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1 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF NEW MEXICO
2 STATE OF NEW MEXICO,
3 Plaintiff-Appellee,
4 v. No. 33,461
5 GILBERT ABEYTA,
6 Defendant-Appellant.
7 APPEAL FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF BERNALILLO COUNTY 8 Stan Whitaker, District Judge
9 Hector H. Balderas, Attorney General 10 Santa Fe, NM 11 M. Victoria Wilson, Assistant Attorney General 12 Albuquerque, NM
13 for Appellee
14 Jorge A. Alvarado, Chief Public Defender 15 Kimberly Chavez Cook, Assistant Appellate Defender 16 Santa Fe, NM
17 for Appellant
18 MEMORANDUM OPINION
19 SUTIN, Judge. 1 {1} Defendant Gilbert Abeyta was charged with five counts of criminal sexual
2 contact of a minor (CSCM), contrary to NMSA 1978, Section 30-9-13(B)(1) (2003),
3 arising out of allegations that he had engaged in acts of unlawful sexual contact with
4 two female victims under the age of thirteen. Count 1 of the indictment, pertaining to
5 Victim 1, was severed from Counts 2-5, pertaining to Victim 2, and the severed
6 charges were tried separately. A jury found Defendant guilty of CSCM related to
7 Victim 1 as charged in Count 1. In a later trial, Defendant was found not guilty of
8 CSCM related to Victim 2.
9 {2} In the present case, Defendant seeks reversal of his conviction of CSCM related
10 to Victim 1. He argues that the district court erred by excluding evidence that Victim
11 1’s mother (Mother), with whom Victim 1 lived, was living with a registered sex
12 offender (Arthur Aragon), that the district court erred in failing to enforce discovery
13 obligations or to grant the defense a continuance in order to further prepare for trial,
14 and that he was denied effective assistance of counsel.
15 {3} We hold that the district court erred in excluding evidence that Mother’s
16 boyfriend, who had access to Victim 1, was a registered sex offender. Because the
17 district court’s ruling in that regard led Defendant to forego his preferred defense, we
18 reverse Defendant’s conviction and remand for a new trial.
19 BACKGROUND
2 1 {4} Defendant and Mother were married for approximately nine years, and they had
2 three children together. After they were divorced, Mother retained custody of their
3 children, and Defendant was permitted to have overnight visitation with Victim 1 one
4 time per week. After approximately one month, the visitation arrangement ended
5 because Victim 1 alleged that, during one of the overnight visits, Defendant touched
6 her vagina, under her underwear, with his hand. As a result of the allegation,
7 Defendant was charged with one count of CSCM. That charge was Count 1 in a five-
8 count indictment; the remaining counts pertained to allegations made by Victim 2 that
9 Defendant had unlawfully touched her buttocks and forced her to touch his penis.
10 {5} Over the course of the proceedings in this matter, Defendant was represented
11 by three separate attorneys. Through his second attorney, Defendant successfully
12 moved to sever Count 1 from the remaining charges. Defendant’s second attorney also
13 conducted a pretrial interview of Mother.
14 {6} Defendant’s third attorney (hereafter Defendant’s counsel or counsel) sought
15 to interview the State’s witnesses, including Mother. The State did not provide
16 Defendant’s counsel with contact information for its witnesses, and counsel could
17 only access the witnesses through the district attorney’s office. Nevertheless, the State
18 made its witnesses available, excluding Mother.
3 1 {7} At a docket call approximately one month prior to trial, counsel informed the
2 district court that she needed more time to prepare for trial, and she was not ready to
3 proceed to trial on the designated date. Among the reasons that counsel gave for not
4 being ready for trial was that she had not been able to interview Mother. The court
5 indicated that the trial nevertheless would proceed as scheduled.
6 {8} The State informed counsel that to interview Mother, counsel would have to file
7 a motion in the district court. Counsel instead subpoenaed Mother, and the State
8 moved to quash the subpoena. A hearing on that motion was held approximately a
9 week before trial was to start. Counsel argued that the second attorney’s interview
10 with Mother was inadequate because, among other reasons, counsel’s strategy and
11 theory of the case was different from that of the second attorney. The court granted
12 the motion to quash the subpoena but ordered the State to allow counsel to interview
13 Mother, provided that the interview questions pertained to matters that were not earlier
14 addressed in the second attorney’s interview. Because counsel was unavailable during
15 the week preceding trial to interview Mother, the interview did not take place before
16 the day trial started.
17 {9} On the morning of trial, the district court heard arguments on a motion in limine
18 that had been filed by the State. Among the issues raised in that motion was the State’s
19 request that the district court order the defense to refrain from questioning its
4 1 witnesses about “the criminal history of Arthur Rory Aragon.” After Mother and
2 Defendant were divorced, Mr. Aragon became Mother’s boyfriend and later her
3 husband. Mr. Aragon and Mother were dating when both Victims made the allegations
4 that led to the charges against Defendant. Mr. Aragon was a registered sex offender.
5 {10} Counsel argued that in order to pursue an “alternate suspect theory” as a
6 defense, Defendant should be permitted to raise the issue of Mr. Aragon’s status as a
7 registered sex offender through cross-examination of Mother. The State argued that
8 permitting Defendant to introduce Mr. Aragon’s status as a sex offender at trial would
9 be “overly prejudicial,” reasoning that “all of a sudden it’s automatically somebody
10 else, just because of the title[] ‘registered sex offender.’ And he’s not here to defend
11 himself. He’s not here to say what his charges were that he became a registered sex
12 offender[.]” The following exchange then occurred, concluding in the court’s ruling
13 that Mr. Aragon’s status as a sex offender would not be admitted at trial.
14 [Prosecutor]: Neither of the [Victims] ever, ever say that [Mr. 15 Aragon] is the one that did this. They have always only said that 16 [Defendant] is the one that did this.
17 [Court]: I understand that. If he had access as well—what’s his 18 prior criminal—I mean, he’s a registered sex offender because of child 19 molestation charges?
20 [Prosecutor]: Yeah. I believe it—I think it was—if you’ll give me 21 just a second.
22 [Court]: Do you know what it is, [counsel]?
5 1 [Counsel]: It is child molestation.
2 [Court]: How long ago?
3 [Prosecutor]: I think it’s a CSC, but it’s out of state.
4 ....
5 [Court]: I think it’s fertile ground for [the defense] to be able to 6 address. . . . If [Mother] . . . has knowledge that he was a convicted sex 7 offender and that she knew it and that he had some contact with the kids, 8 I think that’s fertile ground to get into, over the State’s objection. It’s just 9 going to depend on how that’s laid out in the testimony.
10 [Prosecutor]: And I’d just like to clarify for the record . . . his 11 conviction date was 1994. . . . [a]nd the offense only says ‘Criminal 12 Sexual Penetration, First Degree.’ It doesn’t indicate whether it was a 13 child or not. And he has been registering since 1997.
14 And . . . the concern the State has is that they’re going to turn this 15 in—to look like this individual, who isn’t charged in this case, is doing 16 things to these kids when that’s never been the allegation. . . .
17 ....
18 [Court]: . . . If there’s no representation or information at all that 19 it was a child involved in the underlying allegation, don’t go there.
20 [Counsel]: Well, Your Honor, I can tell you that regardless of 21 what the actual facts of that [are], [Mother and Victim 2] both 22 understood it to involve a child.
23 [Court]: Well, without you having more, without having him here, 24 without having a conviction that is more specific, don’t go there. Don’t 25 go there. I think that’s misleading. I’m not going to allow it. That’s the 26 [c]ourt’s order.
6 1 {11} Defendant was tried, and the fact that Mother had been dating a registered sex
2 offender when the allegations of abuse against Defendant were made was not raised
3 at trial. Instead of an alternate suspect theory, the defense pursued a theory that
4 Defendant had not committed the alleged act of CSCM, but that if he did touch Victim
5 1’s vagina, it was not intentional and not unlawful. The jury found Defendant guilty
6 of CSCM of Victim 1.
7 {12} Following his conviction of CSCM of Victim 1, Defendant was tried and
8 acquitted of the crimes arising out of Victim 2’s allegations of CSCM. At the second
9 trial, resulting in acquittal, information pertaining to Mr. Aragon’s status as a
10 registered sex offender, who lived with Mother, was presented to the jury.
11 Approximately one month after the second trial, Defendant filed a motion for a new
12 trial pertaining to the charge of CSCM against Victim 1.
13 {13} As grounds for a new trial, counsel argued that prohibiting Defendant from
14 raising the issue at trial of Mr. Aragon’s status as a registered sex offender, who had
15 access to Victim 1, impinged Defendant’s due process right to present a defense. The
16 issue was exacerbated, counsel argued, by the fact that counsel was unable to
17 interview Mother prior to the trial. Following Defendant’s conviction of CSCM of
18 Victim 1, in preparing for Defendant’s trial related to Victim 2’s allegations, counsel
19 had interviewed Mother and as a result of that interview, counsel had learned that Mr.
7 1 Aragon’s conviction was for the crime of criminal sexual penetration of a child under
2 the age of thirteen in Bernalillo County. Counsel characterized this as “newly
3 discovered evidence” concerning Mr. Aragon and argued that it showed that the
4 State’s representation at the hearing on its motion in limine, that the nature of Mr.
5 Aragon’s sex offense was unknown, was not accurate.
6 {14} In response to Defendant’s motion for a new trial, the State argued, in part, that
7 specific information pertaining to Mr. Aragon’s conviction for criminal sexual
8 penetration of a minor was included within 245 pages of records from the Children,
9 Youth, and Families Department that had been provided to the defense prior to trial.
10 As such, the State argued the evidence was not “newly discovered” because it could
11 have been discovered had defense counsel exercised due diligence. The State argued
12 further that had defense counsel exercised due diligence and discovered the
13 information it would have been permitted to present the information and to pursue an
14 “alternate suspect theory” at trial because the district court’s ruling at the motion in
15 limine hearing was that the information could be presented if Defendant had specific
16 information regarding the conviction. The district court denied Defendant’s motion
17 for a new trial.
18 {15} On appeal from his conviction of CSCM of Victim 1, Defendant argues that the
19 district court erred and infringed upon his right to present a defense by excluding
8 1 evidence that Mother was living with a registered sex offender, who had access to
2 Victim 1, when the allegation of CSCM was made. He argues further that the district
3 court erred by denying counsel additional time to prepare for trial and by quashing the
4 subpoena by which counsel sought to interview Mother and that these factors also
5 infringed upon his right to present a defense by effectively depriving him of access
6 to Mother and denying him adequate time to prepare for trial. Finally, Defendant
7 argues that he was denied effective assistance of counsel.
8 {16} We conclude that the district court was misled by the prosecutor’s
9 misrepresentation regarding Mr. Aragon’s sex offense and that, as a result of the
10 misrepresentation, the district court erroneously excluded evidence that Mr. Aragon
11 was a registered sex offender who had access to Victim 1. Since the court’s
12 evidentiary ruling caused Defendant to forego his alternate suspect defense, due
13 process warrants reversal of his conviction and remand for a new trial. Because we
14 reverse on the foregoing ground, we do not consider Defendant’s remaining
15 arguments.
16 DISCUSSION
17 The Evidentiary Issue
18 {17} The appellate courts review the district court’s evidentiary rulings for an abuse
19 of discretion. State v. Rojo, 1999-NMSC-001, ¶ 41, 126 N.M. 438, 971 P.2d 829. “An
9 1 abuse of discretion occurs when the [district court’s] ruling is clearly against the logic
2 and effect of the facts and circumstances of the case.” State v. Guerra, 2012-NMSC-
3 027, ¶ 18, 284 P.3d 1076 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
4 {18} “Evidence is relevant if . . . it has any tendency to make a fact more or less
5 probable than it would be without the evidence, and . . . the fact is of consequence in
6 determining the action.” Rule 11-401 NMRA. Relevant evidence is admissible unless
7 it is prohibited by the United States or New Mexico Constitutions, a statute, or the
8 Rules of Evidence or other rules prescribed by the Supreme Court. Rule 11-402
9 NMRA. Relevant evidence may be excluded by the district court if the probative value
10 of the evidence “is substantially outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice,
11 confusing the issues, [or] misleading the jury[.]” Rule 11-403 NMRA.
12 {19} In granting the State’s motion in limine to exclude evidence pertaining to Mr.
13 Aragon’s status as a registered sex offender unless Defendant could provide “specific
14 information” that the sex offense was perpetrated against a child, the district court
15 reasoned that without such specific information the evidence would be “misleading.”
16 From the court’s ruling, viewed in context, we conclude that the court’s reasoning was
17 that, without proof that Mr. Aragon had perpetrated a sex crime upon a child, the
18 probative value of evidence that he was a registered sex offender was outweighed by
19 the danger of misleading the jury. See Rule 11-403.
10 1 {20} Defendant argues that the court’s evidentiary ruling violated his fundamental
2 right to present a defense that was premised on a theory that Mr. Aragon, a registered
3 sex offender who had access to Victim 1 during the relevant time frame, not
4 Defendant, perpetrated CSCM against Victim 1. The State argues that evidence of Mr.
5 Aragon’s status as a registered sex offender was inadmissible under Rule 11-403. The
6 State also argues, for the first time on appeal, that evidence of Mr. Aragon’s status as
7 a registered sex offender was inadmissible under Rule 11-404(B) NMRA. See id.
8 (governing the admissibility of character evidence and evidence of other crimes,
9 wrongs, or acts).
10 {21} Since the district court’s ruling was premised on Rule 11-403, we begin by
11 considering whether, pursuant to that rule, the court erred in excluding evidence of
12 Mr. Aragon’s status as a sex offender. Because the record reflects that the district
13 court was inclined to permit the evidence and changed its ruling only after the
14 prosecutor specifically represented that there was no indication that Mr. Aragon’s
15 crime involved a child, in contradiction of Defendant’s counsel’s assertions that it had,
16 we conclude that but for the prosecutor’s misrepresentation, the district court would
17 have admitted the evidence. We also conclude that the evidence was admissible
18 pursuant to Rule 11-403.
11 1 {22} As set forth earlier in this Opinion, counsel argued that Mr. Aragon’s status as
2 a sex offender stemmed from an act of child molestation, that Mr. Aragon had contact
3 with Victim 1 during the time frame in which Victim 1 alleged that Defendant had
4 touched her vagina, and that those facts were admissible to support an alternate
5 suspect theory. The district court agreed with counsel stating, “I think it’s fertile
6 ground for [the defense] to be able to address. . . . If [Mother] . . . has knowledge that
7 he was a convicted sex offender and that she knew it and that he had some contact
8 with the kids, I think that’s fertile ground to get into, over the State’s objection.” The
9 district court’s comment, viewed through the framework of Rule 11-403, reflects the
10 court’s view that if Mr. Aragon was a registered sex offender who had perpetrated a
11 sex crime upon a child, such evidence was probative of Defendant’s guilt or innocence
12 and that its probative value outweighed its potential to confuse or mislead the jury or
13 to cause undue prejudice to the State. See id. (stating that relevant evidence is
14 admissible provided that its probative value outweighs its potential to cause unfair
15 prejudice or confusion of the issues or to mislead the jury). The district court’s
16 reasoning was sound. See State v. Rosales, 2004-NMSC-022, ¶¶ 12-14, 136 N.M. 25,
17 94 P.3d 768 (stating that, in a murder case, evidence of a third person’s motive to
18 commit the crime was “highly probative on the issue of [the d]efendant’s guilt or
19 innocence” and that the evidence would have been helpful instead of confusing and
12 1 would have been admissible under Rule 11-403); see also Case v. Hatch, 2008-
2 NMSC-024, ¶ 55, 144 N.M. 20, 183 P.3d 905 (stating that “[a] defendant is entitled
3 to defend against criminal charges by showing that a third person, and not the
4 defendant, committed the crime charged” and that evidence that the other person was
5 the perpetrator is admissible provided that there is “direct or circumstantial evidence
6 linking the third person to the crime”).
7 {23} After the district court indicated its inclination to admit evidence of Mr.
8 Aragon’s status as a sex offender, the prosecutor expressed that she wanted to “clarify
9 for the record” that the information that the State had about Mr. Aragon’s conviction
10 for a sex offense did not indicate whether the offense was committed against a child.
11 Although Defendant’s counsel argued that both Mother and Victim 2 understood Mr.
12 Aragon’s sex offense to have involved a child, in light of the prosecutor’s
13 misrepresentation, the district court required further proof of the “specific” nature of
14 the crime. As a result of the court’s ruling, counsel forewent the alternate suspect
15 theory.
16 {24} The State later revealed, in response to Defendant’s motion for a new trial, that
17 it had provided specific information about the nature of Mr. Aragon’s sex offense
18 conviction during discovery approximately two months before trial. While the State
19 faulted Defendant’s counsel for failing to exercise “due diligence” and thereby learn
13 1 the specific nature of Mr. Aragon’s conviction, that argument does not reflect well on
2 the State because its specific misrepresentation precluded the use of an alternative
3 suspect defense. Access to the State’s witnesses, including Mother was within the
4 exclusive control of the State. Not only did the State not facilitate an interview of
5 Mother by counsel, the State set up roadblocks to the interview by requiring counsel
6 to seek a court order to conduct the interview and later by successfully moving to
7 quash counsel’s subpoena to interview Mother. The record reflects that counsel first
8 learned the specific nature of Mr. Aragon’s conviction as a result of her interview with
9 Mother prior to Defendant’s trial pertaining to Victim 2’s allegations. It is reasonable
10 to infer that had counsel been given the opportunity to interview Mother prior to
11 Defendant’s trial in this matter, she would have learned the specific nature of Mr.
12 Aragon’s conviction and, accordingly, would have been allowed to pursue the
13 alternate suspect theory of defense.
14 {25} Furthermore, the fact that specific information regarding Mr. Aragon’s
15 conviction was contained in the 245 pages of documents provided to counsel by the
16 State did not come to light until the State responded to Defendant’s motion for a new
17 trial. The State prevailed in its motion to exclude any mention of Mr. Aragon’s sex
18 offense conviction by arguing that the specifics were unknown. Thus, not as a result
19 of the defense’s lack of diligence but on the State’s apparent failure to diligently
14 1 peruse its own internal discovery documentation in which Mr. Aragon’s conviction
2 was described, the State prevailed in its motion as a result of the prosecutor’s
3 misrepresentation that misled the district court.
4 {26} Had the prosecution accurately represented the nature of Mr. Aragon’s
5 conviction, every indication is that the district court would have admitted the evidence
6 thereby allowing Defendant to pursue his alternate suspect theory. Basic notions of
7 fairness prevent the State from prevailing in its argument that the victory it gained as
8 a result of the prosecutor’s misrepresentation that misled the district court should
9 stand because Defendant’s counsel, who presented accurate information regarding Mr.
10 Aragon’s conviction, could not do so with enough specificity to overcome the
11 prosecutor’s misrepresentation.
12 {27} We conclude that the prosecution’s misrepresentation misled the district court
13 in making an evidentiary ruling that was “clearly against the logic and effect of the
14 facts and circumstances of the case.” Guerra, 2012-NMSC-027, ¶ 18 (internal
15 quotation marks and citation omitted) (stating the abuse of discretion standard). As a
16 result, Defendant forewent his alternate suspect theory of defense. “A defendant
17 seeking relief because an avenue for his defense was foreclosed by an evidentiary
18 ruling must show that he was prejudiced by the ruling. However, no more prejudice
19 need be shown than that the trial court’s order may have made a potential avenue of
15 1 defense unavailable to the defendant.” State v. Campbell, 2007-NMCA-051, ¶ 14, 141
2 N.M. 543, 157 P.3d 722 (alteration, internal quotation marks, and citations omitted).
3 Under these circumstances, due process warrants reversal of Defendant’s conviction
4 and remand for a new trial. See id. ¶¶ 17-18, 23 (reversing the defendant’s conviction
5 and remanding for a new trial on the ground that the defendant’s due process right to
6 present a defense was violated as a result of the district court’s erroneous evidentiary
7 ruling). Having concluded that, under the circumstances of this case, reversal and
8 remand for a new trial is appropriate for the reasons discussed in this Opinion, we
9 need not and do not address Defendant’s remaining arguments.
10 {28} Furthermore, we decline to address the State’s argument that evidence of Mr.
11 Aragon’s status as a sex offender was inadmissible under Rule 11-404(B). The district
12 court did not consider whether Rule 11-404(B) would prohibit the admission of
13 evidence pertaining to Mr. Aragon’s status as a sex offender, which was raised by the
14 State for the first time on appeal. While this Court may affirm a district court’s ruling
15 on the ground that it was right for any reason, we will not affirm on grounds not
16 considered by the district court where it would be unfair to the appellant to do so.
17 State v. Gallegos, 2007-NMSC-007, ¶ 26, 141 N.M. 185, 152 P.3d 828. Defendant did
18 not have an opportunity in the district court to articulate a theory of admissibility of
19 evidence pertaining to Mr. Aragon’s sex offender status under Rule 11-404, and it
16 1 would therefore be unfair to Defendant to assume what his argument may have been
2 and decide whether the assumed argument would comport with the rule.
3 CONCLUSION
4 {29} We reverse Defendant’s conviction and remand for a new trial.
5 {30} IT IS SO ORDERED.
6 __________________________________ 7 JONATHAN B. SUTIN, Judge
8 WE CONCUR:
9 _________________________________ 10 MICHAEL D. BUSTAMANTE, Judge
11 _________________________________ 12 TIMOTHY L. GARCIA, Judge