FILED JULY 23, 2020 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 36557-3-III ) Respondent, ) ) v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) JUAN CARLOS MENDOZA, ) ) Appellant. )
PENNELL, C.J. — Juan Carlos Mendoza appeals his 1995 conviction for possession
of a controlled substance, arguing it was predicated on an invalid guilty plea. We disagree
and affirm.
FACTS
In 1994, 19-year-old Juan Carlos Mendoza was charged with possession of a
controlled substance, cocaine. Through appointed counsel, Mr. Mendoza filed a motion to
suppress. The motion was denied for reasons not disclosed in the record on review. Mr.
Mendoza’s attorney subsequently engaged in plea negotiations with the State. As a result,
Mr. Mendoza was able to plead to a reduced charge of possession of a controlled
substance. In May 1995, Mr. Mendoza received a sentence of 11 days’ incarceration. No. 36557-3-III State v. Mendoza
Shortly after his conviction, the United States Immigration and Naturalization
Service issued Mr. Mendoza an order to show cause and notice of hearing, alleging he
was subject to deportation on two bases: (1) entry without inspection, and (2) conviction
for a controlled substance offense. An immigration judge subsequently ordered Mr.
Mendoza’s deportation solely on the ground of entry without inspection.
In 2011, Mr. Mendoza moved to vacate his 1995 conviction on statutory grounds.
The State did not oppose this motion. The superior court vacated his conviction under
RCW 9.94A.640.1
In January 2019, Mr. Mendoza filed a notice of appeal of his 1995 conviction. He
argued the appeal was timely because he had never previously been notified of his right of
appeal. The State did not challenge the timeliness of Mr. Mendoza’s appeal. After
considering the matter on the court’s motion docket for dismissal as untimely, our
commissioner found extraordinary circumstances under RAP 18.8(b) to extend the time
for Mr. Mendoza to appeal. The commissioner also granted leave to Mr. Mendoza to
supplement the record on review with documents appended to his memorandum filed in
1 The order did not fully extinguish the impact of Mr. Mendoza’s conviction. “[W]hen a conviction is vacated for rehabilitative reasons,” such as under RCW 9.94A.640, “the conviction remains valid for immigration purposes.” State v. Cervantes, 169 Wn. App. 428, 432, 282 P.3d 98 (2012).
2 No. 36557-3-III State v. Mendoza
response to the court’s motion on timeliness. Approximately one month later, Mr.
Mendoza moved to supplement the record with declarations from himself and his former
trial counsel. Without conceding the accuracy of the factual assertions in the declarations,
the State did not oppose their inclusion in the record on review. Based on the lack of
objection, the clerk of court granted Mr. Mendoza’s motion.
ANALYSIS
Mr. Mendoza claims his guilty plea was invalid because it was not accompanied by
constitutionally-mandated advice regarding immigration consequences. The right to
effective assistance of counsel in the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution
encompasses this type of claim. State v. Sandoval, 171 Wn.2d 163, 170, 249 P.3d 1015
(2011). To provide constitutionally effective assistance, counsel representing a noncitizen
defendant must provide advice regarding potential immigration consequences of a
proposed guilty plea. Id. A defendant claiming his or her counsel failed to live up to this
obligation must satisfy the dual requirements of deficient performance and prejudice.
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 694, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674
(1984). Failure to establish either of the two requirements precludes relief. In re Pers.
Restraint of Crace, 174 Wn.2d 835, 847, 280 P.3d 1102 (2012).
3 No. 36557-3-III State v. Mendoza
Our analysis is focused on the issue of prejudice. In the current context, prejudice
turns on whether Mr. Mendoza has established that, but for counsel’s failure to provide
adequate immigration advice, there was a reasonable probability he would have rejected
the State’s plea offer and insisted on taking his case to trial. Sandoval, 171 Wn.2d at 174-
75. This showing has not been made.
Most fundamentally, Mr. Mendoza has not alleged that accurate immigration
advice would have prompted him to take his case to trial on the original drug trafficking
charges. Mr. Mendoza merely claims that if he had known he would have been deported
without any chance to stay in the United States, he would have asked his attorney to do
whatever was possible to keep fighting his case. This vague assertion is insufficient.
Even if Mr. Mendoza could be understood to assert that he was willing to take his
case to trial under the original charges, there is no evidence that such a decision would
have been rational under the circumstances. See Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 372
130 S. Ct. 1473, 176 L. Ed. 2d 284 (2010) (A “reasonable probability” entails showing
a decision to reject a plea offer “would have been rational under the circumstances.”). Mr.
Mendoza was undocumented at the time of his plea. As such, he was removable
regardless of his drug conviction. 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(e)(2)(B). The record contains no
evidence Mr. Mendoza would have been eligible for relief from removal, but for his
4 No. 36557-3-III State v. Mendoza
conviction. He therefore had no viable immigration benefit that could have been retained
after a successful trial. Cf. Sandoval, 171 Wn.2d at 176 (rejecting plea offer rational when
defendant stood to lose lawful permanent resident status).
Not only did Mr. Mendoza have no immigration benefits to lose as a result of his
plea, the State’s bargain provided much to be gained. By lowering the charge from
possession with intent to distribute to simple possession, the State’s offer saved Mr.
Mendoza from serving a significant prison sentence.2 In addition, the reduced charge
meant Mr. Mendoza would not be designated an aggravated felon under United States
immigration laws. See former 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(B)(1994). This protected him from
at least some adverse immigration consequences. See 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(2); U.S.
SENTENCING COMM’N, GUIDELINES MANUAL § 2L1.2(b)(2) (1994) (listing heightened
penalty for illegal re-entry into the United States after an aggravated felony). On the
record before this court, it appears adequate immigration advice would have made Mr.
2 At sentencing, Mr.
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FILED JULY 23, 2020 In the Office of the Clerk of Court WA State Court of Appeals Division III
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON DIVISION THREE
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 36557-3-III ) Respondent, ) ) v. ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) JUAN CARLOS MENDOZA, ) ) Appellant. )
PENNELL, C.J. — Juan Carlos Mendoza appeals his 1995 conviction for possession
of a controlled substance, arguing it was predicated on an invalid guilty plea. We disagree
and affirm.
FACTS
In 1994, 19-year-old Juan Carlos Mendoza was charged with possession of a
controlled substance, cocaine. Through appointed counsel, Mr. Mendoza filed a motion to
suppress. The motion was denied for reasons not disclosed in the record on review. Mr.
Mendoza’s attorney subsequently engaged in plea negotiations with the State. As a result,
Mr. Mendoza was able to plead to a reduced charge of possession of a controlled
substance. In May 1995, Mr. Mendoza received a sentence of 11 days’ incarceration. No. 36557-3-III State v. Mendoza
Shortly after his conviction, the United States Immigration and Naturalization
Service issued Mr. Mendoza an order to show cause and notice of hearing, alleging he
was subject to deportation on two bases: (1) entry without inspection, and (2) conviction
for a controlled substance offense. An immigration judge subsequently ordered Mr.
Mendoza’s deportation solely on the ground of entry without inspection.
In 2011, Mr. Mendoza moved to vacate his 1995 conviction on statutory grounds.
The State did not oppose this motion. The superior court vacated his conviction under
RCW 9.94A.640.1
In January 2019, Mr. Mendoza filed a notice of appeal of his 1995 conviction. He
argued the appeal was timely because he had never previously been notified of his right of
appeal. The State did not challenge the timeliness of Mr. Mendoza’s appeal. After
considering the matter on the court’s motion docket for dismissal as untimely, our
commissioner found extraordinary circumstances under RAP 18.8(b) to extend the time
for Mr. Mendoza to appeal. The commissioner also granted leave to Mr. Mendoza to
supplement the record on review with documents appended to his memorandum filed in
1 The order did not fully extinguish the impact of Mr. Mendoza’s conviction. “[W]hen a conviction is vacated for rehabilitative reasons,” such as under RCW 9.94A.640, “the conviction remains valid for immigration purposes.” State v. Cervantes, 169 Wn. App. 428, 432, 282 P.3d 98 (2012).
2 No. 36557-3-III State v. Mendoza
response to the court’s motion on timeliness. Approximately one month later, Mr.
Mendoza moved to supplement the record with declarations from himself and his former
trial counsel. Without conceding the accuracy of the factual assertions in the declarations,
the State did not oppose their inclusion in the record on review. Based on the lack of
objection, the clerk of court granted Mr. Mendoza’s motion.
ANALYSIS
Mr. Mendoza claims his guilty plea was invalid because it was not accompanied by
constitutionally-mandated advice regarding immigration consequences. The right to
effective assistance of counsel in the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution
encompasses this type of claim. State v. Sandoval, 171 Wn.2d 163, 170, 249 P.3d 1015
(2011). To provide constitutionally effective assistance, counsel representing a noncitizen
defendant must provide advice regarding potential immigration consequences of a
proposed guilty plea. Id. A defendant claiming his or her counsel failed to live up to this
obligation must satisfy the dual requirements of deficient performance and prejudice.
Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688, 694, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 80 L. Ed. 2d 674
(1984). Failure to establish either of the two requirements precludes relief. In re Pers.
Restraint of Crace, 174 Wn.2d 835, 847, 280 P.3d 1102 (2012).
3 No. 36557-3-III State v. Mendoza
Our analysis is focused on the issue of prejudice. In the current context, prejudice
turns on whether Mr. Mendoza has established that, but for counsel’s failure to provide
adequate immigration advice, there was a reasonable probability he would have rejected
the State’s plea offer and insisted on taking his case to trial. Sandoval, 171 Wn.2d at 174-
75. This showing has not been made.
Most fundamentally, Mr. Mendoza has not alleged that accurate immigration
advice would have prompted him to take his case to trial on the original drug trafficking
charges. Mr. Mendoza merely claims that if he had known he would have been deported
without any chance to stay in the United States, he would have asked his attorney to do
whatever was possible to keep fighting his case. This vague assertion is insufficient.
Even if Mr. Mendoza could be understood to assert that he was willing to take his
case to trial under the original charges, there is no evidence that such a decision would
have been rational under the circumstances. See Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 U.S. 356, 372
130 S. Ct. 1473, 176 L. Ed. 2d 284 (2010) (A “reasonable probability” entails showing
a decision to reject a plea offer “would have been rational under the circumstances.”). Mr.
Mendoza was undocumented at the time of his plea. As such, he was removable
regardless of his drug conviction. 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(e)(2)(B). The record contains no
evidence Mr. Mendoza would have been eligible for relief from removal, but for his
4 No. 36557-3-III State v. Mendoza
conviction. He therefore had no viable immigration benefit that could have been retained
after a successful trial. Cf. Sandoval, 171 Wn.2d at 176 (rejecting plea offer rational when
defendant stood to lose lawful permanent resident status).
Not only did Mr. Mendoza have no immigration benefits to lose as a result of his
plea, the State’s bargain provided much to be gained. By lowering the charge from
possession with intent to distribute to simple possession, the State’s offer saved Mr.
Mendoza from serving a significant prison sentence.2 In addition, the reduced charge
meant Mr. Mendoza would not be designated an aggravated felon under United States
immigration laws. See former 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(B)(1994). This protected him from
at least some adverse immigration consequences. See 8 U.S.C. § 1326(b)(2); U.S.
SENTENCING COMM’N, GUIDELINES MANUAL § 2L1.2(b)(2) (1994) (listing heightened
penalty for illegal re-entry into the United States after an aggravated felony). On the
record before this court, it appears adequate immigration advice would have made Mr.
2 At sentencing, Mr. Mendoza faced a range of 0 to 90 days based on an offender score of 0 and a seriousness level of II. Had he been convicted of possession with intent to distribute cocaine, his seriousness level would have been VIII and his range would have been 21 to 27 months. See WASH. SENTENCING GUIDELINES COMM’N, IMPLEMENTATION MANUAL I-2, I-4 (1994), http://www.cfc.wa.gov/PublicationSentencing/SentencingManual/Adult_Sentencing_Man ual_1994.pdf (last visited July 20, 2020).
5 No. 36557-3-III State v. Mendoza
Mendoza’s decision to accept the State’s plea offer more likely, not less so. No prejudice
is established.
CONCLUSION
The validity of Mr. Mendoza’s original judgment of conviction is affirmed.
A majority of the panel has determined this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but it will be filed for public record pursuant to RCW
2.06.040.
_________________________________ Pennell, C.J.
WE CONCUR:
______________________________ Siddoway, J.
______________________________ Korsmo, J.
6 No. 36557-3-III
KORSMO, J. (concurring) — I have signed the majority opinion which rightly
concludes that Mr. Mendoza’s case has no merit. This additional opinion is necessary
because the case never should have progressed to this point. The State1 should have
objected to the effort to expand the record and, regardless of any objection, our clerk
should not have granted the motion because this evidence failed to satisfy RAP 9.11 on
several grounds. But even without those mistakes, this appeal should be dismissed.
The 1995 conviction that Mr. Mendoza now seeks to challenge was vacated in
2011 at his request. He has not sought to reinstate that conviction. Accordingly, he is not
an aggrieved person who can file an appeal. RAP 3.1. Another consequence of the
vacation is that there was no case that could have been revived if the motion to withdraw
the plea had been successful. There was no case for the superior court to act on and no
case from which this appeal could be taken.2 This case is as moot as it can be.
1 In many, if not most, ancient cases, the State also is likely to have a laches claim to assert. 2 To the extent that State v. Cervantes, 169 Wn. App. 428, 282 P.3d 98 (2012), permits an appeal from a vacated conviction, I disagree. The consequences flowing from a Washington conviction are a function of Washington law, and Mr. Mendoza simply has not explained how he was still aggrieved under Washington law. How other jurisdictions, including the federal courts, apply a vacated Washington conviction is a function of their law, not ours. The consequences of a guilty plea on immigration status are significant and, therefore, a defendant must be advised about them (when relevant) before a plea is entered. A change in federal law might explain a local defendant’s motivation to challenge a conviction, but it does not change the effect of a vacated conviction in Washington. Nor do such changes retroactively change proper legal advice given in 1995. No. 36557-3-III State v. Mendoza—concurrence
Mr. Mendoza has attempted to convert his out of time appeal into a personal
restraint petition, a device that was itself untimely. RCW 10.73.090. The majority
opinion rightly explains why any PRP would fail, but I believe it is necessary to clarify
that we should not tolerate this backdoor effort to evade the time bar statute.
RAP 16.4(b) permits a PRP when a person is under “restraint” due to a prior
conviction. The conviction in this case was vacated in 2011 at Mr. Mendoza’s request. It
imposes no further disabilities on him. For that reason this court also could not grant him
any relief, a requirement of RAP 16.4(d). For both reasons, any PRP would need to be
dismissed without getting to a reference hearing to test the truth of the allegations.
With these observations, I concur.
_________________________________ Korsmo, J.