[Cite as State v. Barlow, 2021-Ohio-2191.]
COURT OF APPEALS HOLMES COUNTY, OHIO FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
JUDGES: STATE OF OHIO : Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, P.J. : Hon. W. Scott Gwin, J. Plaintiff-Appellee : Hon. Earle E. Wise, J. : -vs- : : Case No. 20 CA 014 DAKOTA BARLOW : : Defendant-Appellant : OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Criminal appeal from the Holmes County Municipal Court, Case No. 19CRB249
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: June 29, 2021
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant
ROBERT K. HENDRIX JEFFREY G. KELLOGG Assistant Prosecutor 5 South Washington Street 164 East Jackson Street Millersburg, OH 44654 Millersburg, OH 44654 Holmes County, Case No. 20 CA 014 2
Gwin, J.,
{¶1} Defendant-appellant Dakota Barlow [“Barlow”] appeals the January 7, 2020,
Judgment Entry of the Holmes County Municipal Court that overruled his Motion to
Suppress.
Facts and Procedural History
{¶2} On January 13, 2019, Sergeant Christopher Schonauer of the Holmes
County Sheriff’s Department was investigating an incident were several mailboxes had
been run over by a vehicle which left the scene. A neighbor informed Sergeant Schonauer
that they saw a black pickup truck hit the mailboxes and believed the black truck might
have belonged to the Barlow family.
{¶3} Sergeant Schonauer proceeded to the Barlow residence and turned into the
driveway. The Barlow residence is located at the end of a driveway that is approximately
700 feet long. Approximately 200 feet up the driveway on the right-hand side was a large
machinery shed, or pole barn. The residence was farther up the driveway by an additional
500 feet. An aerial photo of the Barlow property was admitted into evidence at the
suppression hearing. [State’s Exhibit 1]. The pole barn had a large garage door opening
on both ends, one of which faced the roadway and was visible from the road. To the left
of that doorway was a smaller door, which would be classified as a people door or a
normal exterior door on a house.
{¶4} Sergeant Schonauer observed both large garage doors open at the time he
pulled in and the people door was also partially opened. The officer observed numerous
vehicles parked around the pole barn and individuals inside. It was dark outside, but the Holmes County, Case No. 20 CA 014 3
lights were on inside the pole barn. The people and activities going on inside were clearly
visible to the officer through the large open door as he approached the pole barn.
{¶5} There was loud music playing in the barn. As the deputy approached the
building, he stated that he was looking for Tim Barlow. Nobody appeared to hear him or
respond to him as he stepped up to the people doorway and pushed the door open.
Sergeant Schonauer then noticed what appeared to him to be a game of Beer Pong and
bottles of alcoholic beverages. The majority of the people inside the pole barn did not
appear to be old enough to legally consume alcohol. At this point, several people inside
the building noticed the officer. Barlow, who was sitting in a vehicle parked inside the
building, turned the radio off and stepped out of the vehicle, set a bottle of alcohol on the
ground, and approached the deputy. On July 16, 2019, Barlow was charged in the
Holmes County Municipal Court with the Offenses Involving Underage Persons in
violation of R.C. 4301.69(E)(1), a misdemeanor of the first degree.
{¶6} On October 23, 2019, Barlow, through counsel, filed a Motion to
Suppress. The Motion came on for hearing on November 12, 2019. After allowing time
for the parties to file memoranda, the t rial c ourt overruled the motion on January 7,
2020. The matter eventually came on for a bench trial on June 24, 2020, at which
B a r l o w was found guilty. The Court sentenced Barlow on August 4, 2020 to 15 days
in the Holmes County Jail, all suspended, and 6 months of probation.
Assignment of Error
{¶7} Barlow raises one Assignment of Error.
{¶8} “I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING THE
DEFENDANT/APPELLANT'S MOTION TO SUPPRESS EVIDENCE.” Holmes County, Case No. 20 CA 014 4
STANDARD OF APPELLATE REVIEW – MOTION TO SUPPRESS
{¶9} Appellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question of law
and fact. State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 154-155, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d
71, ¶ 8. When ruling on a motion to suppress, the trial court assumes the role of trier of
fact and is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and to evaluate witness
credibility. See, State v. Dunlap, 73 Ohio St.3d 308, 314, 652 N.E.2d 988 (1995); State v.
Fanning, 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 20, 437 N.E.2d 583 (1982). Accordingly, a reviewing court must
defer to the trial court’s factual findings if competent, credible evidence exists to support
those findings. See Burnside, supra; Dunlap, supra; State v. Long, 127 Ohio App.3d 328,
332, 713 N.E.2d 1 (4th Dist. 1998); State v. Medcalf, 111 Ohio App.3d 142, 675 N.E.2d
1268 (4th Dist. 1996). However, once this Court has accepted those facts as true, it must
independently determine as a matter of law whether the trial court met the applicable legal
standard. See Burnside, supra, citing State v. McNamara, 124 Ohio App.3d 706, 707
N.E.2d 539 (4th Dist. 1997); See, generally, United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 122
S.Ct. 744, 151 L.Ed.2d 740 (2002); Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 116 S.Ct.
1657, 134 L.Ed.2d 911 (1996). That is, the application of the law to the trial court’s findings
of fact is subject to a de novo standard of review Ornelas, supra. Moreover, due weight
should be given “to inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and local law
enforcement officers.” Ornelas, supra at 698, 116 S.Ct. at 1663.
Law and Analysis
{¶10} In his sole assignment of error Barlow argues that the act of the deputy in
pushing open the exterior doorway and stepping into the pole barn, without consent or a Holmes County, Case No. 20 CA 014 5
search warrant was an unreasonable search and seizure because the pole building was
part of the home's curtilage.
ISSUE FOR APPELLATE REVIEW: Whether Sergeant Schonauer’s pushing
open the partially opened door and stepping inside the pole barn violated Barlow’s
Fourth Amendment rights.
{¶11} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees “[t]he
right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against
unreasonable searches and seizures * * *.” The Fourth Amendment is enforced against
the States by virtue of the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United
States Constitution. Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 655, 81 S.Ct. 1684, 6 L.Ed.2d 1081
(1961).
{¶12} In the case at bar, Sergeant Schonauer went to the property in an attempt
to question Tim Barlow about damaged mailboxes. As he turned into the driveway he
noticed the pole barn located 500 feet before the residence. Sergeant Schonauer saw
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[Cite as State v. Barlow, 2021-Ohio-2191.]
COURT OF APPEALS HOLMES COUNTY, OHIO FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
JUDGES: STATE OF OHIO : Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, P.J. : Hon. W. Scott Gwin, J. Plaintiff-Appellee : Hon. Earle E. Wise, J. : -vs- : : Case No. 20 CA 014 DAKOTA BARLOW : : Defendant-Appellant : OPINION
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Criminal appeal from the Holmes County Municipal Court, Case No. 19CRB249
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: June 29, 2021
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant
ROBERT K. HENDRIX JEFFREY G. KELLOGG Assistant Prosecutor 5 South Washington Street 164 East Jackson Street Millersburg, OH 44654 Millersburg, OH 44654 Holmes County, Case No. 20 CA 014 2
Gwin, J.,
{¶1} Defendant-appellant Dakota Barlow [“Barlow”] appeals the January 7, 2020,
Judgment Entry of the Holmes County Municipal Court that overruled his Motion to
Suppress.
Facts and Procedural History
{¶2} On January 13, 2019, Sergeant Christopher Schonauer of the Holmes
County Sheriff’s Department was investigating an incident were several mailboxes had
been run over by a vehicle which left the scene. A neighbor informed Sergeant Schonauer
that they saw a black pickup truck hit the mailboxes and believed the black truck might
have belonged to the Barlow family.
{¶3} Sergeant Schonauer proceeded to the Barlow residence and turned into the
driveway. The Barlow residence is located at the end of a driveway that is approximately
700 feet long. Approximately 200 feet up the driveway on the right-hand side was a large
machinery shed, or pole barn. The residence was farther up the driveway by an additional
500 feet. An aerial photo of the Barlow property was admitted into evidence at the
suppression hearing. [State’s Exhibit 1]. The pole barn had a large garage door opening
on both ends, one of which faced the roadway and was visible from the road. To the left
of that doorway was a smaller door, which would be classified as a people door or a
normal exterior door on a house.
{¶4} Sergeant Schonauer observed both large garage doors open at the time he
pulled in and the people door was also partially opened. The officer observed numerous
vehicles parked around the pole barn and individuals inside. It was dark outside, but the Holmes County, Case No. 20 CA 014 3
lights were on inside the pole barn. The people and activities going on inside were clearly
visible to the officer through the large open door as he approached the pole barn.
{¶5} There was loud music playing in the barn. As the deputy approached the
building, he stated that he was looking for Tim Barlow. Nobody appeared to hear him or
respond to him as he stepped up to the people doorway and pushed the door open.
Sergeant Schonauer then noticed what appeared to him to be a game of Beer Pong and
bottles of alcoholic beverages. The majority of the people inside the pole barn did not
appear to be old enough to legally consume alcohol. At this point, several people inside
the building noticed the officer. Barlow, who was sitting in a vehicle parked inside the
building, turned the radio off and stepped out of the vehicle, set a bottle of alcohol on the
ground, and approached the deputy. On July 16, 2019, Barlow was charged in the
Holmes County Municipal Court with the Offenses Involving Underage Persons in
violation of R.C. 4301.69(E)(1), a misdemeanor of the first degree.
{¶6} On October 23, 2019, Barlow, through counsel, filed a Motion to
Suppress. The Motion came on for hearing on November 12, 2019. After allowing time
for the parties to file memoranda, the t rial c ourt overruled the motion on January 7,
2020. The matter eventually came on for a bench trial on June 24, 2020, at which
B a r l o w was found guilty. The Court sentenced Barlow on August 4, 2020 to 15 days
in the Holmes County Jail, all suspended, and 6 months of probation.
Assignment of Error
{¶7} Barlow raises one Assignment of Error.
{¶8} “I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN DENYING THE
DEFENDANT/APPELLANT'S MOTION TO SUPPRESS EVIDENCE.” Holmes County, Case No. 20 CA 014 4
STANDARD OF APPELLATE REVIEW – MOTION TO SUPPRESS
{¶9} Appellate review of a motion to suppress presents a mixed question of law
and fact. State v. Burnside, 100 Ohio St.3d 152, 154-155, 2003-Ohio-5372, 797 N.E.2d
71, ¶ 8. When ruling on a motion to suppress, the trial court assumes the role of trier of
fact and is in the best position to resolve questions of fact and to evaluate witness
credibility. See, State v. Dunlap, 73 Ohio St.3d 308, 314, 652 N.E.2d 988 (1995); State v.
Fanning, 1 Ohio St.3d 19, 20, 437 N.E.2d 583 (1982). Accordingly, a reviewing court must
defer to the trial court’s factual findings if competent, credible evidence exists to support
those findings. See Burnside, supra; Dunlap, supra; State v. Long, 127 Ohio App.3d 328,
332, 713 N.E.2d 1 (4th Dist. 1998); State v. Medcalf, 111 Ohio App.3d 142, 675 N.E.2d
1268 (4th Dist. 1996). However, once this Court has accepted those facts as true, it must
independently determine as a matter of law whether the trial court met the applicable legal
standard. See Burnside, supra, citing State v. McNamara, 124 Ohio App.3d 706, 707
N.E.2d 539 (4th Dist. 1997); See, generally, United States v. Arvizu, 534 U.S. 266, 122
S.Ct. 744, 151 L.Ed.2d 740 (2002); Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690, 116 S.Ct.
1657, 134 L.Ed.2d 911 (1996). That is, the application of the law to the trial court’s findings
of fact is subject to a de novo standard of review Ornelas, supra. Moreover, due weight
should be given “to inferences drawn from those facts by resident judges and local law
enforcement officers.” Ornelas, supra at 698, 116 S.Ct. at 1663.
Law and Analysis
{¶10} In his sole assignment of error Barlow argues that the act of the deputy in
pushing open the exterior doorway and stepping into the pole barn, without consent or a Holmes County, Case No. 20 CA 014 5
search warrant was an unreasonable search and seizure because the pole building was
part of the home's curtilage.
ISSUE FOR APPELLATE REVIEW: Whether Sergeant Schonauer’s pushing
open the partially opened door and stepping inside the pole barn violated Barlow’s
Fourth Amendment rights.
{¶11} The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees “[t]he
right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against
unreasonable searches and seizures * * *.” The Fourth Amendment is enforced against
the States by virtue of the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment of the United
States Constitution. Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 655, 81 S.Ct. 1684, 6 L.Ed.2d 1081
(1961).
{¶12} In the case at bar, Sergeant Schonauer went to the property in an attempt
to question Tim Barlow about damaged mailboxes. As he turned into the driveway he
noticed the pole barn located 500 feet before the residence. Sergeant Schonauer saw
that all of the doors to the pole barn were opened, lights were on, and he could see
individuals inside the building. While standing outside the door, Sergeant Schonauer
called out several times for Tim Barlow. T. at 9; 15. No one responded and several
individuals slipped out the back door. Id.
{¶13} It is beyond dispute that the deputy could lawfully walk upon walkways,
driveways, or access routes and porches leading to the residence and pole barn in an
attempt to speak with Tim Barlow concerning the damaged mailboxes, just as any other
member of the public would or could do. “A presumption of unreasonableness attaches
to all warrantless home entries.” State v. Young, 12th Dist. Warren No. 2014CA-05-074, Holmes County, Case No. 20 CA 014 6
2015-Ohio-1347, 31 N.E.3d 178, ¶ 17, citing Welsh v. Wisconsin, 466 U.S. 740, 750, 104
S.Ct. 2091, 80 L.Ed.2d 732 (1984). However, “[w]hen law enforcement officers who are
not armed with a warrant knock on a door, they do no more than any private citizen might
do.” Kentucky v. King, 563 U.S. 452, 469, 131 S.Ct. 1849, 179 L.Ed.2d 865 (2011). A
“knock and talk” by law enforcement is a “permissible warrantless intrusion” that does not
require “any objective level of suspicion.” Young at ¶ 24, quoting Pritchard v. Hamilton
Twp. Bd. of Trustees, 424 Fed.Appx. 492, 499 (6th Cir. 2011). Accordingly, no Fourth
Amendment violation occurred in this case when the deputy approached the door of the
pole barn and knocked in an attempt to speak with Tim Barlow.
{¶14} The building was not a residence. The pole barn was located 500 feet from
the residence. Nothing shielded the building from the driveway. No fences or other
barriers are in place. Cars were parked in proximity to the structure. Two large doors, one
on each end of the pole barn, were open and lights were on revealing the identities and
activities of all who were inside to any passerby. No attempt was made to shield the
persons or activities from anyone who would approach or pass by the structure. People
could be seen inside the structure; however, the volume of the music prevented anyone
from noticing the deputy. After calling out several times asking if Tim Barlow was inside,
Sergeant Schonauer stepped inside the pole barn. The fact that the structure was clearly
not a home, with the lights on, people inside, and the doors opened, a member of the
public would reasonable believe that he or she could enter the pole barn in an attempt to
locate and speak to the property owner. It was not, therefore, unreasonable for the deputy
to believe that Tim Barlow might be inside the pole barn and to enter the pole barn in an
attempt to locate and speak with him. Holmes County, Case No. 20 CA 014 7
{¶15} Sergeant Schonauer never called out to Dakota Barlow, and he never
approached Dakota Barlow. Barlow, who was sitting in a vehicle parked inside the
building, turned the radio off and stepped out of the vehicle, set a bottle of alcohol on
the ground, and approached the deputy. Thus, the deputy had probable cause to arrest
Barlow for underage consumption.
{¶16} No violation of Barlow’s Fourth Amendment rights has been demonstrated.
Therefore, we find the trial court correctly denied Barlow’s motion to suppress evidence.
{¶17} The judgment of the Holmes County Municipal Court is affirmed.
By Gwin, J.,
Baldwin, P.J., and
Wise, Earle, J., concur
.