State v. Burris

198 Iowa 1156

• Court: Supreme Court of Iowa
• Decided: April 4, 1924
• Status: Published

Opinions

Preston, J.

— This is the second appeal of this case. The

opinion upon the first appeal is reported in 194 Iowa 628. The material facts of the case are set out in the former opinion, and •there was but little variation in the evidence upon the second tidal. ■ It is not necessary" that we repeat the facts in this, opinion.

1 1. The court instructed the jury as

“ The distinguished features between murder in the first degree and murder in the second degree are that, in the former, or murder, in the- first degree, there must be, in addition to the ele’ment of malice aforethought, a specific intent to kül; and the assault and killing must be willful, deliberate, and premeditated; while in the latter (or murder in the second degree), it is sufficient if the assault and killing was unlawful and felonious and with malice aforethought.” ''

It is contended by appellant that the court erred in instructing the jury that a specific intent to kill was essential to establish murder in the first degree, but, in effect, that it was not a necessary element of murder in the second degree. As early as State v. Decklotts, 19 Iowa 447, we said:

“A specific intention to.kill, to take life, is not essential, at common law, to constitute murder; nor is it essential, under our statute, to constitute murder in the second degree, although it is essential to constitute murder in the first degree. ’ ’

■ This- declaration has- been adhered to in repeated decisions of this court. State v. Gillick, 7 Iowa 287, 312; State v. Morphy, 33 Iowa 270; State v. Mewherter, 46 Iowa 88, 102; State v. Keasling, 74 Iowa 528; State v. Seery, 129 Iowa 259; State v. Baldes, 133 Iowa 158; State v. Quan Sue, 191 Iowa 144, 153. There was no error at this point.

2, ' In Instruction No. 12, the court said:

“Malice, as used in the indictment and these instructions, means that condition of the mind which prompts one to do a wrongful act intentionally, without legal justification or excuse. It does not mean mere spite, hatred, or ill will, but does signify that state of disposition which shows a heart regardless of human life. This character of malice may be presumed from the intentional use of a deadly weapon in a manner likely to inflict great bodily' injury or death.”

Appellant challenges the first of the quoted sentences.. .The objection is not well taken. 'The definition given- by the court is identical in language with an oft repeated definition of -malice in cases of homicide which has stood the test of time and repeated attacks. The definition evidently originated in Bromage v. Prosser, 107 Eng. Reprint 1051, decided in 1825. It has been repeated in a. very large number of cases that have met with the approval of the English and American courts of last resort. See 5 Words & Phrases 4298, 4300, 4301; 29 Corpus Juris 1084, 1085, and many cases cited. We have held that it. is not erroneous. State v. Decklotts, 19 Iowa 447; State v. Klute, 160 Iowa 170.

The last sentence of the instruction is likewise . criticized-• It is the uniform and general holding, in cases of homicide, that malice may be presumed from the intentional use of a deadly weapon in a deadly and dangerous manner. State v. Zeibart, 40 Iowa 169; State v. Townsend, 66 Iowa 741; State v. Hockett, 70 Iowa 442; State v. Hayden, 131 Iowa 1; State v. Brown, 152 Iowa 427; State v. Teale, 154 Iowa 677. In a separ rate instruction, the court defined accidental shooting, and told the jury that, if the defendant shot the decedent negligently and recklessly, the crime would be manslaughter, and not murder., apd that, if he exercised due care, and the killing was-accidental, then lie should be acquitted. We fail to find error here.

3. It appears from the evidence that, on December 18, 1921, the appellant had signed a written confession, which is referred to in the evidence as Exhibit L. This written instrument was before the grand jury which returned the indictment in the case, but the same was not returned with the indictment and filed with the office of the clerk of the court and attached to the indictment. It was offered in evidence by the State, and appellant’s objections thereto were overruled. Section 5258 of the-Code provides as follows:

“When an indictment is found, all minutes and exhibits ’relating thereto shall be returned therewith and filed by the clerk of the court, and attached to the indictment.”

Prior to the enactment of this section of the statute, we held that exhibits that were before the grand jury and were not noted upon the minutes of the evidence were admissible in evidence, and that it was not necessary to set out such exhibits or note them in the minutes of the evidence. State v. Mullenhoff, 74 Iowa 271; State v. Hurd, 101 Iowa 391; State v. Boomer, 103 Iowa 106. In State v. Mulhern, 130 Iowa 46, we held that, under Section 5276 of the Code, it was not necessary to return exhibits used before the grand jury, with the indictment. In State v. O’Malley, 132 Iowa 696, the question arose on a motion to set aside the indictment for the reason that certain exhibits which were before the grand jury were not returned with the indictment and filed with the clerk of the court. We referred to State v. Mullenhoff, supra, and State v. Boomer, supra, and said:

‘ ‘ The requirement that all exhibits be returned with the indictment and filed by the clerk was manifestly intended to cure the defect in the statute theretofore existing, and to meet the decision in the Mullenhoff case.”

We held, however, in said case, that the failure to so return the exhibits was not a ground for motion to set aside the indictment. In State v. Ottley, 147 Iowa 329, the question came before us where, on motion to set aside the indictment, it was contended that an exhibit used before the grand jury was not filed with the clerk. We held that such failure to file was not a ground for setting aside the indictment, and said, by way of dictum:

“Nor would such failure render the note inadmissible in evidence. ’ ’

In State v. Howard, 191 Iowa 728, it appeared that a pistol used as an exhibit before the grand jury was offered in evidence, and the objection was made that it was not properly identified and filed in the office of the clerk with the minutes of testimony, as required by Section 5258, Code Supplement, 1913. The objection was overruled, and error predicated thereon. We said:

“The statute requiring exhibits used by the grand jury during its investigation to be filed in the office of the clerk with the minutes of the testimony is directory only.”

We cited, in support of this statement, State v. Mulhern, supra, State v. O’Malley, supra, State v. Ottley, supra, and said:

“The failure to file the same in the clerk’s office did not render them inadmissible” (citing State v. Mullenhoff, supra, State v. Boomer, supra, State v. Ottley, supra).

Appellant concedes that State v. Howard, supra, is apparently directly contrary to his contention in this case, and he argues that the same is erroneous, and should be overruled. Conceding that by its language Section 5258 provides that all minutes and exhibits relating to the indictment “shall be returned therewith and filed by the clerk of the court,” and attached to the indictment, the question arises as to what is to be the result if this provision of the statute is not complied with. Code Section 5276 provides that the names of witnesses examined before the grand jury must be indorsed thereon, and that the indictment “must be, -with the minutes of the evidence of such witnesses, presented to the court by the foreman in the presence of the grand jury, and all of the same marked filed by the clerk.” It is to be noticed that, in Section 5276, no reference is made to requiring the exhibits to be presented to the court by the foreman of the grand jury, or to be filed. Turning to Code Section 5319, we find that a motion to set aside an indictment can be made upon various grounds, among which are:

“2. When the -names of all witnesses examined before the grand jury are not indorsed thereon; when the minutes of the evidence of.the witnesses examined before the grand jury are not returned therewith;”

We have held that, under this statute, where the names of the witnesses who were examined before the grand jury were not indorsed thereon, while a motion to set aside the indictment because thereof would -lie, under Section 5319, the failure to so indorse the names of the witnesses was not a ground for excluding the testimony upon the trial of the case. State v. Flynn, 42 Iowa 164; State v. Fowler, 52 Iowa 103; State v. Story, 76 Iowa 262; State v. Craig, 78 Iowa 637; State v. Beal, 94 Iowa 39. These decisions were prior to the adoption of the Code of 1897, but were under tbe Code of 1873, Section 4337, which, in this particular respect, is to the same effect as the Code of 1897. Likewise, the failure to return the minutes of- the evidence of witnésses before the grand jury is made by said statute a ground for motion to set aside the indictment. The failure to return and file the exhibits is not, however, made a ground for motion to set aside the indictment; The legislature has made no provision regarding the result that shall follow from a failure to return and filé the exhibits. The statute does not make such failure a ground for setting aside the indictment, nor does it provide that exhibits not so returned and filed are not admissible in'evidence. We are constrained to adhere to our pronouncement in the Howard case, that the statute regarding the return and filing of exhibits is directory; and not mandatory. We are not to be understood as holding that the State may arbitrarily withhold exhibits produced before the grand' jury, and then, without warning, or right of inspection on the part of the- defendant, introduce them unexpectedly upon the trial of the cause. The State should' fairly disclose its intentions in -such a matter, and if any exhibit offered'before the grand jury is-not returned and filed with' the clerk, it should be referred to, by description or otherwise, in the minutes of the grand jury, so that the defendant may be advised of its character; and at all times the trial court has the power, and should exercise the same, to require the State, upon application by the defendant, to permit an inspection, under proper conditions, of any and all exhibits which are used before the grand jury and which are intended to be offered in evidence upon the trial of the case. A defendant’s rights can and should be fully guarded in this manner. The court did not err in overruling appellant’s objections to the admissibility of the exhibit in evidence upon the ground that it had not been returned with the indictment and filed with the clerk.

• ■■‘'4. Complaint is made by the appellant that the State was permitted to offer, in rebuttal, testimony of the. witnesses who had testified to the samé subject-matter as a part of the State’s main ease. The general order of-procedure-imthe trial of cases is provided in Code -Sections 3700, 5371, and 5372; but the matter-rests-very largely in the discretion of the-trial court. -We-have examined the record, -and fail to find that the court abused its discretion in the matter of the-admission of this testimony in rebuttal. It -was proper rebuttal testimony, even though it was likewise, to some extent, a reiteration of'testimony given by the same witnesses on the main case. There was-no error here.

5. Complaint is made of the court’s instruction on reasonable doubt. The instruction is subject to the same criticism • urged against a similar instruction in State v. Smith, 192 Iowa 218; State v. Ritchie, 196 Iowa 352; State v. Smith, 194 Iowa 639; State v. Tonn, 195 Iowa 94. We have refused to reverse because of the giving of this instruction, but said that it should not be given. It is not an “approved” instruction. We may be pardoned the observation that the beneh- and bar can materially help in clarifying the law by avoiding* the use - of instructions which, while not constituting reversible" error-, are still faulty, inapt, and undesirable. It has become an unfortunate practice to seize upon some challenged instruction that an appellate court has tolerated as not-being erroneous enough to require a reversal,- and present the samie as being an “approved instruction.” Their repeated use serves.ónly to perpetuate in the law that which is faulty and deficient. Inaccuracy. should not thus be preserved.

6. Misconduct is urged upon- the part of counsel for .the State in the cross-examination of the appellant, who was a' witness in his own behalf.' On cross-examination] appellant testified-that he'took-Charley Dutton’s wife to-and fr&m-the hotel, and that she was sometimes1 called Dora McGee, and sometimes Mrs.' Dultt'ofí; “and - that he did not know which'-.wa's- her’'‘proper name. He was asked if he knew that she was married to Charlej' Dutton, and objection thereto' was sustained.---He was also asked if he knew she was a white woman, to whicif'-questio-fi objection was sustained. He was asked if he got the gun of Sol Meyers, and answered, “Yes.” He was then asked, “And this woman stood good for it?” to which objection was sustained. Thereupon, counsel for appellant stated:

“I wish the court would caution counsel that it is improper cross-examination, and that he should refrain from it.”

No ruling was had. Thereupon, the following took place:

“Q. And yet you and Charley Dutton were on intimate enough terms that you brought this woman, whom you said was called Mrs. Dutton sometimes, and Dora McGee sometimes, back and forth to see Charley Dutton when he was in jail? (Objected to as argumentative, and not proper cross-examination. The Court: Objection overruled. Exception.) Q. Isn’t that true? A. Yes, sir. Q. And you were on good enough terms with the woman that you say was Dutton’s wife, that she stood responsible for you when you bought this 45-caliber automatic revolver? (Objected to as improper cross-examination. Objection sustained.) ”

We hold that the alleged misconduct of the prosecutor in this regard was not of such prejudicial character as to have affected the rights of the appellant or to have influenced the jury in its verdict. This matter will be referred to again, later in the opinion.

7. One Meyers was a witness in behalf of the State, and testified that he sold the appellant the revolver with which the shooting was done. He also testified that, at the timeeof the sale revolver to appellant, a paper was given him> guaranteeing the money in payment of the revolver. The paper was identified as Exhibit g The ^vjpness was then aske(J wllO signed the paper, and, over proper objections, was permitted to answer that it was signed by one Dora McGee, and, over objection, was permitted to further testify that Dora McGee and the appellant came to the store together, and that the gun was turned over to Dora McGee in the presence of the appellant, and that they left the room together. The appellant’s objection to the introduction in evidence of Exhibit B was sustained. The appellant’s counsel, in open court, stated that he made no objection to the offer of the gun, and admitted of record that “it is the gun he had,” and that he got the gun from the witness Meyers. The appellant then moved to strike out as immaterial all reference to the surety who was with the appellant at the time the gun was purchased, which objection was overruled.

In argument to the jury, the special prosecutor for the State said:

‘ ‘ The evidence shows this: That he went down to the pawnshop in order that he might buy an automatic revolver; that he selected a revolver there, and he even went so far that he went up and got Dora McGee, who lived up over the pawnshop, or somewhere in that vicinity,'and got her to stand responsible, or to stand as surety for that revolver. * * * for some unaccountable reason he wants a gun so badly for some purpose, and to the extent that he goes up and gets Dora McGee to come down to that pawnshop and stand responsible for the payment of the gun. * * * I believe that, back there three days before this crime was committed, that he was premeditating on something of this kind; else why should he have been so anxious to have an automatic revolver that he went and got Dora McGee to come down there and stand surety for the buying of that gun? * * * and this fellow was hauling Dora McGee back and forth, to the jail and home again.”

No objections were interposed by the appellant’s counsel to this line of argument. The only material question in regard to the matter was the fact of the purchase of the gun and the time of the purchase. The testimony elicited with regard to the fact that a woman was present at the time, and became surety for the appellant for the payment of the gun, was not significant; but the evidence as to the purchase of the gun was proper, as tending to show preparation by defendant. We cannot reverse a case of this character merely because, during a long trial, immaterial testimony of this kind is incidentally received in evidence. Its admission in evidence did not constitute such error as to require a reversal of the case.

The closing argument to the jury of counsel for the State is complained of. It is set out at length, — that is, so much as purports to have been taken by the reporter. From the abstract, ^ was n°I hll s0 taken. It is stated in argument hy counsel f°r the State that the closing argument was not properly preserved, and is not a part of the record, and that it can only be preserved by bill of exceptions; and so on. But the abstract sets’out-so much of the argument as is claimed to have been-taken by the reporter. The State has not filed an additional abstract in denial of the recitals in the abstract. The argument for defendant was not preserved, and there is no showing as to what counsel for defendant said, except that, in the closing argument itself, much of it purports' to be in answer to statements made by defending counsel. There is no denial by counsel for defendant that such is the fact. There ’may be a word or sentence in the closing argument which we 'Would-nb’t approve. It is inconceivable that a jury determining a question’ of life and death would disregard all the testimony, their oaths and consciences, and decide a case of such importance on a chance word or sentence made in the heat of argument, or that they would be. influenced thereby.

Some isolated sentences are selected without any reference to the connection in which they were made, and are complained of as reversible error. After reading and rereading all’the argument that was preserved, we are,satisfied that, taken as a whole, it is not inflammatory, and is not prejudicial; and especially is this true when we have no means of knowing what argument-was advanced on behalf of the defendant. In passing, it may not be out of place to say that the evidence shows that the defendant’s wife and three small children, aged from about eighteen months to seven or eight years, were present in the court room. The children were not witnesses.

The closing argument for the State shows on its-faceiihat, in the attempt to sustain the witnesses for the'-State, reference is made to the fact that counsel for defendant claimed that they did not tell the truth, when under oath. We are not criticizing counsel for the defendant in the instant case. The courts can ■ readily understand that counsel do sometimes, in their zeal and in the heat of argument, overstep, to some extent, proper bounds. A prosecutor thoroughly convinced of the guilt of a defendánt may realize that, from the ingenuity of his opponent, and because of arguments outside the record, or because of sympathy, counsel for defendant is running away with the case, and that there.is likely to be an-acquittal.

We realize tlie difficulty of a trial court in attempting to control arguments to -juries.. It is usual, and proper enough, .that the arguments should, take a wide range, by way of illustration-, and so .on. ■ Quoting from an opinion by the late Mr. .Justice Weaver:

" • “ True, it. [the alleged misconduct] did not tend to establish guilt, but we do not understand counsel to have been claiming any such effect for it. * * * The comments thereon may or may not have been logical and just, but that is something that the court cannot assume to control. Within reasonable limits, the language of counsel- in argument is privileged, and he is permitted to express his own ideas in his own way, so long as they may fairly be considered relevant to the case which has been made. No lawyer has the right to misrepresent or misstate the testimony. On the other hand, he is not required to forego all the embellishments of oratory, or to leave uncultivated the fertile -field of fancy. It is- his- time-honored privilege to—

‘Drown the stage in tears,

Malte mad the guilty and appal the free,

Confound- the ignorant, and amaze, indeed,

The very faculties of eyes and ears.’

“Stored away in the property room of the profession are moving pictures in infinite variety, from which every lawyer is expected to freely draw on all proper occasions. They give zest and point to the declamation, relieve the tediousness of the juror's duties, and'-please the audience, but are not often effective in securing unjust verdicts. The sorrowing, ‘gray-haired parents,’ upon the one hand, and the broken-hearted ‘victim of man’s duplicity,’ upon the other, have adorned' the climax and peroration of. legal oratory from a timje ‘whence the memory of man runneth not to the contrary;’ and for us at this late day to brand theiruse as misconduct would expose us to just censure for interference with ancient landmarks.” State v. Burns, 119 Iowa 663, 671.

We have sometimes referred to the fact that, in many instances, the effort on behalf of defendant is to secure an acquittal, whether or no, because, in that case, the State is not entitled to. a new trial. State v. McClure, 159 Iowa 351, 354; State v. Hickman, 195 Iowa 765; State v. Browman, 191 Iowa 608. See, also, State v. Cleaver, 196 Iowa 1278.

It is conceded that a defendant is entitled to a fair trial, and we would accord to every defendant such a trial. The State is also entitled to a chance. The same rules as to argument should apply to both. Under the circumstances, we feel justified in referring at some length to the matters contained in the closing argument. Before quoting therefrom and setting out many instances wherein the argument purports to have been in answer to argument for the defendant, we shall refer to two or three statements in a somewhat general way, and show the connection, without too much detail.

Before doing so, it may be well, at this point, to state that defendant made and signed a written confession before four witnesses, in which he said:

‘ ‘ I Avent to the Jessie Allen home, where I met my avííe, and also the girl Avith whom I have been intimate, Hattie Renfrew. After talking for about fifteen minutes, my wife told me she Avas through with me, and Hattie told me she was through with me forever. I then pulled my gun, Avhich I had taken in the house from the car, and shot Hattie Renfrew. I saw her fall. I then stepped to the door, and shot my wife. I shot several, shots, but did not know how many took effect. I confess to it all, and will plead guilty to the court.”

No claim in it that the killing was accidental. Was the argument of the prosecutor unwarranted, Avhen he said that, in his opinion, the defendant should have pleaded guilty?

Referring now to the closing argument, counsel for the State refers to the War of the Rebellion, the number of men engaged and killed, Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, the number of men killed in different battles, and so on; that the war was in order that slavery should be .put doivn, and that the colored people might have equal protection of the laws; that it was up to the jury to uphold the standard of the colored race. Some of this last appears to have been in response to argument for defendant. We have no doubt that his counsel made the most of the fact that he ivas a colored man, and that he and his race had been at a disadvantage in the past. This would naturally be the argument. The evidence shows that defendant had been well educated-; had attended school, college, and so on. The State suggested that defendant 'was ungrateful for what had been done for him. Keference is also made to the punishment which should be inflicted, and that, in the opinion of the speaker, defendant should.have entered a plea of guilty. No objection appears to have been made to many of the matters referred to by counsel for the State. At the end of the quoted part of the argument, it appears that counsel for appellant objected to the reference to what punishment should be inflicted, as not applicable to the case, and to the reference to defendant’s having taken a trial, as he was entitled to do. Much is made in argument here of the reference to a rattlesnake. The mere mention of the word is not all there is to it. Some of the circumstances in connection with this statement should be referred to. Evidence in the record shows substantially this: That defendant and deceased had been guilty of adultery; that she and defendant’s wife were through with him; that because of this he was sore, and went to the place where the two women were, armed with a very large revolver, — 45-caliber; that the revolver was loaded, cocked, and concealed in his pocket. Some of these circumstances were referred to by counsel for the State, and the statement was made that a man who would do these things was worse than a rattlesnake, or more dangerous to the community than a rattlesnake. We are not attempting to give the exact language. . This is the substance and meaning. The statement was not unwarranted. Nothing could be more dangerous than a man so armed, and in his frame of mind. It is said that a rattlesnake will, by warning, give a person a chance. It is not a fair statement of the record to say that we are “endeavoring to excuse the appeal to the jury to hang the defendant as they would stamp on the head of a rattlesnake. ’ ’

Again, much is made of the reference, in one sentence in the closing argument, to a mob, and that defendant did not con•template suicide. The word and sentence are not approved. Was it in answer to argument by the defense in reference thereto? We have no -means of knowing definitely, since we have' only one side of the question. Considering the connection in which, the sentence was uttered, it is a proper inference that it was in answer to argument for the defense. Why should counsel for the' State' make the statement that defendant; did not contemplate 'suicide, unless the defense had claimed that he did? The defendant put in evidence that a mob was threatened. Tli ere was some purpose in this-.' Being in evidence, it was a legitimate matter- for discussion. The crime committed by defendant was an- atrocious one. Suppose that, under such circumstances, as was altogether likely, there had been talk in the community, known to everyone, that a mob was mentioned. Did cotaisel for the defendant make the most of the circumstance, in' his argument to the jury? Much could be said in defendant’s favor on that proposition. The evidence shows substantially that defendant gave himself ■ up to the officers; that he came to the jail in a high-powered automobile. Did the defense argue that his giving himself up was a circumstance tending to show that he was not guilty of'any crime? Did they argue that he could have escaped in his car? We have no means of- knowing, since we have- only one side of it, and it is impossible to determine, from a one-sided presentation, whether the trial- court, having heard it all, and having overruled the motion for new trial on the ground of the alleged misconduct, erred in overruling the motion for new trial, and abused its discretion. We think that, without any report of the argument for the defense, we should not say that the presumption of right conduct and right action on the part of the trial court has been overcome. It was in connection with these and other circumstances shown in evidence that counsel for the State referred to the mob. The argument was substantially this: That, though defendant had a swift car at hand, he may have concluded that, in these days of the telephone, it would be impossible for him to escape; that he gave himself up because he could not escape, and for his own safety. And in this connection, the statement was made upon which it is claimed that this .case should be reversed. This, we take it, is. the principal ground of complaint. Is it an unwarranted argument by the State to say that the defendant gave himself up because he could not escape, or to protect himself from violence, rather than because of some claimed consciousness of innocence? We cannot think so.

Going back now to some’of the closing argument, to show that counsel conceded that the defendant was entitled to a- fair trial, and asked that he be given a fair trial, and to show that much of the argument was claimed to have been in response" to argument for the defendant, counsel for the State, Mr. Dulce, said, among other things:

“Counsel for the defense have made a mistake when they said to you that I was one of the greatest lawyers in southern Iowa. This is the second case in all the eighteen yea'rs I have practiced law where I have ever been on the prosecution. I am not a prosecutor, and don’t make any pretensions along that line. I sometimes regret that my friend Mr. Steck wasn’t prosecuting this case in my stead, and I am sure that you would’ have heard a more able prosecutor than I: It is a hard proposi-tion for a man who has been on the defense of criminal cases all his life to turn around and become'a prosecutor. There is a duty incumbent upon me to do the best I can in this’case. One thing mentioned by Mr. Rankin [of counsel for'defense], he said that we have all the machinery of the state back of us in this case, and we can get witnesses and do this and do that. What a wonderful country we have in this respect! In this country of ours, no matter who the man is that is accused of crime,— it malees ño-difference what his" color or race, white or black, — ■ that he has the equal protection of the laws. Not only that, but he has the right to be represented by counsel,-and to have witnesses subpoenaed in his behalf. I' think Mr. Rankin simply overstepped himself a little when he spoke about there'being witnesses they could not get. That wasn’t true. When 'you stop to think of the fairness in which this cáse has been conducted as towards this defendant, it is a wonderful thing our laws safeguard the rights of the defendant. And it is well that they should safeguard’ the rights,' not only of this defendant, but every other defendant, regardless of race or color. In addition to this, defendant selected his own .attorney, Mr. Rankin, to defend him, — Mr. Rankin, a gentleman of good character, a member of this bar for years, and who has had a great deal of experience. In addition to that, defendant’s rights were safeguarded to this extent: that, in addition to having Mr. Rankin, Captain Steck was also appointed to defend, — Captain Steck, a man whose father was a great lawyer; a man who has had experience, having been prosecutor for four years; Captain Steck, a man who carried a captaincy commission in the United States army, and who had the honored position of being state commander of the American Legion. In other words, defendant has had the benefit of two as high-class men as you can select, to represent him. Another thing, the defense opened their case with Mr. Burris on the stand by showing his education. They showed that he had graduated from the public schools - of the state of Missouri. That state had gone to the expense of providing separate schools for the colored children. Every colored child in this city or state or any other state should have the same privilege with reference to education • as everybody else. It is perfectly right that they should have education. The evidence further shows that defendant attended college for a year; that he studied business methods, took a business course, and that he took perhaps a year in the study of architecture. Now, then, here’s the point: Is that in his favor when you come to consider the crime that this man has committed? The defense talks as though this was a matter in his favor. I ’say that this man Burris is incapable of gratitude, it occurs to me, for what has been done for him. Defendant said on cross-examination that he had studied history. I wonder if, before he armed himself with a 45-caliber army revolver, in violation of the laws of the state of Iowa, I wonder, according to the statement made by his own counsel, that his general moral character was bad before ever this crime was committed, and they admit it; and I wonder, as he studied the history of this country, if he ever stopped to realize what it means to live in a great country like this, or to think that the colored race in the main, — that the Civil War ivas not fought so much over the question of states’ rights, as over the question of emancipation of the American negro. I wonder if he ever stopped to think that he might have the equal protection of the laws of this land, and others of his race, to read and to think that, at the battle of Shiloh, 10,000 brave men died * # # I wonder if he ever stopped to think and take into consideration what has been done for him by this state that furnished him Dan Steck, one of the finest members of this bar or in the state of Iowa. Now, then, the very fact of this defendant being educated shows that this defendant knew right from wrong. This is not so as to all negroes, some of whom may be uneducated and ignorant of what is right and what is wrong. But I say that defendant in this case, educated as he was, who deliberately and premeditatedly shot down a couple of defenseless women, is a dangerous man. I say that a man who arms himself with a 45-caliber revolver, in defiance of the laws of Iowa, and carries it with him and takes it with-him day and night, — and, according to his own evidence, he carries it on his person, and according to his own counsel, he carried that gun cocked and locked, — I say that that kind of a man, white or black, is a menace to society. I say that, when that man, in addition to carrying that gun in violation of law, that he shoots down a couple of defenseless women, that man is a menace to society, and that he should be taken from society, just the same as you would stamp your foot upon a rattlesnake. A rattlesnake is not any more dangerous to society than a man who carries a 45-caliber revolver, cocked and locked, and then shoots down a couple of defenseless women. * * * I am not saying anything against the colored race as a race. In a great many respects, it is a remarkable advancement they -have made during the last sixty years. The majority of the colored race don’t approve of anything of this kind. They are, to a great extent, a peaceable .and law-abiding people, — good people. T do not say this man is a representative type of the colored race.. He is not. # * * Mr. Steck and I sat across the table during four years that he was prosecuting cases and I was defending. Many times, when Mr. Steck got me in a tight place, I would undertake to try the State’s witnesses, and would tafit about everything else that I could except the defendant, in order to deter the minds of the jury from the defendant. I see that Mr. Steck has been a very apt pupil of mine, and that he is using some of my tactics against me. There is not any question about that. Tie has made every attempt that he could to draw your attention to something else, — to some of the State’s witnesses. * * * I am going to spend some time discussing the State’s witnesses, because I think it is necessary, to show that they spoke the truth. The evidence shows, from Mrs. Allen’s testimony, that this girl that he had been going with, — only a twenty-year old girl, and defendant several years her senior, — that this girl had made a statement at one time, when she had a Bible in her hand, and she called defendant’s attention to what they had been doing, that they had been violating the commandment with reference to adultery; that she said to defendant, ‘You told me one time that you were going to be hard to get rid of.’ That conversation took place before this killing, several days or weeks. I am inclined to think the evidence shows that, at least the night before, the defendant and his wife were having trouble over his relations with this woman. It is a peculiar circumstance in my mind that, three days- previous to the killing, he wanted a gun so badly that he went down to the pawnshop, and went so far that he went up and got Dora McGee and got her to stand responsible, or as surety, for the revolver. Now, then, the question in my mind is this: What did he have in mind? He had been carrying a revolver for several weeks. He claims he lost the gun, some two or three weeks previous; but for some unaccountable reason, he wants a gun so badly he gets Dora McGee to come down and stand responsible. * * * I think he had murder in his heart when he purchased that gun only three days before this terrible disaster. I believe he was premeditating on something of this kind. * * * They speak about Glen Yates. They would have you believe that Glen Yates is not telling you the truth. I do not know anything about Yates. I do not know if he ever was convicted of a felony. If he was, they never took the trouble to bring out what felony it was. I think perhaps it was some boyish prank.

“Steck: That is objected to.

“Court: I think, Mr. Duke, you cannot discuss the fact; that there is no evidence here showing what the felony was.

‘ ‘ Duke: I withdraw the argument.

“Now then, gentlemen, in any event, what motive could Yates have in coming up here and testifying falsely? According to Mr. Steck’s own admission, it was a very important piece of testimony. Mr. Steck says it shows premeditation if defendant, while talking with this woman, said, ‘Did you ever stop to think that you might die sometime?’ ”

Counsel then proceeds to discuss the evidence of Yates at some length, and said further:

“It is a peculiar circumstance that they claim Glen Yates has committed perjury here. They are claiming that a former sheriff has committed perjury, and that he has sworn to things that weren’t true. They claim that Charley Dutton didn’t .tell the truth when he said that defendant made the statement that he had- done a coward’s act, and shot a woman. How does it happen they claim that,-when Bright testified to that effect? Deputy Sheriff Bright asked defendant the question: ‘Did you really shoot a woman?’ and defendant said, ‘Yes.’ And he asked him why, and he said, because he was sore. It is a peculiar thing that they ask you to take this defendant’s word, and they ask you to make a perjurer out of Yates, and ask you to disbelieve former Sheriff Giltner. They ask you to disbelieve what Griffin, state agent, said. They ask you to disbelieve -Charley - Johnson and the Allen woman as to what took place. They ask you to disbelieve all these, and take the word of the defendant. -He had lied to his wife; he knew his falsity had been discovered; when those two women were out talking about him, he knew it. What right did defendant have to go out there where those two women were? Nobody asked him; nobody invited him to come out - there. Why did he put himself in the -presence of those two women, armed as he was?”

It should be said that defendant testified:

“When I walked into the room, my wife said, ‘What did you come up here for?’ I said, ‘I came up to straighten up them lies you-all been saying I was telling.’ I was talking to my wife. My wife said, ‘Well, you needn’t to come out to straighten them up. You have been telling lies; you know you have.’ ”

The argument continues:

“Now, Mrs. Burris told defendant to- take the car home, and take his clothes and go. Then he turned around to this twenty-year old girl, and wanted to know whether she was through with him, too, and the poor girl replied that she was; that he had lied to her, and that he had lied to his wife, and that she didn’t want to have anything more to do with him. Then, to show you that this was a willful, premeditated act, what further did he do? The evidence shows that he stepped back, and said, ‘ So you are all through with me, are you ? ’ In addition to this, his wife called his attention to the fact that he had this gun, and he said he didn’t have it; and he knew that he did; and she told him that he was a coward, because he had threatened her with that gun before. * *. * They talk about Charley Johnson. I am not here to defend Charley Johnson, if he is the kind of a fellow they say he is; but it is peculiar that they didn’t do something, or that society is not rid of that kind of a fellow, if he is the kind of a fellow they say he is. * * * They talk about Mrs. Allen. They lay hold of a circumstance with reference to this little woman before she was married. I do not know anything about her character or reputation, but the evidence shows that, for four years, she and her husband had lived here in Ottumwa, and, so far as I know, they are law-abiding citizens. The only thing we know is that defendant was permitted to go there to see her sister. That is the worst thing we know of her doing. * * * Now the evidence in this case shows that defendant wasn’t contemplating suicide. He thought too much of his own hide to ever undertake to commit suicide. * * *”

At this point, the abstract shows that the reporter was not taking the argument; but certain objections were made, and in some cases they were overruled, and in others sustained, and counsel withdrew the statement. The evidence shows, without objection, how defendant spent his wages, and that he had not lived with or supported his wife and children,- — a discrediting circumstance, affecting his credibility as a witness. In closing, counsel said:

“I say, in the interest of the colored race in Ottumwa, in order to protect them, and to protect the balance of the people, what right has a man of this kind to live ? * * *1 am not asking the death penalty for defendant because he is a colored man. I would ask it just as soon of any white man who had committed such a crime. Gentlemen, it is not for me to say, — it is up to you to say whether or not this man should have the death penalty.”

We have set out but a small part of the argument, but enough to show that, barring one or two exceptions in the heat of argument, the closing argument as a whole was not intemperate.

There can be no question but that the evidence was sufficient to sustain a finding of guilt. His excuse that the shooting of deceased and his attempt to. kill his wife were accidental is without merit. Defendant not only took the life of the deceased, but, as well, attempted to kill his own wife. This is the second trial and second appeal of this ease. Under these circumstances, the ease ought not to be reversed unless there is substantial and prejudicial error. The rights of the public, as well as of the defendant, are entitled to consideration. To reverse the ease again upon trivial grounds would subject our laws and the courts to criticism. They are the best in the world, but there is an occasional miscarriage of justice. Much of the. criticism is unjust and unwarranted. It must be conceded, however, that, as said by Mr. Chief Justice Taft not long since, in the trial of our murder eases there is some ground for criticism.

In the instant ease, the defendant’s written confession and all the evidence in the case show beyond any doubt that he is guilty, as charged. Would it be anything but a miscarriage of justice to reverse this ease? It is indeed difficult to see it in any other light.

We have said that mere misconduct on the part of counsel is not enough alone to require the granting of a new trial, unless it appears so prejudicial as to deprive the complaining party of a fair hearing of his case by the jury, on the evidence. State v. Thomas, 135 Iowa 717, 729. We also said, in State v. Sale, 119 Iowa 1, 5, that we were compelled to admit that portions of the argument seemed intemperate and unnecessarily violent in their character, but that we did not have in the record the argument of counsel for defendant in addressing the jury, and had no means of knowing to what extent the argument of the prosecuting attorney was justified or excused by the presentation of the defendant’s case; that, moreover, no exceptions were taken to the prosecuting attorney’s argument at the time, and that the objection cannot be first made in the motion for new trial, when, if it had been promptly made, the court might have restrained any undue zeal on the part of the prosecuting attorney, and thus have prevented the prejudice which is after-wards claimed to have resulted; that, under the circumstances, we should not grant a new trial on this ground. See, also, State v. Wilson, 157 Iowa 698, 722. We are not herein departing from prior decisions, but adhering to them.

In the instant case, there appears to have been practically no objection to the argument at the time, so that the court could have stopped counsel if he went too far. What argument did counsel for defendant make, in appealing to the jury and to their prejudices and defendant’s color and his disadvantages, in an effort to secure an acquittal? We have no means of knowing. No doubt we are compelled to reverse in some cases where a reversal would not be had if we were placed in the same position as the trial judge. Under the statute, the trial judge was necessarily present at all stages of the trial of this case. We have said many times that, because the trial court did hear all the arguments, and overruled the motion for new trial, there is a large discretion vested in the trial court in ruling on such a motion, and that this discretion will not be interfered with-unless abused. In this case, how can it be - determined whether the trial court abused its discretion, or how can it be determined that what was said by counsel for the State was not in response to arguments advanced by the defendant? Counsel in such cases are usually evenly matched; and each is striving to the best of his ability, one to convict, and the other to secure an' acquittal. We have no doubt that counsel for defendant used his ingenuity and generalship in presenting his side of the case to the jury. Because the trial court was in a position to know more about it than we can, and because of the finding of the trial court, to which we give weight, it is presumed, nothing appearing to the contrary, that argument by the prosecutor was a legitimate response to argument for the defendant. State v. Cameron, 177 Iowa 379, 381; State v. Christ, 189 Iowa 474; State v. Browman, 191 Iowa 608, 635; State v. Bird, 196 Iowa 474. See, also, Reed v. State, 141 Ind. 116 (40 N. E. 525, 527), where it is said:

“It is not disclosed by the record that the statements of appellant to the jury were not referred to, or made use of, by his counsel in their argument in'his behalf, and, as we are bound to indulge all reasonable presumptions in support of the action of the trial court, we must presume that counsel did exercise this right, ’1 etc.

At any rate, there is surely no presumption against the ruling of the trial court.

‘ ‘ The solemnity which attaches to judicial proceedings, and the care of the state in its judicial department that causes shall be conducted with almost inflexible regularity, are by no means ephemeral, but carry with them the presumption thereafter that such proceedings not only should have been, but were, regular in form and proper in conduct. * * * A superior court of general jurisdiction, proceeding within the general scope of its powers, is presumed to act rightly.” 1 Jones’s Blue Book of Evidence, Section 31.

There is usually more or less exaggeration in argument by both sides. We said in State v. Hasty, 121 Iowa 507, 520, that hyperbolical expressions have been indulged in always, and probably always will be, and that it would be undertaking too much to vindicate all expressions of opinion made in the heat of argument, and that- this is not essential, to sustain a conviction. If the language was not calculated to unduly arouse the passions or divert the jury from the proper discharge of their duty, the verdict should not be disturbed, even though the language used was disapproved. See, also, State v. Browman, 191 Iowa 608, 636.

Digressing a moment to the alleged misconduct in cross-examination of this defendant. It may be conceded that it was immaterial that the McGee Avoman went surety for the purchase of the revolver; but we are unable to see how there could be any prejudice in that. The principal purpose of showing the revolver transaction, some days before the killing, was to show preparation and premeditation on the part of the defendant. This was legitimate and proper. The question as to the McGee woman’s being a Avhite Avoman was objected to, and the objection sustained. However, it Avould have been perfectly proper to have placed her on the stand, to prove the purchase of this revolver. In that case, the jury could see whether she was white or colored. It could not be claimed that so putting her on the stand would be error. In State v. Tippet, 94 Iowa 646, 654, it was held not to be misconduct for the prosecutor to refer to the fact that the murdered man was dead, and that he could not tell his side of the story. This court said that that was a fact known to everyone concerned in the trial. • As said, the matter of purchasing the revolver was properly brought out on cross-examination, for the purpose indicated. The same rule applies to the cross-examination by a defendant of any other witness, as to matters affecting credibility. State v. Kuhn, 117 Iowa 216, 229; State v. Red, 53 Iowa 69.

It is thought by appellant to have been a serious matter that defendant was asked, on cross-examination,' as to his relations and acquaintanceship with the McGee woman, and whether he took her to see her husband when he was in jail. It is claimed by appellant that there was an intimation that she was white. One single question was asked, bearing on that, and the objection was sustained. There is no evidence that she was white, and the matter was not referred to in argument. As said, had she been placed upon the stand, the jury could have seen whether she was white or colored. The defendant did take the stand, and the jury could see that he was colored. It does not necessarily follow, even if it be true, that the fact that defendant and a white woman were seen together, and that he took her to her husband, would be improper. If her character or the character of defendant Avas such as that being seen together Avould discredit him, that Avas legitimate cross-examination, as affecting his credibility as a witness.

It is proper to ask a Avitness, on cross-examination, whether his residence is in the jail. State v. Pugsley, 75 Iowa 742. A defendant, as a Avitness, on cross-examination, may be required to answer discrediting questions, for the purpose of impeachment. State v. Brandenberger, 151 Iowa 197, 204; State v. O’Brien, 81 Iowa 93. It is largely a matter of discretion on the part of the trial court. State v. Brandenberger, supra; State v. Seery, 129 Iowa 259.

As to the argument that defendant went to the pawnshop in order that he might buy the automatic revolver, and that for some unaccountable reason he wanted a gun, for some purpose, and that the prosecutor believed that, back there three days before the crime was committed, defendant was premeditating something of this kind, this argument Avas not improper. In the Tippet ease, supra, at 653, it was stated in argument that the defendant fixed the revolver for some purpose, and that he fixed it so that it Avould be sure to go off. It was shown that, prior to the shooting, defendant and another had fixed the revolver, and the conclusion that the county attorney deduced therefrom, that defendant fixed it for some purpose so that it Avould be sure to go off, if not correct, Avas at least not unwarranted. We think that is true of Avhat was said in the instant case.

It is unnecessary to discuss the argument as to the war. We think that no substantial ground is shown for a reversal as to this matter, when it is considered that this is a second trial; that the evidence is sufficient; and the other circumstances.

We find no error urged by the appellant which requires reversal of the judgment. It must be, and it is, — Affirmed.

Arthur, C. J., Evans, Stevens, De Graee, and Vermilion, JJ., concur.