No. 122,255
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF KANSAS
STATE OF KANSAS, Appellee,
v.
SPENCER ADAMS, Appellant.
SYLLABUS BY THE COURT
1. Whether a sentence is illegal within the meaning of K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3504 turns on interpretation of the revised Kansas Sentencing Guidelines Act (KSGA), K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-6801 et seq.
2. Whether a prior conviction should be classified as a person or nonperson offense involves interpretation of the KSGA. Interpretation of a statute is a question of law over which appellate courts have unlimited review.
3 An "illegal sentence" as defined by K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3504(c)(1) is a sentence that is imposed by a court without jurisdiction; that does not conform to the applicable statutory provision, either in character or punishment; or that is ambiguous with respect to the time and manner in which it is to be served at the time it is pronounced.
1 4. The legality of a sentence under K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3504 is controlled by the law in effect at the time the sentence was pronounced. The legality of a sentence is fixed at a discrete moment in time—the moment the sentence was pronounced.
5. A pronounced sentence is either legal or illegal according to then-existing law. Therefore, for purposes of a motion to correct an illegal sentence, neither party can avail itself of subsequent changes in the law.
6. A sentence is only illegal if it fits the definition of "illegal sentence" in K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3504(c)(1). A sentence is not an illegal sentence because of a change in the law that occurs after the sentence is pronounced. If a sentence was legal when originally imposed, a subsequent change in the law cannot transform a legal sentence into an illegal sentence.
7. Appellate courts presume the Legislature does not intend to enact meaningless legislation when it amends a statute. Appellate courts also generally presume the Legislature acts with full knowledge about statutory subject matter, including prior and existing law and judicial decisions interpreting the same.
8. When interpreting a statute, an appellate court must first attempt to ascertain legislative intent through the statutory language enacted, giving common words their ordinary meanings. When a statute is plain and unambiguous, an appellate court should not speculate about the legislative intent behind that clear language and should refrain from reading something into the statute not readily found in its words.
2 9. The language of K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3504(c)(2) is plain and unambiguous: A "change in the law" means a statutory change or an opinion by an appellate court of the State of Kansas, unless the opinion is issued while the sentence is pending an appeal from the judgment of conviction.
Appeal from Wyandotte District Court; JENNIFER ORTH MYERS, judge. Opinion filed October 2, 2020. Affirmed.
Joseph A. Desch, of Law Office of Joseph A. Desch, of Topeka, for appellant, and Spencer Adams, appellant pro se.
Daniel G. Obermeier, assistant district attorney, Mark A. Dupree Sr., district attorney, and Derek Schmidt, attorney general, for appellee.
Before SCHROEDER, P.J., GREEN and BUSER, JJ.
SCHROEDER, J.: Spencer Adams timely appeals from the denial of his two pro se motions to correct an illegal sentence. Adams was sentenced in 2010 and timely filed a direct appeal. While Adams' appeal was pending, our Supreme Court issued its decision in State v. Williams, 291 Kan. 554, 244 P.3d 667 (2010). Adams made no arguments under Williams in his direct appeal; his convictions and sentence were affirmed in 2013. Adams now argues his criminal history score should have been determined based on our Supreme Court's ruling in State v. Murdock, 299 Kan. 312, 323 P.3d 846 (2014) (Murdock I). He reasons he would have been entitled to the benefit of the change in the law under Williams because it was decided while his direct appeal was pending, and he asserts the decision in Murdock I was premised on Williams; therefore, Murdock I is controlling as to the legality of his sentence. We disagree with Adams' reasoning and affirm the district court.
3 FACTS
Spencer Adams was convicted of one count of attempted second-degree murder for acts he committed on October 10, 2008. At sentencing on July 9, 2010, the district court determined Adams' criminal history score was B, which included a 1988 Missouri robbery conviction classified as a person felony. Adams was sentenced to 228 months' imprisonment. Adams directly appealed, and his conviction and sentence were affirmed on appeal. See State v. Adams, No. 106,059, 2012 WL 4677843, at *1 (Kan. App. 2012) (unpublished opinion). The Supreme Court denied his petition for review, and the mandate was issued on September 5, 2013.
On November 6, 2014, Adams filed his first pro se motion to correct an illegal sentence, arguing his Missouri robbery conviction was improperly classified as a person offense under Murdock I. On August 24, 2015, the district court appointed counsel to represent Adams on his motion. An agreed journal entry was filed on November 4, 2015, continuing the matter pending the issuance of the mandate in State v. Keel, 302 Kan. 560, 357 P.3d 251 (2015). But no further action was taken until Adams filed his second pro se motion to correct an illegal sentence on June 17, 2019, in which he argued his sentence was illegal under State v. Murdock, 309 Kan. 585, 439 P.3d 307 (2019) (Murdock II). On July 23, 2019, the district court addressed both of Adams' motions in a single journal entry. The district court summarily denied Adams' motions, finding Murdock I was inapplicable when Adams' sentence was pronounced and his sentence was legal when imposed based on then-existing law.
4 ANALYSIS
Standard of Review
Whether a sentence is illegal within the meaning of K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3504 turns on interpretation of the revised Kansas Sentencing Guidelines Act (KSGA), K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 21-6801 et seq. State v. Dickey, 305 Kan. 217, 220, 380 P.3d 230 (2016) (Dickey II). "Whether a prior conviction should be classified as a person or nonperson offense involves the interpretation of the KSGA. Interpretation of a statute is a question of law over which appellate courts have unlimited review." Keel, 302 Kan. at 571-72.
We acknowledge Adams filed a pro se brief, but given the arguments generally cover the same ground as his counseled brief, we will address the issues raised by his counsel.
Is Adams' sentence illegal?
An "illegal sentence" as defined by K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3504(c)(1) is "a sentence: Imposed by a court without jurisdiction; that does not conform to the applicable statutory provision, either in character or punishment; or that is ambiguous with respect to the time and manner in which it is to be served at the time it is pronounced." Adams argues his sentence is illegal based on the improper scoring of his 1988 Missouri robbery conviction as a person felony for purposes of determining his criminal history at the time the district court sentenced him in July 2010. He argues his Missouri robbery conviction should have been scored as a nonperson felony based on our Supreme Court's decision in Murdock I, overruled by Keel, 302 Kan. 560.
However, Adams' argument is not that Murdock I is directly controlling, at least not insofar as his sentence was definitively illegal under Murdock I when it was imposed.
5 Adams acknowledges Murdock I was decided several years after he was sentenced and his direct appeal had concluded prior to the Murdock I decision. Adams argues the holding in Murdock I should apply because Murdock I was predicated on Williams, overruled by Keel, 302 Kan. 560. But Adams also acknowledges Williams was decided after his sentence was imposed. Nevertheless, he argues because Williams was decided while his direct appeal was pending, he is entitled to the benefit of the change in the law under Williams.
Adams and the State take drastically different positions on the effect of our Supreme Court's subsequent decision in Murdock II. Adams and the State both rely on the following language from Murdock II:
"[T]he legality of a sentence under K.S.A. 22-3504 is controlled by the law in effect at the time the sentence was pronounced. The legality of a sentence is fixed at a discrete moment in time—the moment the sentence was pronounced. At that moment, a pronounced sentence is either legal or illegal according to then-existing law. Therefore, for purposes of a motion to correct an illegal sentence, neither party can avail itself of subsequent changes in the law." 309 Kan. at 591.
Both parties' briefs fail to identify what law was in effect at the moment Adams' sentence was pronounced—July 9, 2010. Adams generally asserts Williams was a change in the law that occurred while his direct appeal was pending but fails to explain the nature of the controlling law prior to Williams. Similarly, the State generally asserts Adams' sentence was legal when imposed and Williams represented a change in the law. But the State neglects to explain the law in existence at the time Adams' sentence was imposed.
1. What law applied at the time of Adams' sentencing?
We are first tasked with determining the applicable law at the time Adams' sentence was imposed. Our Supreme Court offered considerable clarity on this point in
6 Keel. Since we are duty-bound to follow Supreme Court precedence, the parties' lack of clear arguments on this point does not limit our analysis. See State v. Rodriguez, 305 Kan. 1139, 1144, 390 P.3d 903 (2017).
The Williams court addressed how out-of-state convictions should be classified for criminal history purposes under the applicable statutory provision in effect at the time— K.S.A. 21-4711(e), repealed L. 2010, ch. 136, § 307 (effective July 1, 2011). 291 Kan. at 556. This same statutory provision was in effect at the time Adams was sentenced in July 2010. K.S.A. 21-4711(e) provided:
"Out-of-state convictions and juvenile adjudications will be used in classifying the offender's criminal history. An out-of-state crime will be classified as either a felony or a misdemeanor according to the convicting jurisdiction. If a crime is a felony in another state, it will be counted as a felony in Kansas. The state of Kansas shall classify the crime as person or nonperson. In designating [an out-of-state] crime as person or nonperson comparable offenses shall be referred to. If the state of Kansas does not have a comparable offense, the out-of-state conviction shall be classified as a nonperson crime."
The question at issue in Williams was which version of the Kansas statute should be looked to in designating the prior crime as person or nonperson—specifically, should the sentencing court look to the comparable Kansas offense in effect at the time the out- of-state crime was committed or to the comparable Kansas offense at the time of the current crime of conviction. 291 Kan. at 556-62. The Williams court rejected Williams' argument that State v. Vandervort, 276 Kan. 164, 72 P.3d 925 (2003), overruled in part by State v. Dickey, 301 Kan. 1018, Syl. ¶ 4, 350 P.3d 1054 (2015) (Dickey I), required her prior Washington identity theft convictions to be classified based on the comparable Kansas statutes in effect when she committed her Kansas crimes of conviction. Williams, 291 Kan. at 558-60. But Williams did not overrule Vandervort; it simply held Vandervort did not apply in the manner Williams argued. 291 Kan. at 560. Moreover, the Williams court believed no controlling law existed on the question presented, stating:
7 "The parties have not cited, and we have not been able to locate, Kansas statutes or case law that answers the specific question before us. Certainly the general guidance contained in K.S.A. 21-4711(e) regarding the scoring of out-of-state convictions as person or nonperson by using comparable Kansas offenses is of little help." 291 Kan. at 560.
In Keel, our Supreme Court held the Williams court erroneously concluded Vandervort was inapplicable, stating:
"Our re-examination of Williams today leads us to believe that its departure from Vandervort was a mistake and that it led to an unintended emasculation of the established sentencing rule that the penalty parameters for an offense are fixed on the date the offense was committed. See State v. Sylva, 248 Kan. 118, 120-21, 804 P.2d 967 (1991)." Keel, 302 Kan. at 582.
The Keel court further stated:
"In short, Vandervort stood for the proposition that a prior conviction should be classified for criminal history purposes based on the classification in effect for the comparable Kansas offense at the time the current crime of conviction was committed, and State v. Williams, 291 Kan. 554, 244 P.3d 667 (2010), did not fully acknowledge Vandervort's application of this rule. Consequently, Williams failed to apply the rule to the classification issue before it." Keel, 302 Kan. at 585.
Keel overruled Williams and Murdock I "[b]ecause the result reached in [Murdock I] was dictated by Williams." Keel, 302 Kan. at 589. The Keel court stated its decision was consistent with the 2014 legislative amendments to K.S.A. 21-6810 and K.S.A. 21- 6811 (formerly K.S.A. 21-4710 and K.S.A. 21-4711, respectively). 302 Kan. at 590. However, Keel's holding was expressly grounded in prior caselaw:
8 "Based on Vandervort and Sylva, the punishment for a current crime is set at the time the crime is committed. Thus, the classification of a prior conviction or juvenile adjudication as a person or nonperson offense for criminal history purposes under the KSGA is determined based on the classification in effect for the comparable Kansas offense at the time the current crime of conviction was committed." Keel, 302 Kan. at 589-90.
The basis for Keel's holding is important because Keel examined the same statutory provision at issue here—K.S.A. 21-4711(e)—rather than addressing whether subsequent legislative amendments applied retroactively. See 302 Kan. at 580, 589-91.
Vandervort was good law when it was decided in 2003. It was still good law and should have been applied when Williams was decided in December 2010. Vandervort was also the basis for the decision in Keel; thus, it was necessarily still good law when Keel was decided in August 2015. See Keel, 302 Kan. at 585, 589-90.
The Williams court seemed to suggest its ruling was not necessarily a change in the law as it concluded there was no applicable caselaw or statutory authority to guide its decision. 291 Kan. at 560. However, Keel interpreted Williams as departing from the precedent in Vandervort; thus, Williams was a change in the law. See Keel, 302 Kan. at 582, 589-90. Because Williams was decided after Adams was sentenced, it represented a subsequent change in the law. As our Supreme Court stated in Murdock II: "[A] pronounced sentence is either legal or illegal according to then-existing law. Therefore, for purposes of a motion to correct an illegal sentence, neither party can avail itself of subsequent changes in the law." 309 Kan. at 591. Our Supreme Court reiterated this principle in State v. Dawson, 310 Kan. 112, 116, 444 P.3d 914 (2019), stating: "If the sentence was legal when originally imposed, a subsequent change in the law cannot transform a legal sentence into an illegal sentence."
Adams committed the current crime of conviction in October 2008 and was sentenced in July 2010. Vandervort was the controlling law in effect at the time Adams
9 was sentenced. Based on Vandervort, Adams' 1988 Missouri robbery conviction was scoreable as a person offense based on the 2008 codification of Kansas' robbery statute, K.S.A. 21-3426, which classified robbery as a severity level 5 person felony.
2. Does Williams provide Adams with the relief he seeks?
The rule announced in Murdock II did not "disturb our longstanding rule that in a direct appeal, a defendant will receive the benefit of any change in the law that occurs while the direct appeal is pending. See, e.g., State v. Ford, 302 Kan. 455, 471, 353 P.3d 1143 (2015) ('[I]t is generally true that changes in the law apply prospectively and only to cases on direct review.')." 309 Kan. at 591. Here, although the parties agree Williams was a change in the law, the parties dispute whether the fact Williams was decided while Adams' direct appeal was pending entitles him to relief by virtue of Murdock I's extension of Williams.
The State argues Williams provides Adams no relief and offers two reasons why Adams' arguments fail. First, the State argues Adams is not entitled to the benefit of a change in the law under Williams because Adams' direct appeal is no longer pending. Relying on State v. McAlister, 310 Kan. 86, 444 P.3d 923 (2019), the State asserts: "Because Adams is attacking his sentence collaterally via a motion to correct an illegal sentence rather than a direct appeal, he is stuck with the law in effect at the time the sentence was pronounced." Second, the State argues even if Williams applies, Adams is not entitled to relief because his direct appeal had concluded before Murdock I was decided.
The State's first argument seems to be premised on an overly narrow reading of McAlister. The McAlister court held a defendant on direct appeal will receive the benefit of a subsequent change in the law, whereas someone moving to correct an illegal sentence under K.S.A. 22-3504 "'is stuck with the law in effect at the time the sentence
10 was pronounced.' 309 Kan. at 592." 310 Kan. at 91. But the McAlister court further stated: "McAlister does not argue that his sentences were illegal on February 3, 1999, when his direct appeal mandate was issued and his sentences became final." 310 Kan. at 91. Although McAlister did not decide the point, its reference to the date the direct appeal mandate was issued appears significant. To us, McAlister suggests a challenge can be raised through a motion to correct an illegal sentence based on a change in the law during the pendency of a direct appeal even though it was not originally raised in the direct appeal.
The State's reliance on McAlister is likely misplaced. However, Adams does not cite McAlister in his brief. Rather, Adams relies on the statutory definition of a change in the law set forth in K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3504(c)(2): "'Change in the law' means a statutory change or an opinion by an appellate court of the state of Kansas, unless the opinion is issued while the sentence is pending an appeal from the judgment of conviction." He further relies on K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3504(d), providing: "The amendments made to this section by this act are procedural in nature and shall be construed and applied retroactively." Based on these definitions, Adams argues: "Williams was not a change in the law as applied to Adams' sentence, since it occurred while his direct appeal was pending."
Whether a sentence is illegal for purposes of a motion to correct an illegal sentence "is exclusively a matter of state statutory law." Dickey II, 305 Kan. at 221. A sentence is only illegal within the meaning of K.S.A. 22-3504 if it fits the definition of "illegal sentence" in K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3504(c)(1). "A sentence is not an 'illegal sentence' because of a change in the law that occurs after the sentence is pronounced." K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3504(c)(1). However, the statutory definition of a "change in the law" does not include an opinion "issued while the sentence is pending an appeal from the judgment of conviction." K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3504(c)(2). Based on the retroactivity provision of K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3504(d), Adams is not barred from raising an illegal
11 sentence claim based on Williams because his direct appeal was still pending after Williams was decided. But, as the State points out, the pertinent question is not really whether Adams is entitled to relief under Williams. Rather, the determinative issue is whether Adams can receive the benefit of Murdock I. In other words, is Murdock I a change in the law within the meaning of K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3504(c)(2)?
Although Adams claims his sentence is illegal under Williams, he argues "that Williams, vis a vis Murdock I, required that his 1988 Missouri robbery conviction be scored as a non-person felony." Adams' argument is really that Murdock I was dictated by Williams; therefore, the result in Murdock I is necessarily required under Williams. However, as the State points out, Kansas appellate courts did not apply Williams consistent with Murdock I during the pendency of Adams' direct appeal. As the Murdock I court noted:
"Since [Williams], the Court of Appeals has followed Williams when the prior out-of-state offense was committed after the sentencing guidelines were adopted in 1993. See, e.g., State v. McKinney, No. 102,906, 2010 WL 5185779, at *1 (Kan. App. 2010) (unpublished opinion) (scoring a 2002 Oklahoma conviction based on the designation for the comparable Kansas offense at the time the Oklahoma offense was committed). But the Court of Appeals, including the Murdock panel, has adopted a different rule when the prior out-of-state crimes were committed before Kansas adopted the person/nonperson offense designation in 1993." Murdock I, 299 Kan. at 316.
Murdock I then quoted the rule applied by the Murdock Court of Appeals panel— "'Kansas courts have routinely classified pre-1993 offenses as either person or nonperson for criminal history purposes by comparing the offenses to current guidelines offenses.' Murdock, 2011 WL 4031550, at *2." 299 Kan. at 316. The Murdock I court noted this same rule was applied by other Court of Appeals panels.
12 The State appears correct in arguing Murdock I represented a change in the law after Adams' sentence became final. Williams clearly applied to out-of-state offenses committed after the enactment of the KSGA. However, between the time Williams was decided—December 10, 2010—and the date Adams' direct appeal mandate was issued— September 5, 2013—no Kansas appellate court had applied Williams' holding to pre- KSGA out-of-state convictions. See Murdock I, 299 Kan. at 316; State v. Mitchell, No. 104,833, 2012 WL 1649831, at *7 (Kan. App. 2012) (unpublished opinion); State v. Mims, No. 103,044, 2011 WL 4563068, at *5 (Kan. App. 2011) (unpublished opinion); State v. McKinney, No. 102,906, 2010 WL 5185779, at *1 (Kan. App. 2010) (unpublished opinion). Accordingly, the relief Adams now seeks would not have been available to him during the pendency of his direct appeal based on then-existing caselaw applying Williams.
This issue is, however, somewhat complicated by our Supreme Court's decision in Murdock II and the legislative amendments that followed. In Murdock II, our Supreme Court stated:
"There are times, however, when subsequent developments in the law might undermine an earlier merits determination. That is, true changes in the law cannot transform a once legal sentence into an illegal sentence, but developments in the law may shine new light on the original question of whether the sentence was illegal when pronounced." 309 Kan. at 592.
Under this language from Murdock II, we believe the decision in Murdock I was a short- lived change in the law. Murdock I determined Murdock's sentence was illegal when pronounced based on Williams. But shortly after Murdock II was decided, the Legislature amended K.S.A. 22-3504. See L. 2019, ch. 59, § 15. Specifically, the legislative amendments included the addition of K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3504(c)(2) and (d). The language contained therein was not present in K.S.A. 2018 Supp. 22-3504.
13 The plain language of K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3504(c)(2) appears directly responsive to the above-quoted language from Murdock II. We must presume the Legislature does not intend to enact meaningless legislation when it amends a statute. Montgomery v. Saleh, 311 Kan. 649, 655, 466 P.3d 902 (2020). Appellate courts also generally presume the Legislature acts with full knowledge about statutory subject matter, including prior and existing law and judicial decisions interpreting the same. State v. Kershaw, 302 Kan. 772, 782, 359 P.3d 52 (2015). When interpreting a statute, an appellate court must first attempt to ascertain legislative intent through the statutory language enacted, giving common words their ordinary meanings. When a statute is plain and unambiguous, an appellate court should not speculate about the legislative intent behind that clear language and should refrain from reading something into the statute not readily found in its words. State v. Ayers, 309 Kan. 162, 163-64, 432 P.3d 663 (2019).
K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3504(c)(2) is plain and unambiguous; a "'[c]hange in the law' means a statutory change or an opinion by an appellate court of the state of Kansas, unless the opinion is issued while the sentence is pending an appeal from the judgment of conviction." (Emphasis added.) Based on this plain language, Murdock I is a change in the law as applied to Adams because the decision in Murdock I was issued after the conclusion of Adams' direct appeal.
Adams affirmatively argues the 2019 amendments to K.S.A. 22-3504 should be applied retroactively based on the plain language of K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3504(d). Unfortunately for Adams, this retroactive application of the 2019 amendments works to his detriment. Under Murdock II, the decision in Murdock I was a short-lived change in the law. See 309 Kan. at 593 ("Murdock was controlling law [albeit for a short window of time] and in effect when Murdock's second sentence was pronounced."). But K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3504(c)(2) does not distinguish between "true changes in the law" and "developments in the law," as our Supreme Court did in Murdock II. See 309 Kan. at 592.
14 Under the plain language of K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3504(c), Murdock I represents a change in the law occurring after Adams' sentence was imposed, but Adams is not entitled to the benefit of the change in the law because Murdock I was decided after the conclusion of Adams' direct appeal. However, Adams is entitled to the benefit of Williams because Williams was decided while his direct appeal was pending. Adams would also be entitled to the benefit of any appellate court decisions applying Williams while his direct appeal was still pending. See K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3504(c)(2). But, as previously mentioned, no appellate case applied Williams in the same manner as Murdock I while Adams' direct appeal was pending.
Adams further asserts the decision in Murdock II renders his sentence illegal under Williams. Adams is incorrect. He largely overreads the holding in Murdock II, relying on the following:
"[T]he legality of a sentence under K.S.A. 22-3504 is controlled by the law in effect at the time the sentence was pronounced. The legality of a sentence is fixed at a discrete moment in time—the moment the sentence was pronounced. At that moment, a pronounced sentence is either legal or illegal according to then-existing law." 309 Kan. at 591.
The problem with Adams' argument is Murdock II related to the legality of the sentence imposed when Murdock was resentenced based on the mandate in Murdock I. The "discrete moment in time" Murdock II referred to was the time of Murdock's resentencing. The Murdock II court explained Murdock's second sentence was legal for two reasons:
"First, Murdock's second sentence was legally imposed according to our Murdock mandate. We reject the State's argument that Murdock was simply an aberration or 'oops' in the law. Instead, Murdock was controlling law (albeit for a short window of time) and in effect when Murdock's second sentence was pronounced. Second, Keel changed the
15 law because it explicitly overruled Murdock's holding that prior out-of-state crimes must be scored as nonperson offenses. Keel, 302 Kan. at 589. As a result, Keel does not render Murdock's second sentence illegal, and his prior out-of-state crimes were correctly classified as nonperson felonies under Murdock. However, we acknowledge that Keel controls for defendants sentenced after Keel was decided." 309 Kan. at 593.
The decision in Murdock II says nothing about the propriety of the analysis in Murdock I. Murdock's second sentence as recognized in Murdock II was only legal insofar as it complied with the mandate in Murdock I. The State did not appeal after Murdock was resentenced but later filed a motion to correct an illegal sentence based on the Supreme Court's decision in Keel. Murdock II held the State could not use its decision in Keel to subsequently attack the legality of Murdock's second sentence because it was legally imposed at the time of resentencing pursuant to the mandate in Murdock I. 309 Kan. at 590-93. The holding in Murdock II does not mean Murdock's first sentence was illegal under Williams; it only means Murdock's second sentence was legal under Murdock I.
Like Murdock, the decision in Keel does not affect the legality of Adams' sentence because Keel was decided after Adams' direct appeal concluded. But unlike Murdock, Adams was not sentenced between the decision in Murdock I and Keel, and Adams' direct appeal concluded prior to the decision in Murdock I. Adams cannot avail himself of the benefit of Murdock I based on Murdock II. Adams' sentence was legal when it was pronounced based on then-existing law—Vandervort. As our Supreme Court later indicated in Keel, the decision in Williams represented a departure from Vandervort. See Keel, 302 Kan. at 582. The extension of Williams for which Adams is arguing only came about in Murdock I: "We overrule all Court of Appeals decisions applying the rule recited by the Court of Appeals panel in this case. We reverse the Court of Appeals and the district court and remand for resentencing with directions to classify the prior out-of- state convictions as nonperson offenses." 299 Kan. at 319.
16 Murdock I was a change in the law occurring after Adams' sentence was imposed, but Adams is not entitled to the benefit of the change in the law because Murdock I was decided after the conclusion of Adams' direct appeal. See K.S.A. 2019 Supp. 22-3504(c). Adams is not entitled to relief because his original sentence was lawfully imposed under Vandervort and how Kansas appellate courts applied Williams during the pendency of Adams' direct appeal would not have established his sentence was illegal at that time. The district court did not err in summarily denying Adams' motions to correct an illegal sentence.
Affirmed.