FILED
FEBRUARY 19,2015
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 31351-4-III ) Respondent, ) ) v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) THOMAS NATHAN CALDWELL, )
)
Appellant. )
LA WRENCE-BERREY, J. Thomas Nathan Caldwell pleaded guilty to assault of a
child in the second degree. As part of his sentence, the trial court ordered restitution, 18
months of community custody, and entered lifetime no-contact orders in favor of the
victim's mother and the victim, Mr. Caldwell's infant daughter. On appeal, Mr. Caldwell
challenges the imposition of restitution, the lifetime no-contact orders, and the term of his
community custody. We remand for the sentencing court to vacate the lifetime no-contact
orders, to amend the judgment and sentence to limit the no-contact orders to 10 years, and
to correct the ordered restitution, if warranted. We affirm the 18-month community
custody term. No. 31351-4-III State v. Caldwell
FACTS
On November 26,2012, Thomas Caldwell entered an Alford] plea to second
degree assault of a child. In his written statement on plea of guilty, Mr. Caldwell
stipulated that the court could rely on police reports and the certificate of probable cause
to establish a factual basis for the plea. The certificate described that Mr. Caldwell's
nine-month-old daughter, S.H., sustained seven broken ribs. Neither Mr. Caldwell nor
the baby's mother, Amber Dublinski, could explain the injuries. In a subsequent
interview, Mr. Caldwell claimed he had come home drunk and tripped and fallen on the
baby. Expert opinion was that the injuries were the result of the baby being shaken and
squeezed. Nevertheless, despite the obvious injuries to his daughter, Mr. Caldwell did
not seek emergency medical attention for her.
At sentencing, the court imposed legal financial obligations (LFOs), including
$54.80 restitution to be paid to the prosecuting attorney's office. The court also imposed
18 months of community custody and lifetime no-contact orders prohibiting contact with
Ms. Dublinski and S.H. In appendices, the court entered permanent domestic violence
protection orders. Boilerplate language in both orders stated: "If the duration of this order
exceeds one year, the court finds that an order of less than one year will be insufficient to
] North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 91 S. Ct. 160,27 L. Ed. 2d 162 (1970).
No. 31351-4-111 State v. Caldwell
prevent further acts of domestic violence." Clerk's Papers (CP) at 50, 52.
Mr. Caldwell appeals, assigning error to the court's imposition of restitution, the
lifetime no-contact orders, and the term of community custody.
ANALYSIS
A. Whether the sentencing court erred in entering restitution
For the first time on appeal, Mr. Caldwell contends the trial court erred in
imposing $54.80 restitution to be paid to the prosecutor's office. He contends that
RCW 9.94A.753(3? limits restitution to victims and complains that the record does not
reflect the reason for imposition of the restitution. The State responds that the court's
characterization of the $54.80 as restitution is a typographical error, and that we should
remand for the trial court to assess the amount as a witness service fee, i.e., a cost, not
restitution.
The problem in addressing this issue is that Mr. Caldwell did not object to the
order of restitution below. He signed the judgment and sentence and raised no objection
at sentencing when the court ordered that he pay restitution to the prosecuting attorney's
office. This failure to object deprived the trial court of any opportunity to correct the
2RCW 9.94A.753(3) provides in part that restitution pursuant to a criminal conviction shall be for "injury to or loss of property, actual expenses incurred for treatment for injury to persons, and lost wages resulting for injury."
No. 31351-4-II1 State v. Caldwell
alleged error and to create a record that would pennit meaningful appellate review. State
v. Moen, 129 Wn.2d 535,547,919 P.2d 69 (1996); see also State v. Danis, 64 Wn. App.
814,822-23,826 P.2d 1096 (1992) (refusing to address restitution issue in absence of
objection made at sentencing, stating "with no objection the court had no reason to spell
out the basis of the order"). Furthennore, Mr. Caldwell's failure to object to the
restitution amount constitutes acknowledgement or agreement to the amount. State v.
Ryan, 78 Wn. App. 758, 762, 899 P.2d 825 (1995). Nevertheless, in light of the State's
position, we deem that the appropriate remedy is to remand this issue to the trial court so
the judgment and sentence might be corrected, if warranted.
B. Whether the sentencing court erred in entering lifetime no-contact orders
Mr. Caldwell next assigns error to the lifetime duration of the no-contact orders
imposed in this case. Specifically, he argues the court exceeded its statutory authority
under the Sentencing Refonn Act (SRA), chapter 9.94A RCW, by imposing no-contact
orders that exceeded the 10-year maximum penalty for second degree assault of a child, a
class B felony. Although Mr. Caldwell did not object below, in general, a defendant does
not waive a challenge to the legality of sentencing conditions by failing to object. State v.
Armstrong, 91 Wn. App. 635, 638, 959 P.2d 1128 (1998).
A trial court's sentencing authority is limited to that expressly found in the statutes.
In re Postsentence Review o/Leach, 161 Wn.2d 180, 184, 163 P.3d 782 (2007). A court
abuses its discretion if, when imposing a crime-related prohibition, it applies the wrong
legal standard. State v. Lord, 161 Wn.2d 276, 284, 165 P.3d 1251 (2007).
RCW 9.94A.505(8) permits a court to enforce crime-related prohibitions as part of
any sentence. A "crime-related prohibition" is a court order "prohibiting conduct that
directly relates to the circumstances of the crime for which the offender has been
convicted." RCW 9.94A.030(lO). A no-contact order is a crime-related prohibition. In
re Pers. Restraint 0/ Rainey, 168 Wn.2d 367,376,229 P.3d 686 (2010). The statutory
maximum for Mr. Caldwell's underlying offense, a class B felony, is 10 years.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
FILED
FEBRUARY 19,2015
In the Office of the Clerk of Court
WA State Court of Appeals, Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 31351-4-III ) Respondent, ) ) v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) THOMAS NATHAN CALDWELL, )
)
Appellant. )
LA WRENCE-BERREY, J. Thomas Nathan Caldwell pleaded guilty to assault of a
child in the second degree. As part of his sentence, the trial court ordered restitution, 18
months of community custody, and entered lifetime no-contact orders in favor of the
victim's mother and the victim, Mr. Caldwell's infant daughter. On appeal, Mr. Caldwell
challenges the imposition of restitution, the lifetime no-contact orders, and the term of his
community custody. We remand for the sentencing court to vacate the lifetime no-contact
orders, to amend the judgment and sentence to limit the no-contact orders to 10 years, and
to correct the ordered restitution, if warranted. We affirm the 18-month community
custody term. No. 31351-4-III State v. Caldwell
FACTS
On November 26,2012, Thomas Caldwell entered an Alford] plea to second
degree assault of a child. In his written statement on plea of guilty, Mr. Caldwell
stipulated that the court could rely on police reports and the certificate of probable cause
to establish a factual basis for the plea. The certificate described that Mr. Caldwell's
nine-month-old daughter, S.H., sustained seven broken ribs. Neither Mr. Caldwell nor
the baby's mother, Amber Dublinski, could explain the injuries. In a subsequent
interview, Mr. Caldwell claimed he had come home drunk and tripped and fallen on the
baby. Expert opinion was that the injuries were the result of the baby being shaken and
squeezed. Nevertheless, despite the obvious injuries to his daughter, Mr. Caldwell did
not seek emergency medical attention for her.
At sentencing, the court imposed legal financial obligations (LFOs), including
$54.80 restitution to be paid to the prosecuting attorney's office. The court also imposed
18 months of community custody and lifetime no-contact orders prohibiting contact with
Ms. Dublinski and S.H. In appendices, the court entered permanent domestic violence
protection orders. Boilerplate language in both orders stated: "If the duration of this order
exceeds one year, the court finds that an order of less than one year will be insufficient to
] North Carolina v. Alford, 400 U.S. 25, 91 S. Ct. 160,27 L. Ed. 2d 162 (1970).
No. 31351-4-111 State v. Caldwell
prevent further acts of domestic violence." Clerk's Papers (CP) at 50, 52.
Mr. Caldwell appeals, assigning error to the court's imposition of restitution, the
lifetime no-contact orders, and the term of community custody.
ANALYSIS
A. Whether the sentencing court erred in entering restitution
For the first time on appeal, Mr. Caldwell contends the trial court erred in
imposing $54.80 restitution to be paid to the prosecutor's office. He contends that
RCW 9.94A.753(3? limits restitution to victims and complains that the record does not
reflect the reason for imposition of the restitution. The State responds that the court's
characterization of the $54.80 as restitution is a typographical error, and that we should
remand for the trial court to assess the amount as a witness service fee, i.e., a cost, not
restitution.
The problem in addressing this issue is that Mr. Caldwell did not object to the
order of restitution below. He signed the judgment and sentence and raised no objection
at sentencing when the court ordered that he pay restitution to the prosecuting attorney's
office. This failure to object deprived the trial court of any opportunity to correct the
2RCW 9.94A.753(3) provides in part that restitution pursuant to a criminal conviction shall be for "injury to or loss of property, actual expenses incurred for treatment for injury to persons, and lost wages resulting for injury."
No. 31351-4-II1 State v. Caldwell
alleged error and to create a record that would pennit meaningful appellate review. State
v. Moen, 129 Wn.2d 535,547,919 P.2d 69 (1996); see also State v. Danis, 64 Wn. App.
814,822-23,826 P.2d 1096 (1992) (refusing to address restitution issue in absence of
objection made at sentencing, stating "with no objection the court had no reason to spell
out the basis of the order"). Furthennore, Mr. Caldwell's failure to object to the
restitution amount constitutes acknowledgement or agreement to the amount. State v.
Ryan, 78 Wn. App. 758, 762, 899 P.2d 825 (1995). Nevertheless, in light of the State's
position, we deem that the appropriate remedy is to remand this issue to the trial court so
the judgment and sentence might be corrected, if warranted.
B. Whether the sentencing court erred in entering lifetime no-contact orders
Mr. Caldwell next assigns error to the lifetime duration of the no-contact orders
imposed in this case. Specifically, he argues the court exceeded its statutory authority
under the Sentencing Refonn Act (SRA), chapter 9.94A RCW, by imposing no-contact
orders that exceeded the 10-year maximum penalty for second degree assault of a child, a
class B felony. Although Mr. Caldwell did not object below, in general, a defendant does
not waive a challenge to the legality of sentencing conditions by failing to object. State v.
Armstrong, 91 Wn. App. 635, 638, 959 P.2d 1128 (1998).
A trial court's sentencing authority is limited to that expressly found in the statutes.
In re Postsentence Review o/Leach, 161 Wn.2d 180, 184, 163 P.3d 782 (2007). A court
abuses its discretion if, when imposing a crime-related prohibition, it applies the wrong
legal standard. State v. Lord, 161 Wn.2d 276, 284, 165 P.3d 1251 (2007).
RCW 9.94A.505(8) permits a court to enforce crime-related prohibitions as part of
any sentence. A "crime-related prohibition" is a court order "prohibiting conduct that
directly relates to the circumstances of the crime for which the offender has been
convicted." RCW 9.94A.030(lO). A no-contact order is a crime-related prohibition. In
re Pers. Restraint 0/ Rainey, 168 Wn.2d 367,376,229 P.3d 686 (2010). The statutory
maximum for Mr. Caldwell's underlying offense, a class B felony, is 10 years.
RCW 9A.20.021(l)(b). In this particular case, therefore, the maximum operative length
ofa no-contact order imposed pursuant to RCW 9.94A.505(8) is 10 years. See Rainey,
168 Wn.2d at 375 (noting that the maximum operative length of a no-contact order is the
statutory maximum for the defendant's crime).
The State argues that RCW 9A.20.021 is inapplicable and that the court had
independent authority under chapter 26.50 RCW, a civil statute, to enter permanent
domestic violence no-contact orders. It argues, "[w]hile a violation of the order [after its
maximum operative length] would no longer be a violation of the criminal judgment, the
No. 31351-4-III State v. Caldwell
victims will still be under the protection of the permanent civil order until there is an
action to terminate or modity the order." Br. of Resp't at 5.
The State's reliance on chapter 26.50 RCW, Washington's Domestic Violence
Protection Act (the Act) is misplaced. The Act creates an action known as a "petition for
an order for protection in cases of domestic violence." RCW 26.50.030. The petition
must be accompanied by a sworn affidavit setting forth the facts supporting the request
for relief. RCW 26.50.020(1); RCW 26.50.030(1). The court must then order a hearing
and the respondent must be served no less than five days before the hearing.
RCW 26.50.050. The legislature has authorized courts to enter a permanent order of
protection upon a finding that "the respondent is likely to resume acts of domestic
violence against the petitioner or the petitioner's family ... when the order expires."
RCW 26.50.060(2).
Here, although the court's domestic violence protection order forms cite
RCW 26.50.030 and contain boilerplate language that "an order of less than one year will
be insufficient to prevent further acts of domestic violence," neither the State nor the
victims followed any of the requisite statutory procedures, nor did the court explain why a
permanent order was necessary to prevent future acts of domestic violence. In fact, the
court provided no reason for the duration of the orders. In the absence of following the
No. 3l351-4-II1 State v. Caldwell
Act's statutory procedures, the State cannot bootstrap chapter 26.50 RCW into a
sentencing hearing and bypass the otherwise maximum operative length of a no-contact
order. Because the procedures of chapter 26.50 RCW were not followed, we remand to
the sentencing court with instructions that it vacate both domestic violence protection
orders, and enter appropriate no-contact orders under RCW 9.94A.505(8) not exceeding
10 years.3
C. Whether the sentencing court erred in ordering 18 months ofcommunity custody
Mr. Caldwell next contends that his term of community custody should be
modified because of ambiguity in the community custody statute, RCW 9.94A.70l. He
maintains that the statute is ambiguous because more than one section ofRCW 9.94A.701
controls the length of his community custody term. Specifically, because assault ofa
child in the second degree is both a violent offense and a crime against a person, his
sentence falls under the statutory provisions for violent offenses, RCW 9.94A.70l(2), and
for crimes against persons, RCW 9.94A.70l(3)(a). Mr. Caldwell invokes the rule of
3 The State admits that the no-contact order entered pursuant to RCW 9.94A.505(8) may not be enforced beyond its maximum operative length. Nevertheless, an order that on its face extends beyond this maximum length risks a later unlawful arrest. Mr. Caldwell should not be in jeopardy of an unlawful arrest. Therefore, we deem it prudent for the sentencing court to amend the judgment and sentence in this regard. Nothing in this opinion prohibits the mother, personally and on behalf of her daughter, from following the procedures set forth in chapter 26.50 RCW and petitioning a
lenity, contending he should receive the lesser 12-month community custody term for
crimes against persons.
A sentence imposed contrary to .the law may be raised for the first time on appeal.
State v. Anderson, 58 Wn. App. 107, 110, 791 P.2d 547 (1990). On appeal, a defendant
may challenge a sentence imposed in excess of statutory authority because "a defendant
cannot agree to punishment in excess of that which the Legislature has established." In re
Pers. Restraint ofGoodwin, 146 Wn.2d 861,873-74,50 P.3d 618 (2002). "Questions of
statutory interpretation are questions of law subject to de novo review." State v. Franklin,
172 Wn.2d 831, 835,263 P.3d 585 (2011).
When interpreting the meaning and purpose of a statute, the objective of the court
is to determine the intent of the legislature. State v. Jones, 172 Wn.2d 236,242,257 P.3d
616 (2011) (quoting State v. Jacobs, 154 Wn.2d 596, 600, 115 P.3d 283 (2005)). Effect
is to be given to the plain meaning of the statute when the plain meaning can be
determined from the text of the statute. Id. The statute is to be read as a whole, with
consideration given to all statutory provisions in relation to one another and with each
provision given effect. State v: Merritt, 91 Wn. App. 969, 973, 961 P.2d 958 (1998).
court for permanent protection orders.
8 NO.31351-4-III State v. Caldwell
The rule of lenity applies to the SRA and it requires that, where a statutory
provision remains ambiguous after we exhaust all means of attempting to ascertain the
legislature's intent, we interpret the statute in the manner favorable to the defendant.
State v. Roberts, 117 Wn.2d 576, 586, 817 P.2d 855 (1991).
RCW 9.94A.701 provides in relevant part:
(2) A court shall, in addition to the other tenns of the sentence, sentence an offender to community custody for eighteen months when the court sentences the person to the custody of the department for a violent offense that is not considered a serious violent offense. (3) A court shall, in addition to other terms of the sentence, sentence an offender to community custody for one year when the court sentences the person to the custody of the department for (a) Any crime against persons under RCW 9.94A.411(2).
Admittedly, assault of a child in the second degree is both a "violent
offense" under RCW 9.94A.030(54)(ix) and an offense against a person under
RCW 9.94A.411(2). However, if we were to hold that the one-year community custody
tenn ofRCW 9.94A.701 (3)(a) applies to all crimes against persons---even violent
offenses-RCW 9.94A.701(2) would be rendered meaningless. The legislature clearly
intended those who commit violent offenses to receive a longer tenn of community
custody than those who commit less violent crimes against persons. We, therefore, reject
Mr. Caldwell's arguments. The sentencing court correctly imposed 18 months of
community custody upon Mr. Caldwell.
In conclusion, we remand for the sentencing court to (1) vacate the two domestic
violence no-contact orders, (2) amend the judgment and sentence to limit the no-contact
orders to no more than 10 years, and (3) correct the award of restitution, if warranted.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to
RCW 2.06.040.
Lawrence-Berrey, J.
WE CONCUR:
Brown, A.C,J.