FILED TOUR °O A PEALS 2013 M: 19 A1k1 8 41 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINi urn SHE T N DIVISION II BY OE Y\ STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 42208 5 II - -
Respondent, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
V.
BRUCE E. BRATTON,
WORGEN, J. —Bruce Bratton appeals his conviction of unlawful possession of a
controlled substance, methamphetamine. He contends that the evidence supporting this
conviction resulted from his arrest on an invalid warrant and the trial court erred in not
suppressing it. Because the trial court issued the arrest warrant based on a well -founded
suspicion that Bratton had violated his sentencing conditions and because all required notice was
given, we hold that the arrest warrant was valid. We therefore affirm. FACTS
On January 30, 2009, Bratton pleaded guilty to unlawful possession of *
methamphetamine. The sentencing court ordered Bratton to pay his $ ,50 legal financial 15 obligations (LFOs)through Jefferson County's Pay or Appear program ( OA). P This order
provided:
Defendant will be required to make a minimum monthly payment of 50. 0 each $ 0 month, commencing April 1. Review scheduled for May 8, 09 at 8:0 a. . If ' 3 m payment is made, you do not need to appear for review....
1 Bratton does not assign error to the trial court's findings of fact from the CrR 3. hearing and, 6 as we review only that proceeding in this appeal, these findings of fact are verities for purposes of our review. State v. Hill, 123 Wn. d 641, 647, 870 P. d 2 2 313 (1994). No. 42208 5 II - -
If a Defendant has not made the minimum payments in the preceding calendar month and does not appear on the second Friday of the following month at the Pay or Appear calendar, a warrant will be issued for Defendant's arrest.
Clerk's Papers (CP)at 46 47. Between April 2009 and June 2010, Bratton paid $ 00 to the - 6
court. During that period, Bratton missed his July 2009 payment and, when he did not appear at
the August 2009 hearing, the court issued a bench warrant. Bratton was arrested and released the
next day. He made sporadic payments in 2010 and, after he missed his June 2010 payment and
failed to appear for the July hearing, the trial court issued a bench warrant for his arrest. Deputy
Brian Anderson arrested Bratton the next day and, when the deputy searched Bratton's pockets
incident to that arrest, he found a sandwich bag containing over eight grams of
methamphetamine.
The State then charged Bratton with unlawful possession of a controlled substance, methamphetamine. Bratton moved to suppress the methamphetamine under CrR 3. ,claiming 6 that the arrest warrant was invalid because (1) was a cash only warrant and ( ) violated due it 2 it
process because he had inadequate notice of his obligation to appear. The trial court agreed with the first argument but concluded that the invalid bail provision did not invalidate the warrant: - -
The trial court disagreed with Bratton's second claim and denied his motion to suppress. The
2The trial court entered the following conclusions of law regarding the motion to suppress: 1. Due process requires that all parties to an action be given notice and an opportunity to be heard by a neutral magistrate. See State v. Walker, 93 Wn. App. 382, 967 P. d 1289 (1998). 2 2. Notice is flexible and calls for such procedural protection as a particular situation demands. State v. Hotrum, 120 Wn. App. 681, 87 P. d 766 (2004). 3 3. Notice does not require "actual notice"of a pending action; notice is proper, " for purposes of due process, if, under the circumstances, it is reasonably calculated to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections." Washam v. Pierce County Democratic Cent. Committee, 69 Wn.App. 453, 459 60,849 P. d 1229 (1993). - 2 2 No. 42208 5 II - -
trial court found Bratton guilty at a later held bench trial and imposed a standard range sentence. -
Bratton appeals.
ANALYSIS
1. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Bratton assigns error only to conclusions of law 4 6,which we review de novo. State v. -
Mendez, 137 Wn. 2d 208, 214, 970 P. d 722 (1999).However, he does not raise the same claim 2
on appeal that he raised below,that the lack of adequate notice denied him due process
protections. Rather, the issue he presents to this court is whether the arrest warrant was invalid
because (1) court found the POA program unconstitutional, 2) trial court lacked a well this ( the
founded suspicion that he had violated his sentencing conditions, and (3)under the
circumstances, the only reasonable course of action was for the trial court to have issued a
summons rather than an arrest warrant. In this posture, we need not review the trial court's
conclusions as we deem the assignments of error abandoned. See State v. Motherwell, 114
Wn. d 353, 788 P. d 1066 (1990)assignment of error without argument is abandoned.) 2 2 (
Instead, we review the validity of the arrest warrant in the context of these other
arguments because if the arrest warrant was invalid, it follows that Bratton's arrest and the ensuing search and seizure of evidence were unlawful and the trial court erred in not suppressing
4. When Mr. Bratton was ordered to pay his legal financial obligations through the POA program he was given notice that he was to either make a payment or appear in court the following month to explain why he. failed to make a payment. 5. The Pay or Appear order gave Mr. Bratton notice that he was to make a payment or appear at 8:0 AM on the second Friday of the following month. 3 6. The Pay or Appear order gave Mr. Bratton notice reasonably calculated to apprise him of the pendency of the action and afford him an opportunity to explain why he failed to make a payment. CP at 48 49. - 3 No. 42208 5 II - -
the drug evidence. See Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U. . 643, 655, 81 S. Ct. 1684, 6 L.Ed. 2d 1081 S
1961)evidence obtained from illegal search or seizure is subject to exclusionary rule).We (
review de novo the warrant's legal sufficiency but we review any discretionary decisions for an
abuse of discretion. State v. Erickson, 168 Wn. d 41, 45, 225 P. d 948 (2010). 2 3
2. CONSTITUTIONALITY OF POA PROGRAM
Bratton first contends that the arrest warrant was invalid because we declared the same
POA program unconstitutional in State v. Stone, 165 Wn. App. 796, 800, 268 P. d 226 (2012). 3
Stone had failed to pay his LFOs and to appear in court the following month, so the trial court
issued a bench warrant for his arrest. Stone, 165 Wn. App. at 801. We held that Stone was
entitled under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to be represented by counsel at the ensuing
show cause hearing, because of the possibility that the trial court would impose jail time as a
consequence of Stone's failure to pay his LFOs. Stone, 165 Wn. App. at 814 15. We also held - that the trial court violated due process by failing to inquire into whether Stone's nonpayment
was willful. Stone, 165 Wn. App. at 816 18. -
Stone,though,did not declare the POA unconstitutional. Rather,we held that Stone was -
entitled to have an attorney represent him,because he faced the possibility ofjail time if the trial
court that his failure to pay his LFOs was willful. Here, Bratton did not appear at court
when required to do so,. we do not know if the trial court would have informed him of his and
right to appointed counsel or would have made an adequate inquiry into his ability and
willingness to pay.
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FILED TOUR °O A PEALS 2013 M: 19 A1k1 8 41 IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINi urn SHE T N DIVISION II BY OE Y\ STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 42208 5 II - -
Respondent, UNPUBLISHED OPINION
V.
BRUCE E. BRATTON,
WORGEN, J. —Bruce Bratton appeals his conviction of unlawful possession of a
controlled substance, methamphetamine. He contends that the evidence supporting this
conviction resulted from his arrest on an invalid warrant and the trial court erred in not
suppressing it. Because the trial court issued the arrest warrant based on a well -founded
suspicion that Bratton had violated his sentencing conditions and because all required notice was
given, we hold that the arrest warrant was valid. We therefore affirm. FACTS
On January 30, 2009, Bratton pleaded guilty to unlawful possession of *
methamphetamine. The sentencing court ordered Bratton to pay his $ ,50 legal financial 15 obligations (LFOs)through Jefferson County's Pay or Appear program ( OA). P This order
provided:
Defendant will be required to make a minimum monthly payment of 50. 0 each $ 0 month, commencing April 1. Review scheduled for May 8, 09 at 8:0 a. . If ' 3 m payment is made, you do not need to appear for review....
1 Bratton does not assign error to the trial court's findings of fact from the CrR 3. hearing and, 6 as we review only that proceeding in this appeal, these findings of fact are verities for purposes of our review. State v. Hill, 123 Wn. d 641, 647, 870 P. d 2 2 313 (1994). No. 42208 5 II - -
If a Defendant has not made the minimum payments in the preceding calendar month and does not appear on the second Friday of the following month at the Pay or Appear calendar, a warrant will be issued for Defendant's arrest.
Clerk's Papers (CP)at 46 47. Between April 2009 and June 2010, Bratton paid $ 00 to the - 6
court. During that period, Bratton missed his July 2009 payment and, when he did not appear at
the August 2009 hearing, the court issued a bench warrant. Bratton was arrested and released the
next day. He made sporadic payments in 2010 and, after he missed his June 2010 payment and
failed to appear for the July hearing, the trial court issued a bench warrant for his arrest. Deputy
Brian Anderson arrested Bratton the next day and, when the deputy searched Bratton's pockets
incident to that arrest, he found a sandwich bag containing over eight grams of
methamphetamine.
The State then charged Bratton with unlawful possession of a controlled substance, methamphetamine. Bratton moved to suppress the methamphetamine under CrR 3. ,claiming 6 that the arrest warrant was invalid because (1) was a cash only warrant and ( ) violated due it 2 it
process because he had inadequate notice of his obligation to appear. The trial court agreed with the first argument but concluded that the invalid bail provision did not invalidate the warrant: - -
The trial court disagreed with Bratton's second claim and denied his motion to suppress. The
2The trial court entered the following conclusions of law regarding the motion to suppress: 1. Due process requires that all parties to an action be given notice and an opportunity to be heard by a neutral magistrate. See State v. Walker, 93 Wn. App. 382, 967 P. d 1289 (1998). 2 2. Notice is flexible and calls for such procedural protection as a particular situation demands. State v. Hotrum, 120 Wn. App. 681, 87 P. d 766 (2004). 3 3. Notice does not require "actual notice"of a pending action; notice is proper, " for purposes of due process, if, under the circumstances, it is reasonably calculated to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections." Washam v. Pierce County Democratic Cent. Committee, 69 Wn.App. 453, 459 60,849 P. d 1229 (1993). - 2 2 No. 42208 5 II - -
trial court found Bratton guilty at a later held bench trial and imposed a standard range sentence. -
Bratton appeals.
ANALYSIS
1. ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR
Bratton assigns error only to conclusions of law 4 6,which we review de novo. State v. -
Mendez, 137 Wn. 2d 208, 214, 970 P. d 722 (1999).However, he does not raise the same claim 2
on appeal that he raised below,that the lack of adequate notice denied him due process
protections. Rather, the issue he presents to this court is whether the arrest warrant was invalid
because (1) court found the POA program unconstitutional, 2) trial court lacked a well this ( the
founded suspicion that he had violated his sentencing conditions, and (3)under the
circumstances, the only reasonable course of action was for the trial court to have issued a
summons rather than an arrest warrant. In this posture, we need not review the trial court's
conclusions as we deem the assignments of error abandoned. See State v. Motherwell, 114
Wn. d 353, 788 P. d 1066 (1990)assignment of error without argument is abandoned.) 2 2 (
Instead, we review the validity of the arrest warrant in the context of these other
arguments because if the arrest warrant was invalid, it follows that Bratton's arrest and the ensuing search and seizure of evidence were unlawful and the trial court erred in not suppressing
4. When Mr. Bratton was ordered to pay his legal financial obligations through the POA program he was given notice that he was to either make a payment or appear in court the following month to explain why he. failed to make a payment. 5. The Pay or Appear order gave Mr. Bratton notice that he was to make a payment or appear at 8:0 AM on the second Friday of the following month. 3 6. The Pay or Appear order gave Mr. Bratton notice reasonably calculated to apprise him of the pendency of the action and afford him an opportunity to explain why he failed to make a payment. CP at 48 49. - 3 No. 42208 5 II - -
the drug evidence. See Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U. . 643, 655, 81 S. Ct. 1684, 6 L.Ed. 2d 1081 S
1961)evidence obtained from illegal search or seizure is subject to exclusionary rule).We (
review de novo the warrant's legal sufficiency but we review any discretionary decisions for an
abuse of discretion. State v. Erickson, 168 Wn. d 41, 45, 225 P. d 948 (2010). 2 3
2. CONSTITUTIONALITY OF POA PROGRAM
Bratton first contends that the arrest warrant was invalid because we declared the same
POA program unconstitutional in State v. Stone, 165 Wn. App. 796, 800, 268 P. d 226 (2012). 3
Stone had failed to pay his LFOs and to appear in court the following month, so the trial court
issued a bench warrant for his arrest. Stone, 165 Wn. App. at 801. We held that Stone was
entitled under the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments to be represented by counsel at the ensuing
show cause hearing, because of the possibility that the trial court would impose jail time as a
consequence of Stone's failure to pay his LFOs. Stone, 165 Wn. App. at 814 15. We also held - that the trial court violated due process by failing to inquire into whether Stone's nonpayment
was willful. Stone, 165 Wn. App. at 816 18. -
Stone,though,did not declare the POA unconstitutional. Rather,we held that Stone was -
entitled to have an attorney represent him,because he faced the possibility ofjail time if the trial
court that his failure to pay his LFOs was willful. Here, Bratton did not appear at court
when required to do so,. we do not know if the trial court would have informed him of his and
right to appointed counsel or would have made an adequate inquiry into his ability and
willingness to pay. Stone did not hold,because that question was not before it,that the bench
warrant was constitutionally infirm. All that is under review here is issuance of a bench warrant. Bratton's claim fails.
M No. 42208 5 II - -
3. WELL -FOUNDED SUSPICION
Bratton next argues that the trial court lacked a well- founded suspicion that he had
violated his sentencing conditions to justify issuing an arrest warrant. He argues that the State
had to show ( ) he missed an LFO payment, 2) his nonpayment was willful, and (3) 1 that ( that
that he had not called the program coordinator as the POA program allowed him to do. Bratton
also argues that because the trial court did not make findings on ( ) (3), must presume 2 and we
that the State failed in its burden of proof. State v. Armenta, 134 Wn. d 1, 14, 948 P. d 1280 2 2
1997).
RCW 9. a) 6333( 4A.authorizes a trial court to issue a summons or arrest warrant for 2)( 9
an offender who fails to comply with any sentencing condition or requirement. To do so, the
trial court must have a "well- founded suspicion"that the offender has violated his sentencing
terms. State v. Erickson, 168 Wn. d 41, 49 50,225 P. d 948 (2010). 2 - 3
Here, the trial court had a well -founded suspicion justifying issuance of an arrest warrant.
It knew that Bratton had signed the order placing him in the POA program..The program
coordinator placed the matter on the July 9,2010 calendar,because Bratton's last payment was
on May 11, 2010, and he had missed the June payment. Bratton was not in court when his case
was called. This is sufficient evidence from which the trial court could conclude with a.well-
founded suspicion that Bratton had failed to comply with his LFO obligations. That Bratton may
have called the program coordinator before July 9 or that he may not have willfully refused to
pay were matters for the show cause hearing. That he did not make his June payment and did not
appear on July 9 were sufficient facts to justify issuing an arrest warrant. Bratton's claim on this issue fails.
5 No. 42208 5 II - -
4. REASONABLENESS
Bratton next argues, under Erickson, that issuance of an arrest warrant under the
circumstances was not reasonable. He argues that he was never given adequate notice that he
was required to appear in court, claiming instead that his appearance was conditional, that he was
never given a specific date and time to appear, and that the trial court did not issue a warrant
every time he failed to pay his LFOs or appear. Under these circumstances, he argues, the
reasonable thing to do was to issue a summons as allowed under RCW 9. a), 6333( 4A. 2)( 9 rather
than having him arrested. In Erickson, 168 Wn. d at 48 49,our Supreme Court discussed what is a reasonable 2 -
government interest to justify curtailing an offender's liberty when that offender has been
convicted and is under court supervision. Bratton misapplies this reasonableness standard.
Under Erickson, reasonableness means that,before issuing a bench warrant, the court has a well -
founded suspicion based on specific and articulable facts that the offender has violated his
release conditions. Erickson, 168 Wn. d at 49. In other words, the reasonableness test is the 2
same test we applied in section 3 above,and found that the State met. In any case, the statute -
provides the trial court with discretion to issue either a summons or an arrest warrant and Bratton has not shown an abuse of discretion here. See State v. Neth, 165 Wn. d 177, 182, 196 P. d 658 2 3
2008)generally, we review the issuance of a warrant for an abuse of discretion).For these ( reasons, Bratton's claim fails.
3 Bratton argues lack of notice in the context of his reasonableness claim but he does not argue on appeal that it violated due process protections as he did below. Nonetheless, the record sustains the trial court's conclusion that the State gave Bratton adequate notice under due process standards. No. 42208 5 II - -
We affirm.
A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the
Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW
040, 2.6.it is so ordered. 0
BJ GE .
We concur: