IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) ) No. 78915-5-I Respondent, ) DIVISION ONE v.
JAMES MICHAEL JACKSON, ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) Appellant. __________________________________) FILED: March 9, 2020
SMITH, J. —James Jackson appeals his conviction for attempting to elude
a pursuing police vehicle. He contends that the evidence was insufficient to
prove that he knew the vehicle in question was a police vehicle. We disagree
and affirm.
FACTS
In July 2018, the State charged Jackson by amended information with one
count of attempting to elude a pursuing police vehicle. At Jackson’s trial, Officer
Anatoliy Kravchun of the Everett Police Department testified that on the
afternoon of June 13, 2017, he was driving his patrol car, a gray, unmarked Ford
Crown Victoria. His brother, Oleg Kravchun, also an Everett police officer, was in
the front passenger seat. Both officers were wearing their uniforms, which
Officer Anatoliy1 testified have yellow city of Everett police patches on the
1 Because the officers share a common last name, we refer to them by their first names for clarity. No. 78915-5-112
shoulders and vests with “Police” written on the back and front. Officer Anatoliy
testified that he and Officer Oleg were driving along West Casino Road and then
pulled into the parking lot of an AM/PM store. As they pulled in, they stopped for
a man, later identified as Jackson, so that he could walk in front of the patrol car.
Officer Oleg later testified that Jackson glanced at him as he walked in front of
the car.
Officer Oleg testified that after Jackson passed in front of the patrol car,
Officer Anatoliy continued driving and backed the car into a driveway near the
AM/PM building. Officer Oleg then saw Jackson begin pumping gas into a Ford
Expedition. Officer Oleg testified that the distance between them was about 40
feet and that he was watching Jackson through the passenger side window, i.e.,
that Jackson was relatively perpendicular to the patrol car. Officer Oleg testified
that Jackson was looking at the unmarked patrol car and watching Officer Oleg.
Meanwhile, Officer Oleg ran the license plate of the Expedition and
discovered that it had been reported stolen. He and Officer Anatoliy then
discussed how to contact Jackson in a way that would keep him from fleeing.
Officer Anatoliy testified that because Jackson had finished pumping gas and
had gotten into the Expedition, the officers’ strategy was to try to box the
Expedition in at the gas pump. He testified that he drove toward the Expedition,
activated the lights in the front and the back windows of his patrol car, and pulled
toward the front of the Expedition. Officer Oleg also testified that the lights on the
patrol car were activated, and he testified that he could see them blinking. As
Officer Anatoliy pulled toward the Expedition at the gas pump, he could see
2 No. 78915-5-1/3
Jackson in the driver’s seat and a woman in the front passenger seat. He began
to stop when his bumper was a few inches away from the Expedition.
Officer Anatoliy testified that at that point, Jackson was looking directly at
him, and he saw Jackson reach for the Expedition’s shifter and move it down
slightly. The Expedition then began to back up. Officer Anatoliy testified that he
then drove forward, but the Expedition backed up faster than Officer Anatoliy
moved forward, thus creating some distance between the two cars. The
Expedition eventually stopped. Officer Anatoliy testified that he then saw
Jackson’s hand on the shifter again and saw it go down “a couple more clicks.”
He testified that the Expedition then accelerated quickly forward and hit the patrol
car, pushing it backward.
Officer Anatolly testified that Jackson then drove the Expedition past the
patrol car, out onto Casino Road. A pursuit followed, but Officer Anatoliy
terminated it after approximately three to five miles. He did not have subsequent
contact with Jackson that day but arrested him the following month after noticing
him walking along a street in Everett.
The jury found Jackson guilty of attempting to elude a pursuing police
vehicle.2 Jackson appeals.
ANALYSIS
Jackson contends that his conviction must be reversed because the
evidence was insufficient to support a finding that he knew that Officer Anatoliy’s
2 The jury also found Jackson guilty of one count of third degree assault and acquitted Jackson of one count of possession of a stolen vehicle. Those additional charges are not at issue in this appeal. 3 No. 78915-5-1/4
unmarked patrol car was a police vehicle. We disagree.
To satisfy the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process guarantee, the State
“bears the burden of proving every element of every crime beyond a reasonable
doubt.” U.S. CONST. amend. XIV; State v. Chacon, 192 Wn.2d 545, 549, 431
P.3d 477 (2018). When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence
presented to meet this burden, “he or she admits the truth of all of the State’s
evidence.” State v. Cardenas-Flores, 189 Wn.2d 243, 265, 401 P.3d 19 (2017).
“In such cases, appellate courts view the evidence in the light most favorable to
the State, drawing reasonable inferences in the State’s favor.” Cardenas-Flores,
189 Wn.2d at 265-66. “Evidence is sufficient to support a guilty verdict if any
rational trier of fact, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State,
could find the elements of the charged crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Cardenas-Flores, 189 Wn.2d at 265.
To satisfy its burden to prove that Jackson was guilty of attempting to
elude a pursuing police vehicle, the State was required to prove, as relevant
here, that Jackson knew Officer Anatoliy’s vehicle was a police vehicle. See
State v. Flora, 160 Wn. App. 549, 555, 249 P.3d 188 (2011) (“[T]here can be no
attempt to elude unless there is the prerequisite knowledge that there is a
pursuing police vehicle.”). Here, the evidence was sufficient to support such a
finding.
Specifically, the incident occurred during daylight hours, and both officers
testified that they were in uniform. Officer Oleg testified further that Jackson
glanced at the patrol car when he walked in front of it, and that he also watched
4 No. 78915-5-1/5
the officers as he pumped gas into the Expedition. Additionally, Officer Anatoliy
testified that he activated the lights in the front and back windows of his patrol car
as he approached Jackson, and Officer Oleg testified that he could see the lights
blinking. Finally, Officer Anatoliy testified that he pulled up so that his bumper
wasonly a few inches from the Expedition and that Jackson was looking directly
at him.
From this evidence, a jury could reasonably infer that Jackson saw the
officers’ uniforms, that Jackson thus recognized the occupants of the patrol car
as police officers, and that the patrol car’s lights were activated as it approached
Jackson at the gas pump. Accordingly, a jury could also reasonably infer that
Jackson knew that the vehicle approaching him at the gas pump was a police
vehicle despite its being unmarked. See State v. Perebeynos, 121 Wn. App.
189, 196, 87 P.3d 1216 (2004) (jury may infer a person’s knowledge if that
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IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) ) No. 78915-5-I Respondent, ) DIVISION ONE v.
JAMES MICHAEL JACKSON, ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION ) Appellant. __________________________________) FILED: March 9, 2020
SMITH, J. —James Jackson appeals his conviction for attempting to elude
a pursuing police vehicle. He contends that the evidence was insufficient to
prove that he knew the vehicle in question was a police vehicle. We disagree
and affirm.
FACTS
In July 2018, the State charged Jackson by amended information with one
count of attempting to elude a pursuing police vehicle. At Jackson’s trial, Officer
Anatoliy Kravchun of the Everett Police Department testified that on the
afternoon of June 13, 2017, he was driving his patrol car, a gray, unmarked Ford
Crown Victoria. His brother, Oleg Kravchun, also an Everett police officer, was in
the front passenger seat. Both officers were wearing their uniforms, which
Officer Anatoliy1 testified have yellow city of Everett police patches on the
1 Because the officers share a common last name, we refer to them by their first names for clarity. No. 78915-5-112
shoulders and vests with “Police” written on the back and front. Officer Anatoliy
testified that he and Officer Oleg were driving along West Casino Road and then
pulled into the parking lot of an AM/PM store. As they pulled in, they stopped for
a man, later identified as Jackson, so that he could walk in front of the patrol car.
Officer Oleg later testified that Jackson glanced at him as he walked in front of
the car.
Officer Oleg testified that after Jackson passed in front of the patrol car,
Officer Anatoliy continued driving and backed the car into a driveway near the
AM/PM building. Officer Oleg then saw Jackson begin pumping gas into a Ford
Expedition. Officer Oleg testified that the distance between them was about 40
feet and that he was watching Jackson through the passenger side window, i.e.,
that Jackson was relatively perpendicular to the patrol car. Officer Oleg testified
that Jackson was looking at the unmarked patrol car and watching Officer Oleg.
Meanwhile, Officer Oleg ran the license plate of the Expedition and
discovered that it had been reported stolen. He and Officer Anatoliy then
discussed how to contact Jackson in a way that would keep him from fleeing.
Officer Anatoliy testified that because Jackson had finished pumping gas and
had gotten into the Expedition, the officers’ strategy was to try to box the
Expedition in at the gas pump. He testified that he drove toward the Expedition,
activated the lights in the front and the back windows of his patrol car, and pulled
toward the front of the Expedition. Officer Oleg also testified that the lights on the
patrol car were activated, and he testified that he could see them blinking. As
Officer Anatoliy pulled toward the Expedition at the gas pump, he could see
2 No. 78915-5-1/3
Jackson in the driver’s seat and a woman in the front passenger seat. He began
to stop when his bumper was a few inches away from the Expedition.
Officer Anatoliy testified that at that point, Jackson was looking directly at
him, and he saw Jackson reach for the Expedition’s shifter and move it down
slightly. The Expedition then began to back up. Officer Anatoliy testified that he
then drove forward, but the Expedition backed up faster than Officer Anatoliy
moved forward, thus creating some distance between the two cars. The
Expedition eventually stopped. Officer Anatoliy testified that he then saw
Jackson’s hand on the shifter again and saw it go down “a couple more clicks.”
He testified that the Expedition then accelerated quickly forward and hit the patrol
car, pushing it backward.
Officer Anatolly testified that Jackson then drove the Expedition past the
patrol car, out onto Casino Road. A pursuit followed, but Officer Anatoliy
terminated it after approximately three to five miles. He did not have subsequent
contact with Jackson that day but arrested him the following month after noticing
him walking along a street in Everett.
The jury found Jackson guilty of attempting to elude a pursuing police
vehicle.2 Jackson appeals.
ANALYSIS
Jackson contends that his conviction must be reversed because the
evidence was insufficient to support a finding that he knew that Officer Anatoliy’s
2 The jury also found Jackson guilty of one count of third degree assault and acquitted Jackson of one count of possession of a stolen vehicle. Those additional charges are not at issue in this appeal. 3 No. 78915-5-1/4
unmarked patrol car was a police vehicle. We disagree.
To satisfy the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process guarantee, the State
“bears the burden of proving every element of every crime beyond a reasonable
doubt.” U.S. CONST. amend. XIV; State v. Chacon, 192 Wn.2d 545, 549, 431
P.3d 477 (2018). When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence
presented to meet this burden, “he or she admits the truth of all of the State’s
evidence.” State v. Cardenas-Flores, 189 Wn.2d 243, 265, 401 P.3d 19 (2017).
“In such cases, appellate courts view the evidence in the light most favorable to
the State, drawing reasonable inferences in the State’s favor.” Cardenas-Flores,
189 Wn.2d at 265-66. “Evidence is sufficient to support a guilty verdict if any
rational trier of fact, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State,
could find the elements of the charged crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Cardenas-Flores, 189 Wn.2d at 265.
To satisfy its burden to prove that Jackson was guilty of attempting to
elude a pursuing police vehicle, the State was required to prove, as relevant
here, that Jackson knew Officer Anatoliy’s vehicle was a police vehicle. See
State v. Flora, 160 Wn. App. 549, 555, 249 P.3d 188 (2011) (“[T]here can be no
attempt to elude unless there is the prerequisite knowledge that there is a
pursuing police vehicle.”). Here, the evidence was sufficient to support such a
finding.
Specifically, the incident occurred during daylight hours, and both officers
testified that they were in uniform. Officer Oleg testified further that Jackson
glanced at the patrol car when he walked in front of it, and that he also watched
4 No. 78915-5-1/5
the officers as he pumped gas into the Expedition. Additionally, Officer Anatoliy
testified that he activated the lights in the front and back windows of his patrol car
as he approached Jackson, and Officer Oleg testified that he could see the lights
blinking. Finally, Officer Anatoliy testified that he pulled up so that his bumper
wasonly a few inches from the Expedition and that Jackson was looking directly
at him.
From this evidence, a jury could reasonably infer that Jackson saw the
officers’ uniforms, that Jackson thus recognized the occupants of the patrol car
as police officers, and that the patrol car’s lights were activated as it approached
Jackson at the gas pump. Accordingly, a jury could also reasonably infer that
Jackson knew that the vehicle approaching him at the gas pump was a police
vehicle despite its being unmarked. See State v. Perebeynos, 121 Wn. App.
189, 196, 87 P.3d 1216 (2004) (jury may infer a person’s knowledge if that
person has information that would lead a reasonable person in the same
situation to believe that a fact exists), review ciranted and case dismissed, 153
Wn.2d 1002 (2005). And because Jackson argues only that the evidence was
insufficient to prove his knowledge, his sufficiency challenge fails.
Jackson points out that Officer Anatoliy’s patrol car was an unmarked car
without a light bar on the roof, and that Officer Anatoliy did not use his siren when
he attempted to box Jackson in. Jackson also asserts that Officer Anatoliy
“admitted he did not know whether the lights were operating”3 and that “[alt least
~ In his brief, Jackson attributed this testimony to Officer Oleg, but the cited testimony was from Officer Anatoliy. 5 No. 78915-5-1/6
one of the independent witnesses testified he could not remember hearing a
siren or seeing lights.”
But as discussed, the evidence and reasonable inferences therefrom were
sufficient for a jury to find that Jackson knew Officer Anatoliy’s vehicle was a
police vehicle, regardless of whether there was a light bar on the roof or whether
Officer Anatoliy used his siren. Additionally, Jackson mischaracterizes both
Officer Anatoliy’s and the witness’s testimony. Specifically, Officer Anatoliy
testified, in the context of describing the damage to his patrol car, that he did not
know whether the white lights on the front driver’s side corner had been working
at the time of the incident. This testimony does not negate a reasonable
inference, based on Officer Oleg’s testimony that he could see the lights in the
window of the patrol car blinking, that those lights were working. And the witness
to whom Jackson refers did not testify that he could not remember seeing lights;
rather, he testified that he could not remember whether he saw any flashing
lights. This testimony does not negate the reasonable inference, based on the
officers’ testimony, that the lights on Officer Anatolly’s vehicle were activated as
they approached Jackson at the gas station.
We affirm.
WE CONCUR: ~L9/.