IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON^ 0
3a» 5;^ ~n m ' STATE OF WASHINGTON, va 2 ^ -j n No. 73063-1-1 en Respondent, J>~orn 5» DIVISION ONE 3 — aef" v. •* cooo
JASON RAMOS, UNPUBLISHED OPINION W ^S Appellant. FILED: April 25. 2016
Spearman, J. — Jason Ramos was convicted of two counts of first degree
robbery, one count as a principal and one as an accomplice, and one count of second degree assault. He appeals, claiming that there was insufficient evidence
to support his conviction for accomplice liability. We disagree and affirm.
FACTS
On October 31, 2013, Neal Blum and Jarvis Capucion were drinking beer
on some steps near the Mt. Baker transit center when they heard a car alarm go
off. Two men, later identified as Ayman Ibrahim and Jason Ramos, came running
down the stairs. Blum stood up to let them pass, but Ibrahim stopped to speak
with him while Ramos continued down the stairs past Capucion. Ibrahim
attempted to engage Blum in conversation and shake his hand, in which hand Ibrahim carried an unidentified object concealed with a bandage. During this
interaction with Blum, Ibrahim and Ramos spoke to each other in what sounded No. 73063-1-1/2
like Spanish. At one point Ibrahim called out and Ramos came back up the stairs
to Capucion. He grabbed Capucion's backpack and punched him in the face,
knocking him to the ground. When Capucion got up and tried to retrieve his bag,
the two exchanged blows. Meanwhile Ibrahim grabbed Blum, took his backpack,
and removed a knife from Blum's pocket.
Blum heard Capucion cry out for help. He turned to see Ramos making
sharp stabbing motions toward Capucion's torso. Ibrahim started down the stairs
toward Ramos and Capucion. Blum took out his other knife and went after him.
As Blum caught up to Ibrahim on the stairs, he grabbed Ibrahim and the two
stumbled into the bushes. Blum cut Ibrahim in the neck with his knife and
stabbed him multiple times in the right side. Blum then ran down the stairs to help
Capucion. He knocked Ramos's knife away and stabbed him in the left side.
When Ramos continued to fight, Blum cut his throat and stabbed him in the right
side. Ibrahim came down the stairs and approached Blum, but then backed off.
Ramos got up again and challenged Blum, but left after Blum brandished his
knife and threatened to kill him if he didn't leave. Ramos and Ibrahim walked
away as Blum called 911. Capucion had been stabbed multiple times in the chest
and suffered serious injuries to his spleen and other organs. Blum was not
injured in the confrontation.
The police apprehended Ibrahim and Ramos about a block away, near
Martin Luther King, Jr. Way and S. Hanford Street. The two were arrested and
taken to Harborview Hospital for treatment of their injuries. One backpack was
recovered from Ramos and another was found on the stairwell; the backpacks No. 73063-1-1/3
were later identified as belonging to Blum and Capucion. Ramos was released
from custody until charges were filed on February 21, 2014. He was
subsequently rearrested.
Ramos was charged with two counts of robbery in the first degree and one
count of assault in the first degree. Prior to Ramos's trial, Ibrahim pleaded guilty
to one count of first degree robbery with a deadly weapon enhancement. Ramos
called Ibrahim as a witness at his trial. He testified that he and Ramos knew each
other but denied robbing Blum. The jury found Ramos guilty as charged. He was
sentenced to 169 months. Ramos appeals only his conviction for robbery in the
first degree against Blum.
DISCUSSION
Ramos challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his
conviction as an accomplice to Ibrahim's first degree robbery of Blum. He claims
the State failed to prove that he knew that Ibrahim was going to rob Blum and
that he aided or stood ready to aid in the commission of that crime. Evidence is
sufficient to support a conviction if, when viewed in the light most favorable to the
State, any rational trier of fact could have found any disputed elements proved
beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Witherspoon, 180 Wn.2d 875, 883, 329
P.3d 888 (2014). A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence admits the truth
of the State's evidence and all reasonable inferences must be interpreted most
strongly against the defendant. State v. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829 P.2d
1068(1992). No. 73063-1-1/4
A person commits robbery when he or she unlawfully takes personal
property from the person of another or in his or her presence against his or her
will by the use or threatened use of immediate force, violence, or fear of injury to
that person or his or her property or the person or property of anyone. RCW
9A.56.190. Such force or fear must be used to obtain or retain possession of the
property, or to prevent or overcome resistance to the taking; in either of which
cases the degree of force is immaterial, |d_.
A person is an accomplice of another person in the commission of
a crime if:
(a) With knowledge that it will promote or facilitate the commission of the crime, he or she: (i) Solicits, commands, encourages, or requests such other person to commit it; or (ii) Aids or agrees to aid such other person in planning or committing it; or (b) His or her conduct is expressly declared by law to establish his or her complicity.
RCW 9A.08.020(3)(a). In order to convict a defendant as an accomplice, there
must be evidence that he was "ready to assist" or intended to encourage the
conduct of his co-participant; mere presence at the scene is insufficient. State v.
Lozier, 32 Wn. App. 376, 377, 647 P.2d 535 (1982) (quoting In re Wilson, 91
Wn.2d487, 491, 588 P.2d 1161 (1979)). An accomplice aids or agrees to aid
another person in the commission of a crime by associating himself with the
crime, participating in it and seeking to make it succeed. State v. J-R Distributors,
Inc., 82 Wn.2d 584, 593, 512 P.2d 1049 (1973). An accomplice need not
participate in each element of the crime or share the same mental state as the No. 73063-1-1/5
principal; he need only intend to facilitate the crime's commission by providing
assistance through presence or action. State v. Roberts, 142 Wn.2d 471, 512, 14
P.3d 713 (2000). Mere presence and knowledge that a crime is going to be
committed is insufficient to establish accomplice liability. Wilson, 91 Wn.2d at
491.
Ramos does not dispute that he robbed and assaulted Capucion. Nor
does he appear to dispute that at the same time he did so, a short distance
away, Ibrahim robbed and assaulted Blum. But he claims the evidence is
insufficient to establish he knew what Ibrahim was about to do and that he aided
or agreed to aid him in doing it. Ramos argues that the State presented no
evidence of any interactions between him and Ibrahim prior to the robberies or
evidence that the two men planned to simultaneously commit the crimes. He also
argues that there was no evidence that his conduct aided Ibrahim in robbing
Capucion.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE STATE OF WASHINGTON^ 0
3a» 5;^ ~n m ' STATE OF WASHINGTON, va 2 ^ -j n No. 73063-1-1 en Respondent, J>~orn 5» DIVISION ONE 3 — aef" v. •* cooo
JASON RAMOS, UNPUBLISHED OPINION W ^S Appellant. FILED: April 25. 2016
Spearman, J. — Jason Ramos was convicted of two counts of first degree
robbery, one count as a principal and one as an accomplice, and one count of second degree assault. He appeals, claiming that there was insufficient evidence
to support his conviction for accomplice liability. We disagree and affirm.
FACTS
On October 31, 2013, Neal Blum and Jarvis Capucion were drinking beer
on some steps near the Mt. Baker transit center when they heard a car alarm go
off. Two men, later identified as Ayman Ibrahim and Jason Ramos, came running
down the stairs. Blum stood up to let them pass, but Ibrahim stopped to speak
with him while Ramos continued down the stairs past Capucion. Ibrahim
attempted to engage Blum in conversation and shake his hand, in which hand Ibrahim carried an unidentified object concealed with a bandage. During this
interaction with Blum, Ibrahim and Ramos spoke to each other in what sounded No. 73063-1-1/2
like Spanish. At one point Ibrahim called out and Ramos came back up the stairs
to Capucion. He grabbed Capucion's backpack and punched him in the face,
knocking him to the ground. When Capucion got up and tried to retrieve his bag,
the two exchanged blows. Meanwhile Ibrahim grabbed Blum, took his backpack,
and removed a knife from Blum's pocket.
Blum heard Capucion cry out for help. He turned to see Ramos making
sharp stabbing motions toward Capucion's torso. Ibrahim started down the stairs
toward Ramos and Capucion. Blum took out his other knife and went after him.
As Blum caught up to Ibrahim on the stairs, he grabbed Ibrahim and the two
stumbled into the bushes. Blum cut Ibrahim in the neck with his knife and
stabbed him multiple times in the right side. Blum then ran down the stairs to help
Capucion. He knocked Ramos's knife away and stabbed him in the left side.
When Ramos continued to fight, Blum cut his throat and stabbed him in the right
side. Ibrahim came down the stairs and approached Blum, but then backed off.
Ramos got up again and challenged Blum, but left after Blum brandished his
knife and threatened to kill him if he didn't leave. Ramos and Ibrahim walked
away as Blum called 911. Capucion had been stabbed multiple times in the chest
and suffered serious injuries to his spleen and other organs. Blum was not
injured in the confrontation.
The police apprehended Ibrahim and Ramos about a block away, near
Martin Luther King, Jr. Way and S. Hanford Street. The two were arrested and
taken to Harborview Hospital for treatment of their injuries. One backpack was
recovered from Ramos and another was found on the stairwell; the backpacks No. 73063-1-1/3
were later identified as belonging to Blum and Capucion. Ramos was released
from custody until charges were filed on February 21, 2014. He was
subsequently rearrested.
Ramos was charged with two counts of robbery in the first degree and one
count of assault in the first degree. Prior to Ramos's trial, Ibrahim pleaded guilty
to one count of first degree robbery with a deadly weapon enhancement. Ramos
called Ibrahim as a witness at his trial. He testified that he and Ramos knew each
other but denied robbing Blum. The jury found Ramos guilty as charged. He was
sentenced to 169 months. Ramos appeals only his conviction for robbery in the
first degree against Blum.
DISCUSSION
Ramos challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his
conviction as an accomplice to Ibrahim's first degree robbery of Blum. He claims
the State failed to prove that he knew that Ibrahim was going to rob Blum and
that he aided or stood ready to aid in the commission of that crime. Evidence is
sufficient to support a conviction if, when viewed in the light most favorable to the
State, any rational trier of fact could have found any disputed elements proved
beyond a reasonable doubt. State v. Witherspoon, 180 Wn.2d 875, 883, 329
P.3d 888 (2014). A challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence admits the truth
of the State's evidence and all reasonable inferences must be interpreted most
strongly against the defendant. State v. Salinas, 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829 P.2d
1068(1992). No. 73063-1-1/4
A person commits robbery when he or she unlawfully takes personal
property from the person of another or in his or her presence against his or her
will by the use or threatened use of immediate force, violence, or fear of injury to
that person or his or her property or the person or property of anyone. RCW
9A.56.190. Such force or fear must be used to obtain or retain possession of the
property, or to prevent or overcome resistance to the taking; in either of which
cases the degree of force is immaterial, |d_.
A person is an accomplice of another person in the commission of
a crime if:
(a) With knowledge that it will promote or facilitate the commission of the crime, he or she: (i) Solicits, commands, encourages, or requests such other person to commit it; or (ii) Aids or agrees to aid such other person in planning or committing it; or (b) His or her conduct is expressly declared by law to establish his or her complicity.
RCW 9A.08.020(3)(a). In order to convict a defendant as an accomplice, there
must be evidence that he was "ready to assist" or intended to encourage the
conduct of his co-participant; mere presence at the scene is insufficient. State v.
Lozier, 32 Wn. App. 376, 377, 647 P.2d 535 (1982) (quoting In re Wilson, 91
Wn.2d487, 491, 588 P.2d 1161 (1979)). An accomplice aids or agrees to aid
another person in the commission of a crime by associating himself with the
crime, participating in it and seeking to make it succeed. State v. J-R Distributors,
Inc., 82 Wn.2d 584, 593, 512 P.2d 1049 (1973). An accomplice need not
participate in each element of the crime or share the same mental state as the No. 73063-1-1/5
principal; he need only intend to facilitate the crime's commission by providing
assistance through presence or action. State v. Roberts, 142 Wn.2d 471, 512, 14
P.3d 713 (2000). Mere presence and knowledge that a crime is going to be
committed is insufficient to establish accomplice liability. Wilson, 91 Wn.2d at
491.
Ramos does not dispute that he robbed and assaulted Capucion. Nor
does he appear to dispute that at the same time he did so, a short distance
away, Ibrahim robbed and assaulted Blum. But he claims the evidence is
insufficient to establish he knew what Ibrahim was about to do and that he aided
or agreed to aid him in doing it. Ramos argues that the State presented no
evidence of any interactions between him and Ibrahim prior to the robberies or
evidence that the two men planned to simultaneously commit the crimes. He also
argues that there was no evidence that his conduct aided Ibrahim in robbing
Capucion. Ramos contends the sole evidence relied upon by the State was the
purported Spanish utterance by Ibrahim immediately prior to the robberies. ]d.
The arguments are without merit.
The record shows that Ramos and Ibrahim were together when they came
down the stairs and encountered Blum and Capucion. Ibrahim stopped to
confront Blum and yelled something in Spanish to Ramos, after which, Ramos
came back to face Capucion. When Ibrahim yelled in Spanish again, Ramos
immediately punched Capucion in the face and attempted to take his backpack.
At the same time, Ibrahim took Blum's backpack from him. After the robberies,
Ramos and Ibrahim left the area together and were still together a block away No. 73063-1-1/6
when apprehended by the police. Viewed in the light most favorable to the State,
this evidence is sufficient to support the jury's conclusion that Ramos was acting
in concert with Ibrahim and that he aided Ibrahim in the robbery of Blum.
Ramos argues that Ibrahim's testimony demonstrated that they were not
together but just happened to be in the same place committing robberies at the
same time. But it was within the jury's province to credit or discredit Ibrahim's
claim that the simultaneous robberies were mere coincidence. We defer to the
jury on issues of conflicting testimony, credibility of witnesses, and the
persuasiveness of the evidence. State v. Cord, 103 Wn.2d 361, 367, 693 P.2d 81
(1985). We do not second guess the jury's determinations on appeal. State v.
Camarillo, 115 Wn.2d 60, 71, 794 P.2d 850 (1990). Accordingly, we reject
Ramos's claim of insufficiency.
In his reply brief, Ramos asks that no costs be awarded on appeal. Under
RCW 10.73.160(1), appellate courts "may require an adult offender convicted of
an offense to pay appellate costs." This court may consider the issue of appellate
costs in a criminal case during the course of appellate review when the appellant
raises the issue preemptively. State v. Sinclair P.3d , 2016 WL 393719
at*5-6(2016).
Generally, issues raised in a reply brief, including requests for fees and
costs, are too late to warrant consideration. Cowiche Canyon Conservancy v.
Boslev, 118 Wn.2d 801, 809, 828 P.2d 549 (1992). But Sinclair, the case Ramos
relies on as authority for his request, was decided after Ramos filed his opening No. 73063-1-1/7
brief. We will consider Ramos' request and if the State chooses to seek costs, it
may respond when it submits a cost bill.1
Statement of Additional Grounds (SAG)
Ramos submits a number of arguments in his statement of additional
grounds. A defendant may submit a pro se statement of additional grounds for
review pursuant to RAP 10.10. Such statement must "'inform the court of the
nature and occurrence of [the] alleged errors.'" State v. Meneses, 149 Wn. App.
707, 715-16, 205 P.3d 916 (2009). Ramos argues that his constitutional right to a
speedy trial was violated by his original counsel's discovery of a conflict the day
before he was scheduled to appear at an omnibus hearing a few weeks before
trial. He complains that the court allowed his attorney to withdraw and that he
was forced to accept a new attorney which caused a delay of his trial for over
nine months.
The right to a speedy trial is guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment to the
United States Constitution and article I, section 22 of the Washington
Constitution. The state supreme court has found that the state constitutional
analysis under the state constitution is substantially the same as the analysis
under the U.S. Constitution; the state constitution does not afford greater rights to
the defendant. State v. Iniquez, 167 Wn.2d 273, 289, 213 P.2d 768 (2009).
1We recognize that absent direction from this court, the commissioner has no discretion but to award costs to the State if requested. RAP 14.2. In that event, Ramos may file a motion to modify pursuant to RAP 17.7. No. 73063-1-1/8
The United States Supreme Court employs a balancing test that examines
the conduct of both the State and the defendant to determine whether speedy
trial rights have been denied. Barker v. Winqo, 407 U.S. 514, 530, 92 S.Ct. 2182,
33 L. Ed. 2d 101 (1972). The analysis is "'fact-specific' and 'necessarily
dependent upon the peculiar circumstances of the case.'" Iniquez. 167 Wn.2d at
292 (quoting Barker at 530-31). Among the non-exclusive factors to be
considered include the "'[Ijength of delay, the reason for the delay, the
defendant's assertion of his right, and prejudice to the defendant.'" State v.
Ollivier, 178 Wn.2d 813, 827, 312 P.3d 1 (2013) (quoting Barker at 530).
As a threshold to the Barker inquiry, a defendant must show that the
length of the delay crossed a line from ordinary to presumptively
prejudicial. Barker, 407 U.S. at 530. Whether a delay is presumptively prejudicial
is also a fact-specific inquiry dependent on the circumstances of each
case. Iniquez, 167 Wn.2d at 291. Based on a survey of cases from other
jurisdictions, prejudice may be presumed for delays between eight months to a
year. Ig\ at 290.
Here, less than 10 months passed between Ramos's first court
appearance and December 15, 2014, the day trial commenced. A minimal delay
given the gravity of the charges and the consequences in the event of conviction.
Ramos points out that his trial date was continued eight times, but it appears that
only one was attributable to the withdrawal of his attorney. Although the record is
unclear, it appears that the remaining continuances were related to discovery
matters regarding witness interviews and the collection and analysis of DNA
8 No. 73063-1-1/9
evidence. Nor does Ramos identify any specific prejudice that he suffered as a
result of the delay. He does not allege that any evidence or testimony was lost
because of the delay in beginning his trial. We conclude there was no violation of
Ramos's right to a speedy trial.
Next, Ramos argues that there was no probable cause for his arrest and
seeks reversal of his conviction, dismissal of the charges or a new trial. But it is
unclear if he is contesting the validity of his arrest immediately following the
incident or his later arrest following the filing of charges. If the former, we note
that because Ramos did not move to suppress any seized evidence pursuant to
CrR 3.6, the record is undeveloped as to the circumstances of the arrest,
including all the information available to the arresting officers at the time of the
arrest. Thus, we are unable to consider this claim. See State v. Fenwick, 164
Wn. App. 392, 405, 264 P.3d 284 (2011) (where defendant failed to request a
suppression hearing, the State did not have opportunity to fully develop the
record and show how the warrantless search was lawful). If the latter, Ramos
does not assert that any evidence was seized from him following that arrest. In
the absence of a claim that any unlawfully seized evidence was used against him
at trial, Ramos cannot show he suffered any prejudice as a result of the alleged
unlawful seizure. Thus, he is unable to show that he is entitled to the relief he
seeks.
Finally, Ramos argues that he was subject to an unreasonable search and
seizure for being handcuffed to the bed while he was in the hospital. He also
argues that criminal charges should have been brought against Blum as No. 73063-1-1/10
well. Neither of these statements articulate any basis for relief from his conviction
and sentence.2
Affirm.
WE CONCUR: Jg^rf^c^O ,
A+cJ J -T/^yj flC-J
2 Ramos also argues that his "mere presence with or near Mr. Ibrahim was not sufficient to justify the officer's actions to seize and arrest" him. SAG at 3. This argument was briefed on appeal; we do not revisit it here.