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TY
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II
STATE OF WASHINGTON, Respondent, No. 42941 1 II - - Consolidated with: No. 42997 7 II - -
a UNPUBLISHED OPINION ROGER LEE WILSON, PAUL ORTEGON, Appellants.
FEARING, J.jury found Roger Wilson and Paul Ortegon guilty of unlawful A
possession of a controlled substance and third degree theft. Ortegon appeals both convictions,
arguing that ( ) 1 insufficient evidence supports his convictions because the State failed to show
more than his mere proximity to the drugs and because the State failed to show that he knew that
his actions would promote or facilitate the theft, and (2)Washington's accomplice liability
statute is unconstitutionally overbroad because it criminalizes protected First Amendment
speech. Wilson appeals his unlawful possession of a controlled substance conviction, arguing
that his counsel was ineffective for failing to propose a jury instruction on the affirmative
defense of unwitting possession. Ortegon joins in this argument.
1 Judge George Fearing is a Division III judge serving with the Court of Appeals, Division II, under CAR 21 a). ( No. 42941 1 II, - - consolidated with No 42997 7 II - -
We affirm Ortegon's theft conviction. But we reverse Ortegon's unlawful possession of
a controlled substance conviction because the State failed to show more than Ortegon's mere
proximity to the drugs; accordingly, we remand for dismissal of this charge with prejudice. Because we hold that Wilson's counsel was not ineffective, we affirm his conviction for
unlawful possession of a controlled substance.
FACTS
On March 18, 2011, Wilson drove a borrowed truck, with its tailgate down, to the
unmanned Flying K gas station in Longview. He and passenger Ortegon exited the vehicle.
Wilson used a key to open the panel covering the gas dispenser and attached an electronic
keypad to the dispenser so that gas could be released from the pump without activating the cash
register and recording a sale. While Wilson manipulated the gas dispenser, Ortegon stood on the
driver's side facing him. Ortegon then removed the cap from a 100-to 150 -gallon fuel container
lying in the truck's bed, after which Wilson removed a gas nozzle from the pump and filled the container. While the two waited for the container to fill,Wilson stood by the open driver's side
door of the truck and Ortegon leaned on the back of the vehicle's driver's side facing Wilson. At
one point, Ortegon handed Wilson the windshield cleaner located near the gas pump and Wilson
cleaned the truck's windshield.
A Flying K gas station employee remotely observed Ortegon and Wilson on the station's
long view surveillance cameras and the employee called the Longview police. When police -
arrived, Wilson stood, with the gas nozzle in his hand, on the driver's side of the truck. An
officer observed him close the dispenser door,turn the key, and throw the key into the back of
the truck.
2 No. 42941 1 II, - - consolidated with No 42997 7 II - -
Longview officers arrested Ortegon and Wilson and obtained a warrant to search the
truck. The officers found two cigarette packs in the middle of the truck's bench seat, one of
which contained a crystalline substance later identified as methamphetamine. The officers also
discovered Wilson's wallet and some paperwork bearing his name thereon. The police did not
find any of Ortegon's personal belongings in the vehicle; nor did they find any item on his
person connecting him to drug use. Flying K employees later recovered 90 to 95 gallons of fuel from the tank in the truck's bed.
The State charged Ortegon and Wilson each with one count of second degree theft under
RCW 9A. 6. RCW 9A. 6. one count of unlawful possession of a a) 020( 040( 1 and 5 )( a) 1 and 5 )( controlled substance under RCW 69. 0.After the State rested, Ortegon and Wilson 4013( 1 5 ).
successfully moved to dismiss the second degree theft charge because the State failed to establish
that the value of the stolen gas exceeded $ 50. The trial court instructed the jury on third degree 7
theft.
When reviewing the jury instructions with the trial court, Ortegon's counsel noted that
although the State's instruction on unlawful possession of a controlled substance contained the
defense of unwitting possession, there was no assertion of an affirmative defense of unwitting "
2 RCW 9A. 6. a) in relevant part, A person is guilty of theft in the second 040( 1 provides 5 )( " degree if he or p] or services which exceed(s) roperty she commits theft of ... [ seven hundred fifty dollars in value but does not exceed five thousand dollars in value." 3 RCW 9A. 6. a) the following definition for " heft," " wrongfully obtain or 020( 1)( 5 provides t To exert unauthorized control over the property or services of another or the value thereof, with intent to deprive him or her of such property or services." 4 RCW 69. 0. 4013( 1 provides, It is unlawful for any person to possess a controlled substance 5 ) " unless the substance was obtained directly from, or pursuant to,a valid prescription or order of a practitioner while acting in the course of his or her professional practice, or except as otherwise authorized by this chapter."Methamphetamine is a controlled substance. RCW 2). 206( 69. 0. d)( 5 No. 42941 1 II, - - consolidated with No 42997 7 II - -
possession"in this case. Report of Proceedings (Nov.29, 2011)at 201. The trial court removed
that portion of the instruction without objection.
During closing argument, Wilson conceded guilt on the third degree theft charge. The
jury found both Ortegon and Wilson guilty of third degree theft and unlawful possession of
methamphetamine. The trial court sentenced them to 10 days' confinement. Ortegon appeals
both convictions and Wilson appeals his unlawful possession of a controlled substance
conviction.
ANALYSIS
I. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
Ortegon first argues that insufficient evidence supports his convictions because the State
failed to prove that he possessed the methamphetamine or that he knowingly promoted or
facilitated the crime of theft. Because the only evidence of possession of methamphetamine was
Ortegon's proximity to the cigarette pack containing the drug, we hold that the evidence was
insufficient to support his unlawful possession conviction and we reverse and remand for
dismissal with prejudice. We affirm Ortegon's theft conviction because the video footage of the theft was sufficient evidence from which a reasonable juror could find that Ortegon knew that his
activity would promote or facilitate Wilson's theft of the gas.
A. Standard of Review
Sufficient evidence exists to support a conviction if any rational trier of fact could find
the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt when viewing the evidence in the
light most favorable to the State. State v. Hosier, 157 Wn. d 1, 8, 133 P. d 936 (2006).A 2 3
defendant claiming insufficiency of the evidence admits the truth of the State's evidence and all
inferences that can reasonably be drawn from that evidence. State v. Salinas, 119 Wn. d 192, 2
rd No. 42941 1 II,consolidated with No 42997 7 II - - - -
201, 829 P. d 1068 (1992).Circumstantial evidence and direct evidence are equally reliable. 2
State v. Delmarter, 94 Wn. d 634, 638, 618 P. d 99 (1980).We defer to the trier of fact on 2 2
issues of conflicting testimony, credibility of witnesses, and the persuasiveness of the evidence.
State v. Walton, 64 Wn. App. 410, 415 16,824 P. d 533 (1992).The remedy for a conviction - 2
based on insufficient evidence is reversal and dismissal with prejudice. State v. Turner, 103 Wn.
App. 515, 520, 13 P. d 234 (2000). 3
B. Insufficient Evidence of Unlawful Possession
To convict Ortegon of unlawful possession of a controlled substance, the State had to
prove beyond a reasonable doubt he " ossesse[d]" p a controlled substance without a valid
prescription or other authorization. RCW 69. 0.Possession may be actual or 4013( 1 5 ).
constructive. State v. Staley, 123 Wn. d 794, 798, 872 P. d 502 (1994).A defendant has 2 2 "
actual possession when he or she has physical custody of the item and constructive possession if
he or she has dominion and control over the item. Dominion and control means that the object
may be reduced to actual possession immediately."State v. Jones, 146 Wn. d 328, 333, 45 P. d 2 3
1062 ( 002)internal citation omitted).Although control need not be exclusive, the State must 2 (
show more than mere proximity to the substance, a rule that controls our decision. State v.
Raleigh, 157 Wn. App. 728, 737, 238 P. d 1211 (2010), 3 review denied, 170 Wn. d 1029 (2011). 2
See also State v. George, 146 Wn. App. 906, 923, 193 P. d 693 (2008)insufficient evidence of 3 (
constructive possession where State proved only that drugs had been found under rear floorboard
where defendant had been a passenger); State v. Cote, 123 Wn. App. 546, 550, 96 P. d 410 3
2004)evidence that defendant was at one point in proximity to drugs found in vehicle in which (
he was a passenger was insufficient to prove constructive possession).
E No. 42941 1 II, - - consolidated with No 42997 7 II - -
The police seized the methamphetamine from the truck in which Ortegon rode as a
passenger. Having dominion and control over premises where contraband is found raises a
rebuttable inference of dominion and control over contraband inside the premises. State v.
Cantabrana, 83 Wn.App. 204, 208, 921 P. d 572 (1996).A vehicle can be considered a 2
premises"over which a defendant can exercise dominion and control for the purposes of
constructive possession. State v. Mathews, 4 Wn. App. 653, 656, 484 P. d 942 (1971). 2
Nevertheless, in cases in which we have held that there was sufficient evidence of constructive
possession of contraband found within a vehicle, the State presented evidence that the defendant
owned the vehicle, was the driver of the vehicle, and or possessed the keys to the vehicle. State /
v. Bowen, 157 Wn.App. 821, 828, 239 P. d 1114 (2010); 3 Turner, 103 Wn. App. at 524; State v.
McFarland, 73 Wn.App. 57, 70, 867 P. d 660 (1994), d,127 Wn. d 322, 899 P. d 1251 2 aff' 2 2
1995); State v. Reid, 40 Wn.App. 319, 326, 698 P. d 588 (1985); 2 State v. Potts, 1 Wn. App.
614, 617, 464 P. d 742 (1969).In cases "where the evidence is insufficient to establish 2
dominion and control of the premises, mere proximity to the drugs and evidence of momentary
handling is not enough to support a finding of constructive possession."State v. Spruell, 57 Wn.
App. 383, 388, 788 P. d 21 (1990). 2
The State does not argue that Ortegon had actual control over the methamphetamine.
Nor does the State argue that Ortegon constructively possessed the methamphetamine by virtue
of dominion and control over the truck. No evidence showed that Ortegon owned or drove the
pickup or that he possessed its keys. Thus, there was insufficient evidence to support a finding
that Ortegon exercised dominion and control over the vehicle. See e. ., g Cote, 123 Wn. App. at
550 (Defendant " as seen as a passenger in the truck,but this alone does not establish he had w
dominion and control over it. "). Accordingly, we must determine whether the State presented
n No. 42941 1 II, - - consolidated with No 42997 7 II = -
evidence from which a reasonable juror could conclude that Ortegon constructively possessed
the methamphetamine. Spruell, 57 Wn.App. at 388.
The State argues that Ortegon constructively possessed the cigarette pack containing
methamphetamine because officers found the pack next to where Ortegon earlier sat as a
passenger. To repeat, the State must prove something more than mere proximity. Mathews, 4
Wn. App. at 656. In Mathews, after searching a vehicle occupied by Mathews and three other
individuals, officers found a package of heroin underneath the carpet near the seat where
Mathews had sat. 4 Wn.App. at 655 66. The court recognized that Mathews's proximity to the -
heroin alone was insufficient to prove constructive possession. Mathews, 4 Wn. App. at 656.
The court nonetheless affirmed his conviction because there was evidence that ( ) 1 Mathews was
a known heroin user, 2) purchased and used heroin on the day of his arrest, 3) ( he ( paraphernalia
typically used by heroin users was found on his person, and (4)occupants of the vehicle testified
that the heroin did not belong to them and that that they knew nothing about of its presence.
Mathews, 4 Wn. App. at 656 57. -
Here, in contrast, the State presented no evidence that Ortegon had a history of drug use
or that any drugs or paraphernalia were on his person. There was also no evidence ruling out
Wilson's possession of the drugs. Because the only evidence linking Ortegon to the
methamphetamine was that it was found on the truck's seat between where he and Wilson had
sat, there is insufficient evidence for a conviction.
C. Sufficient Evidence of Theft
Ortegon also argues that the State failed to present sufficient evidence to convict him of
theft as an accomplice because it failed to present any evidence that he knew that his actions
would promote or facilitate the commission of theft. We disagree.
7 No. 42941 1 II, - - consolidated with No 42997 7 II - -
Under RCW 9A. 8. a), 020( 3)( 0
a]person is an accomplice of another person in the commission of a crime if[, w] knowledge that it will promote or facilitate the commission of the crime, he ith or she ... [ s] commands, encourages, or requests such other person to olicits, commit it; or . -[ a] or agrees to aid such other person in planning or ids committing it.
Ortegon argues that there was insufficient evidence to meet the " nowledge"element of the k
accomplice liability statute because the only evidence of his participation in the theft was his
unscrewing of a gas container cap.
In this case, the key evidence of accomplice culpability is a video, rather than witness
testimony. Every picture tells a story, and a video tells a richer story. The video captured the
pickup truck arriving at the fuel dispensers, after which both Wilson and Ortegon exited the
truck. Both men wore sweatshirts with hoods that conveniently hid their faces from the video
camera. The tailgate of the truck was down and precluded the video camera from picturing the
pickup's license plate number. While Wilson opened the panel covering the gas dispenser and
manipulated the dispenser to stream free gas, Ortegon stood on the driver's side of the truck
within five feet of Wilson and faced Wilson. The jury could have readily concluded that
Ortegon observed Wilson's machinations and knew that he had not previously arranged for
payment and was stealing gas. The video further showed Ortegon opening a large gas container,
immediately after which Wilson placed the nozzle in the container and Ortegon handed Wilson a
squeegee for purposes of washing the windshield. This was evidence sufficient for any
reasonable juror to conclude that when Ortegon handed the instrument to Wilson, he intended to
5 By referencing a hood, we do not suggest that the wearing of a hood is evidence of criminal activity. But here the jury could have concluded that Ortegon's wearing of a hood, under these circumstances, was purposeful and, with the knowledge that a camera might record his activities, he intended to hide his identity in order to avoid capture. Fortuitously, he did not expect someone to be contemporaneously viewing the video. No. 42941 1 II, - - consolidated with No 42997 7 II - -
assist in Wilson's diverting attention from the theft by pretending to partake in an everyday
ordinary . xcursion to a gas station. The evidence amply supports Ortegon's theft conviction. e
II. CONSTITUTIONALITY OF ACCOMPLICE LIABILITY STATUTE
Ortegon next argues that the accomplice liability statute is unconstitutionally overbroad
because it criminalizes speech protected by the First Amendment. Prior case law compels us to
reject.. this argument.
The First Amendment, applicable to the states through the Fourteenth Amendment,
provides Congress shall make in relevant part that " no law ... abridging the freedom of speech."
U. .CONST. amend. I; S Kitsap County v.Mattress Outlet, 153 Wn. d 506, 511, 104 P. d 1280 2 3
2005).A statute is unconstitutionally overbroad on its face if it prohibits a substantial amount "
of protected speech and conduct."State v. Coleman, 155 Wn. App. 951, 960, 231 P. d 212 3
2010), review denied, 170 Wn. d 1016 (2011). 2
In support of his argument that the statute is overbroad, Ortegon cites Brandenburg v. Ohio, 395 U. .444, 447, 89 S. Ct. 1827, 23 L.Ed. 2d 430 ( 969), which the United States S 1 in
Supreme Court held that the First Amendment prohibits criminalization of speech supporting
criminal activity unless the speech "is directed to inciting or producing imminent lawless action
and is likely to incite or produce such action."He argues that Washington's accomplice liability
statute violates the Brandenburg rule because the term " id"is not defined in the statute and the a
pattern jury instructions define " id" "all assistance whether given by words, acts, a as
encouragement, support, or presence."11 WASHINGTON PRACTICE: WASHINGTON PATTERN
JURY INSTRUCTIONS: CRIMINAL 10. 1, at 217 (3d ed. 2008).Thus, he argues, the statute 5
criminalizes protected First Amendment speech because the term " id" include speech other a can
than the limited unprotected speech described in Brandenburg.
In Coleman, Division One rejected an identical argument. 155 Wn. App. at 961. The
Coleman court held that because the accomplice liability statute " equires the criminal mens rea r
to aid or agree to aid the commission of a specific crime with knowledge the aid will further the
crime [the statute's] sweep avoids protected speech activities that are not performed in aid of a
crime and that only consequentially further the crime."155 Wn. App. at 960 61 ( - citing
Brandenburg, 395 U. . at 448). In State v. Ferguson, 164 Wn.App. 370, 376, 264 P. d 575 S 3
2011), review denied, 173 Wn. d 1035 (2012), explicitly adopted Division One's rationale 2 we
in Coleman and held that the accomplice liability statute is not unconstitutionally overbroad.
Ferguson controls here and this argument fails.
III. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
Finally, Ortegon and Wilson argue that their respective trial counsel were ineffective for
failing to request a jury instruction on the affirmative defense of unwitting possession of
methamphetamine. Since we reverse Ortegon's conviction on other grounds, we address only
Wilson's argument. We disagree with Wilson.
The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution guarantees the right to legal
counsel in criminal trials. The Washington State Constitution also grants an accused, in a
criminal prosecution, the right to appear by counsel. WASH. CONST. art. I, § 22. Washington
courts have not extended the protections of the state constitution beyond the protections afforded
by the United States Constitution. Instead, state decisions follow the teachings and rules
announced in the United States Supreme Court's seminal decision of Strickland v. Washington,
466 U. .668, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L.Ed. 2d 674 (1984).In order to effectuate the purpose S
behind the constitutional protection, the accused is entitled to effective assistance of counsel.
Strickland, 466 U. .at 686. S
10 No. 42941 1 II, - - consolidated with No 42997 7 II - -
Under Strickland, courts apply a two prong test: whether ( ) - 1 counsel's performance
failed to meet a standard of reasonableness and (2)actual prejudice resulted from counsel's
failures. 466 U. .at 690 2. A defendant must satisfy both prongs of the ineffective assistance of S -
counsel test. State v. Hendrickson, 129 Wn. d 61, 78, 917 P. d 563 (1996), 2 2 overruled on other
grounds by Carey v. Musladin, 549 U. .70, 27 S. Ct. 649, 66 L.Ed. 2d 482 (2006).If one S 1 1
prong of the test fails, we need not address the remaining prong. Hendrickson, 129 Wn. d at 78. 2
To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim, the defendant must show that
after considering all the circumstances, counsel's performance fell below an objective standard
of reasonableness. McFarland, 127 Wn. d at 334 35. Such a standard echoes the standard of 2 -
care applied in a civil legal malpractice suit. See Hizey v. Carpenter, 119 Wn. d 251, 261, 830 . 2
P. d 646 (1992) A] attorney must exercise the degree of care, skill, diligence, and knowledge 2 ( "[ n
commonly possessed and exercised by a reasonable, careful, and prudent lawyer in the practice
of law in e jurisdiction. "). A claim that trial criminal counsel was ineffective does not th[ ]
survive if trial counsel's conduct can be characterized as legitimate trial strategy or tactics. State
v. Grier, 171 Wn. d 17, 33, 246 P. d 1260 (2011). 2 3
Wilson claims his counsel should have submitted an unwitting possession jury
instruction. " Failure to request an instruction on a potential defense can constitute ineffective
assistance of counsel."In re Pers. Restraint ofHubert, 138 Wn. App. 924, 929, 158 P. d 1282 3
2007).To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim for failure to propose a jury
instruction, Wilson must show that ( ) counsel requested the instruction, the trial court likely 1 had
would have given it and (2)defense counsel's failure to request the instruction was not a
legitimate tactical decision. State v. Powell, 150 Wn. App. 139, 154 55,206 P. d 703 (2009). - 3
We will only address the second requisite.
11 No. 42941 1 II, - - consolidated with No 42997 7 II - -
With a personal restraint petition, the defendant may submit evidence or facts not in the
existing trial record to support his claim of ineffective assistance of counsel. McFarland, 127
Wn. d at 335. But because Wilson asserts his claim on direct challenge to his conviction, we dol 2
not consider matters outside the trial record. McFarland, 127 Wn. d at 335. We cannot now ask 2
trial counsel his reasons for not objecting to the trial court's removal of the unwitting possession
language from the controlled substance possession instruction or for his failure to propose an
unwitting possession instruction. Presumably, if a tactic is reasonable, we deny the claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel, even if defense counsel never considered-the tactic. We give
great deference to trial counsel's performance and begin our analysis with a strong presumption
that counsel was effective. Strickland, 466 U. . at 689; McFarland, 127 Wn. d at 335. S 2
To convict Wilson of unlawful possession of a controlled substance, the State had to
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he possessed a controlled substance without a valid
prescription or other authorization. RCW 69. 0.Possession may be actual or 4013( 1 5 ).
constructive. Staley, 123 Wn. d 2 at 798. To " ameliorate[ ] the harshness of the] strict liability" [
nature of the crime, a defendant may assert the affirmative defense of unwitting possession.
State v. Bradshaw, 152 Wn. d 528, 538, 98 P. d 1190 (2004).To establish the defense,the 2 3 "
defendant must prove, by a preponderance of the evidence,that his or her possession of the
unlawful substance was unwitting."State V. Balzer, 91 Wn. App. 44, 67, 954 P. d 931 (1998). 2
Usually, carrying the burden of proof requires the defendant's testimony that he was not aware of
the presence of the controlled substance. In this case, Wilson would likely have needed to testify
that he saw the cigarette packet, that it was not his, and that he assumed the packet contained
only cigarettes. He also would have needed to concede that he possessed the packet.
12 No. 42941-1- II, consolidated with No 42997 7 II - -
We hold that a legitimate strategic reason for withholding the unwitting possession
instruction is the need for a defendant to testify to meet his burden of proof on the defense of
unwitting possession. Under this justification, only Wilson could testify to his lack of.
knowledge of the presence of methamphetamine in the cigarette package. Yet,Wilson's
testifying would open him to cross -examination by the prosecution. The right to avoid testifying
is an important constitutional right. Counsel may have legitimately weighed the risk of testifying
with the need for an unwitting possession instruction, since counsel could still argue the lack of
actual possession.
We affirm Ortegon's and Wilson's theft convictions. We reverse Ortegon's unlawful
possession of a controlled substance conviction and remand to the trial court to dismiss this
count with prejudice, but we affirm Wilson's conviction on this charge.
FEARING, J. We concur:
AUNT, J.
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B, GEN