Filed Washington State Court of Appeals Division Two
February 9, 2016 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
DIVISION II STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 46885-9-II
Respondent,
v.
BRUCE ELI BRATTON, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
Appellant.
WORSWICK, J. — Bruce E. Bratton appeals his conviction for one count of unlawful
possession of a controlled substance.1 He argues that (1) the trial court erred in admitting
statements he made to officers, (2) the State failed to provide sufficient evidence to support his
conviction, (3) the doctrine of corpus delicti bars the use of his statements, and (4) he received
ineffective assistance of counsel. Finding no error, we affirm Bratton’s conviction.
FACTS
A. Substantive Facts
Michael Stringer, a slot machine supervisor at the Seven Cedars Casino in Clallam
County, discovered a small “baggie” that contained a white powdery substance on the casino
floor near “slot bank 52” and reported it to casino security.2 Verbatim Report of Proceedings
(VRP) (Sept. 30, 2014) at 62. Tribal gaming agent Larry Graham took possession of the baggie.
Graham reviewed the surveillance video and saw a small baggie drop from a person’s front pants
1 RCW 69.50.4013. 2 “Bank 52” refers to a particular row of slot machines. No. 46885-9-II
pocket while the person was seated near “slot bank 52,” but was unable to confirm whether the
baggie found by Stringer was identical to the one on the surveillance video. VRP at 73-74.
Clallam County Deputy Jeff Pickrell contacted Jefferson County Sheriff’s Detective Brett
Anglin, who identified the man on the video as Bruce Bratton.
Jefferson County Sergeant Mark Apeland arrested Bratton at his residence and read
Bratton his Miranda rights.3 Sergeant Apeland did not ask Bratton whether he wished to waive
his Miranda rights, but he did ask Bratton whether he understood them and Bratton
acknowledged that he understood his rights.
Detective Brett Anglin arrived two to three minutes later and was told that Bratton had
previously been read his Miranda rights. Detective Anglin did not read Bratton his Miranda
rights nor did he ask Bratton whether he was aware of his rights. Nonetheless, Detective Anglin
talked briefly with Bratton. Bratton told Detective Anglin that he already knew about the
incident.
Detective Anglin arranged to have a Jefferson County officer drive Bratton to the county
line where Deputy Pickrell obtained custody of Bratton. Deputy Pickrell did not provide Bratton
with Miranda warnings, although he did ask Bratton if he remembered and understood these
warnings. Deputy Pickrell engaged in conversation with Bratton, during which conversation
Bratton insisted that the methamphetamine was for his personal use only.
The Washington State Patrol Crime Laboratory tested the material in the baggie and
determined it was methamphetamine. The State charged Bratton with one count of unlawful
possession of a controlled substance.
3 Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 1612, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).
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B. 3.5 Hearing
After a pretrial CrR 3.5 hearing to determine the admissibility of Bratton’s statements to
police, the trial court made the following findings of fact:
1. All of the law enforcement officers that testified, indicated that Mr. Bratton was cooperative, he indicated that he understood his rights, he didn’t seem confused, he was not under the influence of any intoxicants as far as they could tell at that time and that these observations applied during the period of time from his arrest to his eventual transport to Clallam County. .... 3. As soon as he was placed under arrest, Mr. Bratton indicated that he knew “what this was about.” 4. Sgt. Apeland then stopped the defendant at that point and read him his Miranda rights. 5. Sgt. Apeland gave the defendant his full rights under Miranda. 6. The defendant indicated that he understood his Miranda rights and then began immediately, without any prompting, to talk about the baggie at the casino. 7. The defendant began talking before his rights were provided and voluntarily began talking again immediately after his Miranda rights were provided by Sgt. Apeland. 8. The statements the defendant made to Sgt. Apeland were with full understanding of his Miranda rights. 9. Detective Anglin appeared within two or three minutes of the arrest. 10. Det. Anglin was advised by Sergeant Apeland that Apeland had provided Bratton with his Miranda rights. 11. Det. Anglin asked Bratton, “Do you want to talk to me about what happened?” 12. Det. Anglin’s question to Bratton was very clear: “[D]o you want to talk about it,” and the defendant began to talk about what happened; it was a very short conversation. 13. There was no coercion or threats of any kind during the entire episode that took place at the defendant’s residence where he was arrested. 14. Within an hour’s time, probably less, from Quilcene to the border of Clallam County, the transport took place and Deputy Pickrell encountered the defendant at the borderline and Pickrell was advised that Miranda rights had been given to Bratton. 15. Pickrell specifically asked the defendant if he remembered and understood those rights and then Bratton began to speak to Pickrell about what happened. 16. This was a knowing conversation that Mr. Bratton engaged in with Deputy Pickrell.
3 No. 46885-9-II
Suppl. Clerk’s Papers (CP) at 85-87. Based on the above findings, the trial court made the
following conclusions of law:
1. Sergeant Apeland adequately advised the defendant of Miranda warnings and the defendant understood the Miranda warnings when making statements to Sergeant Apeland, Detective Anglin, and Deputy Pickrell. 2. The defendant waived his Miranda rights by beginning to converse with Sergeant Apeland about what happened without any prompting. .... 4. There was no coercion or threats of any kind during the interactions between the defendant, Sgt. Apeland and Det. Anglin and all statements by the defendant during these interactions were voluntary. 5. The defendant’s conversation with Deputy Pickrell was voluntary and was not the result of any threats or coercion and the defendant made his statements with full understanding of his Miranda rights and the Court will allow an introduction of all those statements.
Suppl. CP at 87.
C. Trial
At trial, casino employees and police officers testified to the facts as described above.
Additionally, Deputy Pickrell testified that Bratton told him that if he had any methamphetamine
in his possession at the casino it would have been for personal use, not for dealing.
A jury found Bratton guilty as charged. Bratton appeals.
ANALYSIS
I. ADMISSIBILITY OF BRATTON’S STATEMENTS
Bratton first argues that he did not make a knowing, voluntary, and intelligent waiver of
his Miranda rights, and therefore, the trial court erred when it did not suppress his statements to
the officers. Bratton argues that (1) Sergeant Apeland’s reading of Miranda warnings was
insufficient because he did not provide Bratton the opportunity to read, review, and decide
whether he wanted to waive his rights; (2) Sergeant Anglin and Detective Pickrell were required
4 No. 46885-9-II
to readvise Bratton of his Miranda rights; and (3) the passage of time prior to Deputy Pickrell’s
interrogation of Bratton invalidated Sergeant Apeland’s Miranda warnings. We disagree.
A. Standard of Review
We review de novo the adequacy of a Miranda warning and whether there was a valid
waiver of Miranda rights. State v. Johnson, 94 Wn. App. 882, 897, 974 P.2d 855 (1999). We
review challenged findings of fact from a CrR 3.5 hearing for substantial evidence, but
unchallenged findings of fact are verities on appeal. State v. Broadaway, 133 Wn.2d 118, 131,
942 P.2d 363 (1997). We review de novo whether the trial court’s CrR 3.5 conclusions of law
are supported by the findings of fact. State v. Solomon, 114 Wn. App. 781, 789, 60 P.3d 1215
(2002).
Bratton does not assign error to any of the trial court’s findings of fact from the CrR 3.5
hearing. Accordingly, the findings are verities on appeal. State v. Homan, 181 Wn.2d 102, 106,
330 P.3d 182 (2014). Bratton challenges the following conclusions of law: (1) Sergeant Apeland
adequately advised Bratton of his Miranda rights and Bratton understood his rights when he
spoke with Sergeant Apeland, Detective Anglin, and Deputy Pickrell; (2) Bratton waived his
Miranda rights when he began to converse with Sergeant Apeland, Detective Anglin, and
Deputy Pickrell; and (3) that Bratton fully understood his Miranda rights when he spoke with
Deputy Pickrell.
B. Miranda Waiver
Bratton contends that the trial court erred when it did not suppress his statements to
police because Sergeant Apeland did not provide him with the opportunity to read, review, and
decide to waive his rights before officers spoke with him. We disagree.
5 No. 46885-9-II
1. Miranda Standards
Before a defendant’s incriminating statements can be used against him, the State must
demonstrate that the defendant knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently waived his Miranda
rights. State v. Radcliffe, 164 Wn.2d 900, 905-06, 194 P.3d 250 (2008).
The State bears the burden of proving that a suspect knowingly, voluntarily, and
intelligently waived his Miranda rights. State v. Mayer, 184 Wn.2d 548, 556, 362 P.3d 745
(2015). “Only if the ‘totality of the circumstances surrounding the interrogation’ reveal both an
uncoerced choice and the requisite level of comprehension may a court properly conclude that
the Miranda rights have been waived.” Moran v. Burbine, 475 U.S. 412, 421, 106 S. Ct. 1135,
89 L. Ed. 2d 410 (1986) (quoting Fare v. Michael C., 442 U.S. 707, 725, 99 S. Ct. 2560, 61 L.
Ed.2d 197 (1979)). Circumstances that are potentially relevant in the totality of the
circumstances analysis include whether there was police coercion; “the length of the
interrogation; its location; its continuity; the defendant’s maturity, education, physical condition,
and mental health; and whether the police advised the defendant of the rights to remain silent and
to have counsel present during custodial interrogation.” State v. Unga, 165 Wn.2d 95, 101, 196
P.3d 645 (2008).
We have found an implied waiver where the record reveals that a defendant “understood
his rights and volunteered information” and where the “defendant’s answers were freely and
voluntarily made without duress, promise or threat and with a full understanding of his
constitutional rights.” State v. Terrovona, 105 Wn.2d 632, 646-47, 716 P.2d 295 (1986).
6 No. 46885-9-II
2. Bratton’s Waiver was Knowing, Intelligent, and Voluntary
The facts of this case are similar to State v. Gross, 23 Wn. App. 319, 324, 597 P.2d 894,
review denied, 92 Wn.2d 1033 (1979). In Gross, the defendant made a statement after police
officers read his Miranda warnings, but did not ask him if he wished to waive his rights. 23 Wn.
App. at 324. We held that the defendant’s assertion that he understood his rights, followed by
his volunteering information, reflected a knowing, voluntary, and intelligent waiver. 23 Wn.
App. at 324.
Here, the trial court found that Sergeant Apeland adequately advised Bratton of his
Miranda rights and that Bratton understood those rights when he spoke with Sergeant Apeland,
Detective Anglin, and Deputy Pickrell. The trial court also found that Bratton’s statements to
Sergeant Apeland, Detective Anglin, and Deputy Pickrell were voluntary and not the result of
any threats or coercion of any kind. Thus, the trial court’s findings of fact directly support its
conclusion that Bratton knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently waived his Miranda rights
when he made statements to officers.
3. Miranda-in-the-Middle
Bratton also appears to argue that he did not knowingly, voluntarily, and intelligently
waive his Miranda rights before he made statements to Detective Anglin or Deputy Pickrell
because neither officer advised him of his rights before they questioned him. Bratton’s argument
appears to reference an interrogation technique that we refer to as “Miranda-in-the-middle.”
See, e.g., United States v. Pacheco-Lopez, 531 F.3d 420, 425 (6th Cir. 2008); see also Missouri
v. Seibert, 542 U.S. 600, 604, 124 S. Ct. 2601 159 L. Ed. 2d 643 (2004).
7 No. 46885-9-II
Bratton analogizes the facts in his case to those in Missouri v. Seibert, where the United
States Supreme Court determined that officers intentionally violated the Miranda requirement by
employing manipulative strategies to obtain an unwarned confession. Seibert, 542 U.S. at 616.
In Seibert, police intentionally withheld Miranda rights, obtained an unwarned confession,
paused the interrogation, returned to the suspect, provided Miranda warnings after a short break,
and obtained a second confession based on the information the suspect provided prior to
receiving Miranda warnings. Seibert, 542 U.S. at 604-05. The United States Supreme Court
held that neither confession was knowing, intelligent, and voluntary. 542 U.S. at 616.
The facts in this case are easily distinguishable from those in Seibert. Here, the trial court
found that (1) Bratton knew and understood his rights before any officer began questioning him,
(2) Sergeant Apeland stopped Bratton from offering self-incriminating statements and read him
his Miranda rights, (3) Bratton had a full understanding of his Miranda rights before he
voluntarily spoke with Sergeant Apeland about the baggie at the casino, (4) Detective Anglin
was advised that Sergeant Apeland had provided Bratton his Miranda warnings before he asked
Bratton whether he wanted to talk about what had occurred, and (5) Deputy Pickrell asked
Bratton whether he remembered and understood his Miranda rights before Bratton began to
engage in a knowing conversation with him.
Put simply, Miranda-in-the-middle does not apply because Bratton was not interrogated
before receiving his Miranda warnings. Accordingly, we hold that Bratton’s Miranda-in-the-
middle argument fails.
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C. Re-advisement of Miranda Rights
Bratton also contends that both Detective Anglin and Deputy Pickrell violated his
constitutional right to be free from self-incrimination when they questioned him a second time
after a lapse of about one hour without first re-advising him of his Miranda rights. We disagree.
The United States Supreme Court “‘has eschewed per se rules mandating that a suspect
be re-advised of his rights in certain fixed situations in favor of a more flexible approach
focusing on the totality of the circumstances.’” State v. Fedorov, 181 Wn. App. 187, 191, 324
P.3d 784 (quoting United States v. Rodriguez-Preciado, 399 F.3d 1118, 1128 (9th Cir. 2005)),
review denied, 181 Wn.2d 1009 (2014). Typically, “‘[w]here a defendant has been adequately
and effectively warned of his constitutional rights, it is unnecessary to give repeated recitations
of such warnings prior to the taking of each separate in-custody statement.’” Federov, 181 Wn.
App. at 191 (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Duhaime, 29 Wn. App. 842, 852, 631 P.2d
964 (1981) (holding that fresh Miranda warnings were unnecessary where less than two hours
passed between the defendant’s written waiver and the questioning)).
The trial court found that Detective Anglin questioned Bratton two to three minutes after
Sergeant Apeland read Bratton his Miranda rights and Deputy Pickrell spoke with Bratton
roughly one hour later. Although neither Detective Anglin nor Deputy Pickrell fully re-advised
Bratton of his Miranda rights, the trial court found that (1) Detective Pickrell verified that
Bratton understood his rights and understood they were still in effect, (2) Bratton fully
understood his rights when he voluntarily chose to speak with Detective Anglin, and (3) Deputy
Pickrell specifically asked Bratton whether he remembered and understood his Miranda rights
9 No. 46885-9-II
and Bratton responded affirmatively that he did understand his rights. These findings support the
trial court’s conclusion that Bratton properly waived his rights.
Further, courts have upheld confessions where delays between Miranda warnings and
defendants’ statements were far lengthier. Fedorov, 181 Wn. App. at 191-92. For example, in
Rodriguez-Preciado, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals held that Miranda warnings were still
effective after 16 hours. Rodriguez-Preciado, 399 F.3d at 1128-30. The two intervals here—
roughly three minutes and less than an hour, respectively—are brief by comparison. The trial
court’s conclusion that Bratton understood his Miranda rights fully when he spoke with
Detective Anglin and Deputy Pickrell flow directly from its findings of fact on the CrR 3.5
hearing. We reject Bratton’s argument that a passage of time invalidated Sergeant Apeland’s
initial reading of Bratton’s Miranda rights.
II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE: POSSESSION
Bratton next argues that his conviction is not supported by sufficient evidence because
the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he possessed the baggie of
methamphetamine found on the casino floor. We disagree.
The State has the burden of proving the elements of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt.
State v. Borrero, 147 Wn.2d 353, 364, 58 P.3d 245 (2002). In reviewing a sufficiency of
evidence claim, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the State to determine
whether any rational trier of fact could have found the crime’s essential elements beyond a
reasonable doubt. State v. Witherspoon, 180 Wn.2d 875, 883, 329 P.3d 888 (2014); State v.
Salinas, 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829 P.2d 1068 (1992). A challenge to the sufficiency of evidence
admits the truth of the State’s evidence. Witherspoon, 180 Wn.2d at 883. Circumstantial
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evidence is equally reliable as direct evidence. State v. Thomas, 150 Wn.2d 821, 874, 83 P.3d
970 (2004).
RCW 69.50.401(1) states that “it is unlawful for any person to manufacture, deliver, or
possess with intent to manufacture or deliver, a controlled substance.” Under RCW
69.50.206(d)(2), methamphetamine is a controlled substance.
Here, the State presented testimony that a casino employee saw video surveillance of a
small baggie falling from a man’s pocket at the location where the methamphetamine was found.
Deputy Pickrell identified the man in the video as Bratton. Additionally, Deputy Pickrell
testified that Bratton told him that if he had any methamphetamine in his possession at the casino
it would have been for personal use, not for dealing. Viewing this evidence in the light most
favorable to the State, a rational trier of fact could reasonably conclude that the baggie of
methamphetamine discovered on the casino floor was the same baggie in the video seen
dropping from Bratton’s pants, and, therefore, Bratton possessed the baggie of
methamphetamine. Thus, we hold that the State provided sufficient evidence to support
Bratton’s conviction.
III. CORPUS DELICTI
Bratton also contends that the State failed to provide substantial evidence to support the
corpus delicti because no witness was able to confirm the baggie that fell from his pocket on the
surveillance video was identical to the baggie found on the casino floor. We disagree.
To satisfy the corpus delicti rule, the State must present evidence, independent of the
incriminating statement, to show that the crime described in the defendant’s statement occurred.
State v. Brockob, 159 Wn.2d 311, 328, 150 P.3d 59 (2006). The purpose of the corpus delicti
11 No. 46885-9-II
rule is to prevent defendants from being unjustly convicted based on confessions alone. State v.
Dow, 168 Wn.2d 243, 249. 227 P.3d 1278 (2010). The independent evidence need not be
sufficient to support a conviction but must provide prima facie corroboration of the crime
described in a defendant’s incriminating statement. Brockob, 159 Wn.2d at 328. Prima facie
corroboration exists if the independent evidence supports a “logical and reasonable inference” of
the facts the State seeks to prove. State v. Vangerpen, 125 Wn.2d 782, 796, 888 P.2d 1177
(1995). In determining whether this standard is satisfied, we review the evidence in the light
most favorable to the State. Brockob, 159 Wn.2d at 328. The corpus delicti can be proved by
direct or circumstantial evidence. State v. Aten, 130 Wn.2d 640, 655, 927 P.2d 210 (1996).
Here, Tribal gaming agent Graham testified that he reviewed a surveillance video that
showed a small baggie fall from a man’s pocket onto the casino floor near slot bank 52. Deputy
Pickrell identified the man in the surveillance video as Bratton. And a small baggie was
retrieved near slot bank 52 by casino employees. It is logical to deduce that the baggie Bratton
dropped on the casino floor was the same one Stringer found in that same location. Viewing the
evidence in the light most favorable to the State, prima facie corroboration exists to support a
logical and reasonable inference that Bratton possessed the methamphetamine found on the
casino floor. Accordingly, we hold that the State provided sufficient evidence to establish the
corpus delicti.
IV. INEFFECTIVE ASSISTANCE OF COUNSEL
Finally, Bratton argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel because his
attorney failed to object to the trial court’s admission of his statements under the corpus delicti
rule. We disagree.
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We strongly presume that counsel’s representation was effective. State v. Brett, 126
Wn.2d 136, 198, 892 P.2d 29 (1995). To prevail on an ineffective assistance of counsel claim,
the defendant must show that (1) defense counsel’s representation was deficient and (2) there is a
reasonable probability that the outcome would have been different but for counsel’s deficient
performance. State v. Grier, 171 Wn.2d 17, 32-33, 246 P.3d 1260 (2011). We do “not address
both prongs of the test for ineffective assistance of counsel if the defendant’s showing on one
prong is insufficient.” State v. Foster, 140 Wn. App. 266, 273, 166 P.3d 726 (2007).
Representation is deficient if, after considering all the circumstances, it falls below an objective
standard of reasonableness. Grier, 171 Wn.2d at 32-33. Prejudice exists if there is a reasonable
probability that except for counsel’s errors, the result of the proceeding would have been
different. Grier, 171 Wn.2d at 34.
Bratton must establish there is a reasonable probability that, except for his attorney’s
unprofessional error, the trial’s outcome would have been different. State v. Gerdts, 136 Wn.
App. 720, 727, 150 P.3d 627 (2007). In this context, Bratton must show that the outcome of his
trial would have been different if his counsel had objected to the trial court’s admission of his
statements under the corpus delicti rule. Gerdts, 136 Wn. App. at 727. As noted above, the State
satisfied the corpus delicti rule and any objection to the trial court’s admission of Bratton’s
statements to police would not have succeeded. Thus, Bratton has failed to show that he was
prejudiced due to his attorney’s failure to object. Because Bratton’s claim of ineffective
assistance of counsel fails to meet one prong of the ineffective assistance of counsel test, we do
not address whether counsel’s representation was deficient. Foster, 140 Wn. App. at 273. We
reject Bratton’s argument that he received ineffective assistance of counsel.
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In conclusion, we affirm Bratton’s conviction, holding that the trial court did not err by
denying his motion to suppress his statements, sufficient evidence supports his conviction, the
corpus delicti rule was satisfied, and he did not receive the ineffective assistance of counsel.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
2.06.040, it is so ordered.
Worswick, J. We concur:
Johanson, C.J.
Maxa, J.