reasons which sustain tbe rulings of tbe court not necessary to be set out in much detail, as they are very apparent, upon an inspection of this record. We may state this much, as applicable to these exceptions and to several others, tbat tbe testimony to which many of tbe exceptions were taken was competent and relevant as tending to show a motive on tbe part of defendant, and to present clearly tbe setting of tbe facts and circumstances, under which tbe defendant conceived and executed bis nefarious scheme to subdue witnesses by bis intimidation of them in order to protect and save bis son, and thereby to obstruct tbe fair administration of justice in tbe courts, and especially was it relevant as corroborating Mrs. Tolbert. Tbe evidence tended to show tbat Henry Glowers was protesting bis innocence, so long as only be and Will Tolbert were present ; tbat a separate trial being ordered, and Will Tolbert — having taken tbe stand and denied tbat be and Henry Chambers bad anything to do with tbe entry into Edmund’s store — Henry Chambers still protested bis innocence until dowers was brought from Greensboro, when, seeing tbat all of bis efforts were futile, be plead guilty. Another reason why this testimony was admissible is tbat tbe perjury of Will Tolbert must be proven, and all tbe evidence excepted to tended to show, in connection with bis own testimony and tbat of bis mother, tbat perjury bad been committed.
These reasons also apply to exceptions seven to twenty-four, both inclusive. As to exception eight, which was to tbe exclusion of tbe ques
tion of defendant to Pat Adkins, a deputy sheriff, it appears that the question was afterwards substantially answered, and fully enough to render harmless any error, if one was committed.
Monds v. Town of Dunn, 163
N. C., 108;
Berbarry v. Tombacher,
162 N. C., 497. Besides, it did not appear, at the time, what his answer would have been to the question.
Smith v. Comrs.,
176 N. C., 466. Another reason why the ruling was correct is that the proj)osed testimony was hearsay, as it called for the unsworn declarations of Will Tolbert, and this also applies to exception twenty-five.
The next exception, was directed to what manifestly was a mere “slip of the tongue” by the judge, which was harmless, as it appeared beyond question what was the charge in the indictment and the whole case was, ,in that respect, tried upon the correct theory. That portion of the charge to which exception twenty-seven was addressed was an attempt by the judge to explain the nature of the offense and to state its several elements, and in no sense was it an expression of opinion upon the facts. The passage in the charge which follows shows conclusively that no expression of opinion as to the facts was intended, nor was any such opinion given or intimated. The defendant's contention was that, even if the testimony of the witnesses in the other case was false and perjured, he was in no way responsible for it, as he did not instigate it. The judge fairly stated this to the jury, and left it to them to pass upon, without any suggestion as to what should be their conclusion.
There are objections to the manner in which contentions of the parties were stated by the judge to the jury, but they come too late, as we have often held in similar cases, the following being some of the most recent ones.
S. v. Spencer,
176 N. C., 709;
Bradley v. Mfg. Co.,
177 N. C., 153;
Sears v. R. R.,
178 N. C., 285, and
Hall v. Giessell,
179 N. C., 657.
The rule as to the duty of the jury to find the facts essential to constitute guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, was sufficiently explained to the jury. It will not do to base an exception upon a single expression of the judge in his charge, omitting what naturally goes along with it, and stated in other parts thereof, but the charge should be taken and construed as a whole, in the same connected way as intended and given by the judge, and upon the presumption that the jury did not overlook any part of it.
S. v. Exum, 138
N. C., 599;
Kornegay v. R. R.,
154 N. C., 389;
S. v. Lewis, ibid.,
632.
The motion in arrest of judgment was properly disallowed. As to the alleged misnomer in the spelling of Tolbert’s name, the two names are so nearly alike as to bring them within the operation of the maxim
idem sonans. S. v. Patterson,
24 N. C., 360;
S. v. Collins,
115 N. C., 718;
S.
v. Drakeford,
162 N. C., 667. The time when the offense was committed is sufficiently stated in the indictment.
Our statute has abolished many matters of form that do not affect the substantial merits of the case. Oonsol. Statutes of 1920, sec. 4616. That the proof did not conform to the allegations of the bill is not ground for arresting the judgment. The defect must appear upon the face of the bill.
S. v. Hawkins,
155 N. C., 466. The last ground is not true in fact, as will appear from the indictment, the word “willfully” being used therein.
Subornation of perjury consists in procuring, or instigating, another to commit the crime of perjury, and is a misdemeanor at common law. While accessorial in its nature, it has been made an offense separate and distinct from perjury, and, therefore, the suborner of perjury, it has been said, may be tried before the conviction of the perjurer. 30 Cyc., 1423. The elements of the offense are there fully set forth, and they were established in this case. 30 Cyc., 1423 (b). A person is guilty of subornation of perjury if he procures another, by threats, to knowingly commit the offense.
S. v. Geer,
48 Kansas, 752. Our statute provides that “if a person shall,
by any means,
procure another person to commit such willful and corrupt perjury, as is mentioned in the preceding section” (3615), he shall be punished as if he had himself committed the perjury. (Eevisal, sec. 3616.) This is like the Kansas statute, under which
Geer's case
was decided.
At common law perjury is committed when a lawful oath is administered in some judicial proceeding or due course of justice to a person who swears willfully, absolutely, and falsely, and corruptly in a matter material to the issue or point in question. Where the crime is committed at the instigation or procurement of another, it is termed subornation of perjury, though some authorities hold that it is in fact mere perjury, but this on the theory that it is a misdemeanor, and aiders and abettors are principals and not accessories. In order to convict of this crime the jury should be satisfied from the evidence: (1) that the testimony of the witness claimed to have been suborned was false; (2) that it was given by him willfully and corruptly, knowing it to be false; (3) that the defendant knew or believed that such testimony would be false; (4) and that the defendant also knew, or believed, that the witness claimed to have been suborned would willfully and corruptly so testify; (5) that the defendant induced or procured the said witness to give such false testimony.
S. v. Fahey,
19 Delaware Reports (3 Pennewill’s), 594. There was ample evidence to prove all the elements above enumerated.
So far there was no error, but we are of the opinion that his Honor erred in his charge to the jury, which is as follows: “The court charges
you that all the requirements, all the essentials necessary to support the charge of subornation of perjury have been met by the State, in this case, it not being contended by the defendant that the other court had no jurisdiction to investigate the matter, the defense being, as the court sees it, not the truth of the State’s contentions that there was testimony given which was fqlse, but that the defendant himself did not procure it to be given; that in a measure the defendant does what is known to the law as entering a confession and pleading the avoidance. He admits that the other court had the jurisdiction and the essentials necessary under the definition of perjury, whether or not the evidence be true or false. He does not undertake to justify upon that ground, but denies and contends that he did not procure the perjury to be committed, and if he has satisfied you that that is the truth of the matter, then he would not be culpable of any crime.” This was calculated to mislead the jury in two respects.. First, to say that defendant had confessed, and then pleaded in avoidance, Avas an intimation that he had admitted that the offense of perjury had been committed by Tolbert, and sought to avoid the effect of such admission by taking the laboring oar and satisfying the jury that he had not suborned the witness to commit the crime of perjury. The burden was not on the defendant to prove his innocence, but upon the plaintiff, throughout the case, to prove his guilt, nor was there a confession and avoidance, or anything like such a plea in a civil action, which consists in admitting the cause of action, and pleading'new matter to neutralize or avoid its effect. We do not see that he confessed anything, but, however this may have been, he did not try to avoid it, but simply denied the allegations of the State that he had procured Tolbert to commit the perjury. This was not an avoidance of matter confessed, which would place the burden on defendant, but only a plea of not guilty, which imposed the whole burden upon the State to make out its case beyond a reasonable doubt, the presumption of innocence being with the'defendant. This instruction of his Honor was harmful error. The plea of not guilty was a general denial of guilt, and of all evidence tending to show it. The burden, therefore, was upon the State to show guilt, and not upon the defendant to show innocence, which, of course, required the State to prove not only the perjury, but the subornation.
The testimony of Pat Adkins as to what Henry Chambers did, after he pleaded guilty, was nothing but hearsay, irrelevant, and incompetent, and it was also prejudicial. This is too plain to require the citation of any authority. To cure the errors indicated, a new trial is necessary, and is accordingly ordered for the purpose of correcting them.
New trial.