[Cite as State v. Armstead, 2021-Ohio-4000.]
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT OF OHIO HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO
STATE OF OHIO, : APPEAL NO. C-200417 TRIAL NO. C-19CRB-22585 Plaintiff-Appellee, :
vs. : O P I N I O N. VAN ARMSTEAD, :
Defendant-Appellant. :
Criminal Appeal From: Hamilton County Municipal Court
Judgment Appealed From Is: Affirmed
Date of Judgment Entry on Appeal: November 10, 2021
Joseph T. Deters, Hamilton County Prosecuting Attorney, and Keith Sauter, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for Plaintiff-Appellee,
Raymond T. Faller, Hamilton County Public Defender, and Krista M. Gieske, Assistant Public Defender, for Defendant-Appellant. OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
CROUSE, Judge.
{¶1} Following a jury trial, defendant-appellant Van Armstead was
convicted of voyeurism in violation of R.C. 2907.08(B). He has appealed, arguing in
three assignments of error that (1) the trial court erred in admitting other-acts
evidence in violation of Evid.R. 402, 403, and 404; (2) his conviction was based
upon insufficient evidence and against the manifest weight of the evidence; and (3)
the trial court erred by ordering the forfeiture of his cell phone.
{¶2} For the following reasons, we overrule all three assignments of error
and affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Factual Background
{¶3} Michael Combs testified that on September 4, 2019, he was shopping
at Lowe’s Home Improvement Store in Springdale, Ohio, when he had to use the
restroom. He entered one of the stalls in the men’s restroom. He removed his pants
and underwear and sat down on the toilet. After a couple of minutes, he glanced
down and saw a cell phone underneath the partition between bathroom stalls. He
testified that the cell phone was “coming in and out” under the partition. He pulled
up his pants, exited from the stall, washed his hands, and exited from the restroom.
He notified a store employee who called the police.
{¶4} Springdale Police Officer Kellen Lyons responded to the scene. Video
from Lyons’s body camera was played at trial. Lyons and another officer entered the
restroom and confronted Armstead. Armstead initially denied any wrongdoing, but
then admitted that he took a video of Combs under the stall partition because Combs
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was making “strange” noises. Upon further questioning, Armstead stated that
officers would find additional similar videos of other people on his phone.
{¶5} Armstead was arrested and a search warrant was obtained for his cell
phone. Lyons testified that he searched Armstead’s phone and discovered close to 30
videos of men surreptitiously recorded in restroom stalls. None of the videos
depicted Combs. The trial court permitted the state to play one of the videos as
representative of the nearly 30 videos recovered. The representative video is
approximately 18 seconds long. It showed Armstead place his phone under the
partition between bathroom stalls and secretly record video of a man sitting on the
toilet with his pants and underwear around his ankles. Lyons testified that the video
was representative of the other videos discovered on Armstead’s phone, except “there
were some other videos that showed the private parts more of some other
individuals.”
{¶6} The state also played video recordings of Armstead’s interrogation at
the police station. Armstead was repeatedly asked why he recorded Combs.
Armstead was either silent or said that he didn’t know why or couldn’t explain why.
He stated that the videos were like videos he had seen on Twitter, but he denied
posting the videos he recorded on Twitter. He admitted that he recorded the videos
to watch them, but denied masturbating to the videos. When asked whether he got
pleasure or gratification out of the videos, he responded, “Just watching it I guess.”
{¶7} For ease of discussion, we address Armstead’s assignments of error out
of order.
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Second Assignment of Error
{¶8} In his second assignment of error, Armstead contends that his
conviction was based upon insufficient evidence and against the manifest weight of
the evidence.
{¶9} The test for determining the sufficiency of the evidence is whether
“after viewing the probative evidence and inferences reasonably drawn therefrom in
the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found
all the essential elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt.” State v. Scott,
1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-200385 and C-200403, 2021-Ohio-3427, ¶ 23, quoting
State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 172, 175, 485 N.E.2d 717 (1st Dist.1983). It is a
question of law for the court to determine, the court is not to weigh the evidence.
Scott at ¶ 23. “When evidence is susceptible to more than one construction, a
reviewing court must give it the interpretation that is consistent with the judgment.”
Id., quoting In re J.C., 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-180493, 2019-Ohio-4027, ¶ 20.
{¶10} R.C. 2907.08(B) states, “No person, for the purpose of sexually
arousing or gratifying the person’s self, shall commit trespass or otherwise
surreptitiously invade the privacy of another to videotape, film, photograph, or
otherwise record the other person in a state of nudity.”
{¶11} Armstead admits that he filmed Combs, but argues that the state failed
to prove that he did so for the purpose of sexual arousal or gratification.
{¶12} There is no direct evidence that Armstead filmed Combs for the
purpose of sexual arousal or gratification. But the elements of a crime may be proven
by circumstantial evidence.
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Circumstantial evidence and direct evidence inherently possess the same
probative value and therefore should be subjected to the same standard of
proof. When the state relies on circumstantial evidence to prove an
essential element of the offense charged, there is no need for such
evidence to be irreconcilable with any reasonable theory of innocence in
order to support a conviction.
State v. Lowery, 160 Ohio App.3d 138, 2005-Ohio-1181, 826 N.E.2d 340, ¶ 19 (1st
Dist.), quoting State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259, 574 N.E.2d 492 (1991), paragraph
one of the syllabus.
{¶13} Circumstantial evidence is “ ‘proof of facts or circumstances by direct
evidence from which [the factfinder] may reasonably infer other related or connected
facts that naturally flow according to the common experience of people.’ ” State v.
Barnthouse, 1st Dist. Hamilton No. C-180286, 2019-Ohio-5209, ¶ 16, quoting State
v. Shabazz, 145 Ohio St.3d 404, 2016-Ohio-1055, 57 N.E.3d 1119, ¶ 18, quoting Ohio
Jury Instructions, CR Section 409.01(4) (Rev. Aug. 17, 2011). “[W]hen we delve into
questions of intent, circumstantial evidence is often all that we have.” Barnthouse at
¶ 16.
{¶14} Courts have held that the sexual arousal or gratification element “ ‘may
be inferred when there is no innocent, i.e., nonsexual, explanation for the offender’s
conduct.’ ” Cleveland v. Imrie, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 109226, 2021-Ohio-308, ¶ 15,
citing State v. Goldblum, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 25851, 2014-Ohio-5068, ¶ 17,
quoting State v. Wilson, 192 Ohio App.3d 189, 2011-Ohio-155, 948 N.E.2d 515, ¶ 47
(11th Dist.); see State v. Haldeman, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 18199, 2000 WL
1726858, *3 (Nov. 22, 2000) (“The fact that Defendant was neither in a state of
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undress nor had engaged in masturbation does not prevent a finding that his
purpose was sexual gratification or arousal, if that can rationally be inferred from
other evidence presented.”); State v. Huffman, 165 Ohio App.3d 518, 2006-Ohio-
1106, 847 N.E.2d 58, ¶ 64 (1st Dist.) (“Given Huffman’s secretive tactics and his
evident interest in sexually explicit material, the trier of fact could have reasonably
inferred that Huffman’s acts were done for the purpose of sexual arousal or self-
gratification.”); City of Huron v. Holsapple, 6th Dist. Erie No. E-96-063, 1997 WL
457971, *3 (Aug. 8, 1997) (finding that the defendant acted for the purpose of sexual
gratification where “[t]he testimony show[ed] that appellant was looking at the
victim through her window during a time in the morning when the victim, a
fourteen-year-old girl, was dressing for school and that appellant was moving up and
down the ladder as if to get a better vantage point.”).
{¶15} Imrie and the present case bear a striking resemblance. In Imrie, the
defendant recorded the victim while she was in a bathroom stall by putting his cell
phone underneath the partition between stalls. Imrie at ¶ 3. The defendant argued
that the state failed to prove that he recorded the victim for the purpose of sexual
arousal or gratification. Id. at ¶ 15. The court held:
Imrie’s behavior of sitting on a toilet with his pants up, moving his
cellphone towards Farrier’s stall while she sat on the toilet with her pants
down, and moving his cellphone back and forth under her stall is
sufficient evidence surrounding the incident from which a purpose of
sexual arousal or gratification could be inferred. Given Imrie’s secretive
tactics and unusual conduct, we conclude that the trier of fact could have
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reasonably inferred that his actions were done for the purpose of sexual
arousal or gratification.
Id. at ¶ 17.
{¶16} Armstead’s “secretive tactics and unusual conduct” were proven by
direct evidence—Combs’s testimony and Armstead’s admission that he recorded
Combs. Armstead offered innocent explanations for his conduct by telling Lyons
that he recorded Combs because Combs was making weird noises and because he
had seen similar videos on Twitter. But he could not explain why either justification
led him to record close to 30 videos. This permitted the jury to infer that Armstead
acted with a sexual purpose. See id. at ¶ 17.
{¶17} In reviewing a claim that a conviction is against the manifest weight of
the evidence, we review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all reasonable
inferences, consider the credibility of the witnesses, and determine whether the trier
of fact, in resolving conflicts in the evidence, “clearly lost its way and created such a
manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed.” Martin, 20
Ohio App.3d at 175, 485 N.E.2d 717. Reversal of a conviction and a grant of a new
trial should only be done in the “exceptional case in which the evidence weighs
heavily against the conviction.” Id.
{¶18} “The trier of fact is in the best position to judge the credibility of the
witnesses and the weight to be given to the evidence presented.” State v. Carson, 1st
Dist. Hamilton No. C-180336, 2019-Ohio-4550, ¶ 16.
{¶19} Armstead argues that his repeated denials of filming Combs for the
purpose of sexual gratification means that his conviction was against the manifest
weight of the evidence. But as stated above, there was sufficient evidence for the jury
7 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
to infer that Armstead filmed Combs for the purpose of sexual arousal or
gratification. The fact that the jury did not believe Armstead does not lead this court
to conclude that the jury clearly lost its way in finding that he acted for the purpose
of sexual arousal or gratification.
{¶20} The second assignment of error is overruled.
First Assignment of Error
{¶21} In his first assignment of error, Armstead contends that the trial court
erred in admitting other-acts evidence in violation of Evid.R. 402, 403, and 404. He
argues that the court should have excluded any reference to the videos recovered
from his phone and should not have permitted the state to play the representative
video at trial.
{¶22} Evid.R. 404(B) provides:
Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove the
character of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith. It
may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as proof of motive,
opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of
mistake or accident.
{¶23} Recently, the Ohio Supreme Court extensively addressed Evid.R.
404(B) in State v. Hartman, 161 Ohio St.3d 214, 2020-Ohio-4440, 161 N.E.3d 651.
It sought to provide a roadmap for lower courts to follow when determining whether
other-acts evidence should be admitted under Evid.R. 404(B) as evidence “for other
purposes” or should be excluded as propensity evidence. Id. at ¶ 19. The
admissibility of other-acts evidence under Evid.R. 404(B) is a question of law we
review de novo. Id. at ¶ 22.
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Evid.R. 404(B)
{¶24} “[O]ther-act evidence is usually capable of being used for multiple
purposes, one of which is propensity.” Hartman at ¶ 23. “For that reason, it is ‘not
enough for the proponent of the other-act evidence simply to point to a purpose in
the “permitted” list and assert that the other-act evidence is relevant to it.’ ” Id.,
quoting United States v. Gomez, 763 F.3d 845, 856 (7th Cir.2014) (en banc). Rather,
courts must “scrutinize the proponent’s logic to determine exactly how the evidence
connects to a proper purpose without relying on any intermediate improper-
character inferences.” Hartman at ¶ 23.
{¶25} When analyzing the connection between the proposed other-acts
evidence and a permissible purpose, the first step is to determine whether the
evidence is relevant, not to guilt, but to a particular nonpropensity purpose. Id. at ¶
26. The nonpropensity purpose for which the evidence is offered must go to a
material fact that is actually in dispute. Id. at ¶ 27.
{¶26} First, Armstead argues that the trial court erred by allowing the state
to list multiple inapplicable nonpropensity purposes and did not hold the state to its
burden of explaining how the facts of the case connected with any of the purposes.
{¶27} The issue of other-acts evidence came up multiple times during the
case. Each time the issue arose, the state offered multiple nonpropensity purposes
for the evidence, many of which were inapplicable. However, the state also
repeatedly highlighted the evidence’s relevance to Armstead’s intent. In response to
Armstead’s motion in limine to exclude the evidence, the state argued, “the fact that
[Armstead] is a collector of these [videos], shows the intent behind actual
videotaping which we believe was for sexual purposes because why else does
9 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
anybody record someone using the bathroom surreptitiously?” Shortly before trial,
defense counsel again objected to the use of the other-acts evidence and the state
argued, “The [other-acts evidence] is going to show that the defendant’s explanation
for why he was recording was something to the effect that I was just checking to see
who was in the other stall. Having multiple videos of him recording other individuals
is going to show that that explanation was false.” The trial court recognized the state
was required to prove Armstead acted with the specific intent of sexual arousal or
gratification, and held the evidence was admissible to show intent and plan.
{¶28} The state made the required connection between the evidence and
Armstead’s intent. Furthermore, the court, as the gatekeeper of the evidence, had the
discretion to admit the other-acts evidence in a manner it found consistent with
Evid.R. 404(B).
{¶29} Next, Armstead argues that the trial court erred in finding the other-
acts evidence admissible to show plan or intent.
{¶30} “Evidence of a plan or common design refers to a larger criminal
scheme of which the crime charged is only a portion.” Hartman, 161 Ohio St.3d 214,
2020-Ohio-4440, 161 N.E.3d 651, at ¶ 40. The other acts are linked to the crime
charged because they are carried out in furtherance of the same overall plan. Id. “The
other acts form the ‘immediate background’ of the present crime: they are typically
either part of the ‘same transaction’ as the crime for which the defendant is on trial
or they are part of ‘a sequence of events’ leading up to the commission of the crime in
question.” Id. at ¶ 41, quoting Weissenberger, Federal Evidence, Section 404.18 (7th
Ed.2019).
10 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
{¶31} Armstead’s recording of other individuals was not linked to an
overarching plan to record Combs. The acts, while essentially identical in nature, are
distinct. “Plan” was not a viable nonpropensity purpose in this case.
{¶32} The other nonpropensity purpose cited by the trial court was “intent.”
Evidence offered for this purpose must be carefully scrutinized. “There is a thin line
between the permissible use of other-acts evidence to show intent and the
impermissible use to show propensity. Allowing other-acts evidence to prove the
defendant’s state of mind ‘flirts dangerously with eviscerating the character evidence
prohibition’ altogether.’ ” Hartman at ¶ 57, quoting Leonard, The New Wigmore:
Evidence of Other Misconduct and Similar Events, Section 7.4 (2d Ed.2019).
{¶33} Intent evidence is inadmissible when the requisite intent is inferred
from proof of the crime itself or when intent is not at issue at all. Id. at ¶ 55.
When a defendant is charged with a specific-intent crime, however, the
specific intent becomes a material issue in the case. Consider a theft
offense, which requires proof that the defendant took property with the
purpose of depriving the owner of it; evidence that the defendant
immediately pawned the property might be probative of his specific
intent to permanently deprive.
(Citation omitted.) Id.
To determine whether other-acts evidence is genuinely probative of the
intent of the accused to commit the charged crime, rather than merely the
accused’s propensity to commit similar crimes, the question is whether,
“under the circumstances, the detailed facts of the charged and
uncharged offenses strongly suggest that an innocent explanation is
11 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
implausible.” Or to put it another way, the other-acts evidence “must be
so related to the crime charged in time or circumstances that evidence of
the other acts is significantly useful in showing the defendant’s intent in
connection with the crime charged.
(Emphasis sic.) Id. at ¶ 58, quoting Leonard at Section 7.5.2, and 1 Wharton’s
Criminal Evidence, Section 4:31 (15th Ed.2019).
{¶34} Armstead argued at trial that the state had failed to prove that he
filmed Combs for the purpose of sexual arousal, making his intent material to the
outcome of the case. The fact that he had recorded approximately 30 videos of
individuals going to the bathroom discredited his claims that he recorded Combs
because he heard weird noises coming from Combs’s stall or because he had seen
similar videos on Twitter. Comparison of Armstead’s actions in the charged crime
and the videos recovered from his phone strongly suggests that his innocent
explanations are implausible. See Hartman, 161 Ohio St.3d 214, 2020-Ohio-4440,
161 N.E.3d 651, at ¶ 58. Therefore, the evidence is relevant to intent.
Evid.R. 403
{¶35} Next, we must determine whether the evidence should nonetheless be
excluded under Evid.R. 403(A). Once an appropriate nonpropensity purpose is
established, the court must conduct an Evid.R. 403(A) analysis and determine
whether the probative value of the evidence is substantially outweighed by the
danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issues, or misleading the jury. Id. at ¶ 29.
Other-acts evidence “almost always carries some risk that the jury will draw the
forbidden propensity inference.” Id. at ¶ 33. Therefore, “it will often present the
dangers that Evid.R. 403(A) seeks to protect against.” Id. “Weighing the probative
12 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
value of the evidence against its prejudicial effect is a highly fact-specific and
context-driven analysis.” Id. at ¶ 30. Thus, the trial court’s determination should be
reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Id.
{¶36} The court must determine the degree to which the fact is actually
contested, whether the prosecution is able to present alternative evidence to prove
the same fact through less prejudicial means and whether the other-acts evidence is
probative of an essential element of the crime or an intermediate fact in the case. Id.
at ¶ 31-32.
When a court concludes that other-acts evidence should be admitted, it
must take steps to minimize the danger of unfair prejudice inherent in the
use of such evidence and to ensure that the evidence is considered only
for a proper purpose. Thus, a court should explain both the specific
purpose for which the evidence may be considered and the rationale for
its admission on the record.
Id. at ¶ 34.
{¶37} In the present case, the probative value of the other-acts evidence is
high. The evidence is relevant to whether Armstead recorded Combs for sexual
gratification, an essential element of the charge and the main issue at trial. The
prosecution was not needlessly cumulative in its presentation, opting to only show
one video representative of the other videos. Also, there were not less prejudicial
means available to the prosecution to prove sexual gratification.
{¶38} Before the representative video was played, the court instructed the
jury to limit its consideration of the other-acts evidence to questions of Armstead’s
intent or plan. It repeated the instruction in the final jury instructions. “Plan” was
13 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
not a viable nonproprensity purpose. But “intent” was. And the trial court properly
instructed the jury not to consider the evidence for propensity purposes, which is the
danger that Evid.R. 404(B) seeks to avoid.
{¶39} The danger of unfair prejudice is always high when other-acts evidence
is admitted for purposes of proving intent. Hartman, 161 Ohio St.3d 214, 2020-
Ohio-4440, 161 N.E.3d 651, at ¶ 33. But the probative value of the evidence in this
case was particularly high and was not substantially outweighed by the danger of
unfair prejudice.
{¶40} The first assignment of error is overruled.
Third Assignment of Error
{¶41} In his third assignment of error, Armstead argues that the trial court
erred by ordering the forfeiture of his cell phone.
{¶42} R.C. 2981.02(A) identifies three types of property subject to forfeiture:
(a) Contraband involved in an offense;
(b) Proceeds derived from or acquired through the commission of an
offense;
(c) An instrumentality that is used in or intended to be used in the
commission or facilitation of any of the following offenses when the use
or intended use, consistent with division (B) of this section, is sufficient
to warrant forfeiture under this chapter:
(i) A felony;
(ii) A misdemeanor, when forfeiture is specifically authorized by a section
of the Revised Code or by a municipal ordinance that creates the offense
or sets forth its penalties;
14 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
(iii) An attempt to commit, complicity in committing, or a conspiracy to
commit an offense of the type described in divisions (A)(3)(a) and (b) of
this section.
{¶43} A cell phone qualifies as an “instrumentality” under subsection (c).
R.C. 2981.01(B)(6). However, an instrumentality is subject to forfeiture only where
one of the conditions in R.C. 2981.02(A)(1)(c)(i)-(iii) are met.1
{¶44} Armstead was convicted of voyeurism in violation of R.C. 2907.08(B),
a misdemeanor of the second degree. R.C. 2907.08(E)(1)(3). R.C. 2907.08 does not
specifically authorize forfeiture for violations under that section. Therefore, none of
the conditions in R.C. 2981.02(A)(1)(c)(i)-(iii) are met. The cell phone was not
forfeitable under R.C. 2981.02.
{¶45} However, the state contends that Armstead waived any error that
occurred. “Waiver is different from forfeiture. Whereas forfeiture is the failure to
make the timely assertion of a right, waiver is the intentional relinquishment or
abandonment of a known right.” United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 733, 113 S.Ct.
1770, 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993). “Whether a particular right is waivable; whether the
defendant must participate personally in the waiver; whether certain procedures are
required for waiver; and whether the defendant’s choice must be particularly
informed or voluntary, all depend on the right at stake.” Id.
{¶46} A negative response on the record to a trial court’s invitation to raise
an objection results in waiver of the unraised objection. See State v. Searles, 1st Dist.
Hamilton Nos. C-190389, C-190395, C-190414 and C-190415, 2020-Ohio-5608, ¶ 12
1 Condition (iii) references (A)(3)(a) and (b). But under the statute’s current formulation, there is no (A)(3) division. “(A)(3)(a) and (b)” is meant to refer to (A)(1)(c)(i) and (ii). The legislature neglected to update the numbering when it amended the statute in 2018. Therefore, (iii) includes forfeiture for attempts, complicity, and conspiracy to commit the offenses described in (i) and (ii).
15 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
(holding there was “no question” the defendant waived the jury issue raised on
appeal where defense counsel stated that there was “no objection” to the substitution
of an alternate juror); United States v. Romano, 794 F.3d 317, 334 (2d Cir.2015) (“A
strategic decision that is evidenced not merely by silence but by a negative response
on the record to a district court invitation to voice objection, does more than forfeit
the unraised objection; it waives it.”) (Emphasis deleted.); United States v. Lasanta-
Sanchez, 681 F.Appx. 32, 35 (1st Cir.2017), quoting United States v. Gates, 709 F.3d
58, 63 (1st Cir.2013) (“[A] party cannot concede an issue in the district court and
later, on appeal, attempt to repudiate that concession and resurrect the issue.”).
{¶47} At the sentencing hearing, the following exchange occurred:
Prosecutor: Judge I made an inquiry about the phone that is in the police
evidence right now. I don’t know if I have a clear directive on how you
want to handle that.
Court: Well, what’s the defense’s position? Is there any objection to just
forfeiting the phone?
Defense counsel: No, Judge.
Court: Okay. That probably makes that issue altogether easier.
{¶48} It is clear that Armstead waived any error that occurred in the
forfeiture of his cell phone. Therefore, we will not review that issue on appeal, even
for plain error. Searles, 1st Dist. Hamilton Nos. C-190389, C-190395, C-190414 and
C-190415, 2020-Ohio-5608, at ¶ 11, citing State v. Payne, 114 Ohio St.3d 502, 2007-
Ohio-4642, 873 N.E.2d 306, ¶ 23.
{¶49} The third assignment of error is overruled.
16 OHIO FIRST DISTRICT COURT OF APPEALS
Conclusion
{¶50} All three assignments of error are overruled and the judgment of the
trial court is affirmed.
Judgment affirmed.
MYERS, P.J., and BOCK, J., concur.
Please note: The court has recorded its own entry on the date of the release of this opinion.