IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON
STATE OF WASHINGTON, ) No. 65576-1-1 _ o CC i"l Respondent, \ CZ5
CjJ 5>§3 ) DIVISION ONE m m"' [ m o v. O -r, ) ° T, - T ~~:;» _ — ) UNPUBLISHED OPINION^ SERGIO GONZALEZ-GUZMAN, I rr. !-•'•' ' '. ---,..,iJ
r - c.'"> Appellant. ) FILED: December 16, 201S? \ ro .— 1:::I '" ^ . ' CO
Appelwick, J. — Gonzalez-Guzman was convicted of first degree assault of a
child. He appeals his conviction, alleging multiple errors: the trial court improperly
denied his request for self-representation or new counsel; the prosecutor committed
misconduct; the jury instructions on recklessness and reasonable doubt were improper;
and the trial court abused its discretion when imposing a lifetime no-contact order
between him and the victim. We affirm.
FACTS
On November 10, 2007, Sergio Gonzalez-Guzman realized that his 10 week old
son, D.G., would not wake up or eat, and his eyes were rolling in the back of his head.
The child's mother, Crystal Gonzalez, took D.G. to the hospital.1 D.G. had suffered trauma to his head, ribs, and leg. The next day, Gonzalez-Guzman told a detective that
he had slipped while D.G. was in his arms and fallen on top of the child. Gonzalez-
Guzman and Crystal married on November 12.
Gonzalez-Guzman was charged with first degree assault of a child. He did not
testify at trial, although his statement to the detective was introduced as evidence.
1 For purposes of clarity, the defendant will be referred to by his last name, Gonzalez-Guzman, but his wife and son will be referred to as Crystal and D.G., respectively. No disrespect is intended. No. 65576-1-1/2
Crystal did testify. She explained that the night before she took D.G. to the hospital,
she spent most of her time at a friend's house and a bowling alley. Gonzalez-Guzman
had been with D.G.
Numerous doctors testified about the severity of D.G.'s injuries and the extent of
trauma required to inflict that much harm. Ultimately, the medical testimony suggested
that D.G.'s injuries were nonaccidental and were consistent with shaken baby
syndrome. The jury found Gonzalez-Guzman guilty as charged.
He appeals his conviction.
DISCUSSION
I. Request for Self-Representation or New Counsel
Gonzalez-Guzman contends that he unequivocally invoked his right to self-
representation and subsequently requested new counsel with whom he could better
communicate. He maintains that the court failed to sufficiently inquire into these
statements.
Gonzalez-Guzman's requests proceeded as follows:
[DEFENSE COUNSEL]: Your Honor, Mr. Gonzalez-Guzman wishes to terminate my representation today. He feels as if he would have easier communication with someone who is a native Spanish speaker. . . . And it's based on that reason that he wishes to terminate my representation. THE COURT: So you want to represent yourself in trial? [GONZALEZ-GUZMAN]: I want to represent myself while we're in trial. THE COURT: What do you propose that we do? [GONZALEZ-GUZMAN]: I would like to have a lawyer that speaks my same language. THE COURT: Do you have one here? I don't see anyone in the courtroom. [GONZALEZ-GUZMAN]: To understand better. No. 65576-1-1/3
THE COURT: Do you have anyone here? I don't see anyone in the courtroom that could do that. [GONZALEZ-GUZMAN]: No, I have no one here right now. THE COURT: Who's the attorney that you're proposing is going to be prepared to try this case today for you? [GONZALEZ-GUZMAN]: Right now? I don't have him yet. THE COURT: Well, we're in trial; and how long has this attorney been representing you? [GONZALEZ-GUZMAN]: I don't remember exactly. [PROSECUTION]: Since February 28th of 2008. THE COURT: Since February of 2008? [PROSECUTION]: Yes, Your Honor. THE COURT: And how many times have you asked the Court to appoint someone who speaks fluent Spanish? [GONZALEZ-GUZMAN]: I have never asked. THE COURT: All right. And I don't know of any way, or of any right to have that. And you're ready to go to trial today, right? [DEFENSE COUNSEL]: I am, Your Honor. [PROSECUTION]: Your motion is denied. [GONZALEZ-GUZMAN]: Thank you.
Gonzalez-Guzman did not raise either issue again until his appeal.
A. Request for Self-Representation
Criminal defendants have an explicit right to self-representation under the
Washington Constitution. Wash. Const, art. I, § 22; State v. Madsen, 168 Wn.2d 496,
503, 229 P.3d 714 (2010). We review denials of requests for pro se status for abuse of
discretion. Madsen. 168 Wn.2d at 504. Discretion is abused if a decision is manifestly
unreasonable or rests on facts unsupported by the record or was reached by applying
the wrong standard. \jL The unjustified denial of the right to self-representation
requires reversal. Jd. at 503.
Gonzalez-Guzman alleges that the trial court impermissibly ignored his pro se
request. When a defendant requests pro se status, the trial court must first determine
whether the request is unequivocal and timely. |d_. at 504. The request must be
unequivocal in the context of the record as a whole. State v. Stenson. 132 Wn.2d 668, No. 65576-1-1/4
741-42, 940 P.2d 1239 (1997). The court must indulge in every reasonable
presumption against the defendant's waiver of right to counsel. In re Pet, of Turav, 139
Wn.2d 379, 396, 986 P.2d 790 (1999). However, this presumption does not eliminate
the need for an identifiable basis for denying a motion for pro se status. Madsen, 168
Wn.2d at 505.
Gonzalez-Guzman contends that the court failed to follow up on his demand to
proceed pro se. However, this overlooks an important exchange following his request,
wherein the court asked Gonzalez-Guzman, "What do you propose that we do?"
Gonzalez-Guzman responded that he would like to have a lawyer that speaks his
language, indicating that obtaining new counsel was his actual concern. This put into
question whether his request was unequivocal.
A pro se request made in the context of expressing displeasure with one's
counsel often indicates that the request is equivocal. See, e.g., State v. Woods, 143
Wn.2d 561, 587, 23 P.3d 1046 (2001). In Woods, the defendant stated that:
I will be prepared to proceed with—with this matter here without counsel come October.. ..
. . . I've—I've already consented to one continuance, Your Honor. And they—they have done nothing but grossly misuse that there. And I feel if—if they was [sic] granted a second continuance, it—it would be treated in the same manner, Your Honor.
]d. at 587. This was not an unequivocal request, but an expression of the defendant's
displeasure with his counsels' motion to continue his trial. loL
An alternative request for new counsel does not automatically render a pro se
request equivocal. See Madsen, 168 Wn.2d at 507. In Madsen, the defendant No. 65576-1-1/5
requested to proceed pro se, or alternatively, to fire his attorney. kL 506-07. The court
found his request unequivocal, because the defendant twice clearly stated that he would
represent himself and even cited the Washington Constitution provision that gave him
that right. kL at 501-03. Conversely, in Turay, the defendant's pro se request was a
third choice after the court either appointing the attorney of his choice or ordering his
current counsel to remain. 139 Wn.2d at 398. Applying the presumption against waiver
of right to counsel, the court found Turay's request equivocal. Id, at 399.
Gonzalez-Guzman's request was likewise equivocal. Viewed alone, his
statement that "I want to represent myself while we're in trial" is more unwavering than
those in Woods. But, the overall purpose of his exchange with the court was to obtain
new counsel, and he never elaborated on or renewed his request to be pro se. His
statement lacked the conviction and certainty of that in Madsen. Considering Gonzalez-
Guzman's statement in context and applying the presumption against waiver of right to
counsel, his request was equivocal. The trial court did not abuse its discretion.
B. Request for New Counsel
Gonzalez-Guzman contends that, because of the language barrier, he could not
effectively communicate with his lawyer. He argues that the trial court impermissibly
dismissed his request for new counsel.
When an attorney-client relationship completely collapses, the refusal to
substitute new counsel violates the defendant's right to effective assistance. State v.
Cross, 156 Wn.2d 580, 606, 132 P.3d 80 (2006). We review a trial court's refusal to
appoint new counsel for abuse of discretion, jd at 607. The factors to consider are (1)
the extent of the conflict, (2) the adequacy of the trial court's inquiry, and (3) the No. 65576-1-1/6
timeliness of the motion. In re Pers. Restraint of Stenson, 142 Wn.2d 710, 724, 16 P.3d
1 (2001) (adopting the test set out in United States v. Moore, 159 F.3d 1154, 1158-59
(9th Cir. 1998)).
We first consider the extent and nature of the attorney-client conflict. Moore, 159
F.3d at 1158-59. To warrant substitution of counsel, there must be good cause, such as
a conflict of interest, an irreconcilable conflict, or a complete breakdown in
communication. State v. Thompson. 169 Wn. App. 436, 457, 290 P.3d 996 (2012),
review denied, 176 Wn.2d 1023, 299 P.3d 1172 (2013). The breakdown must prohibit
the lawyer from providing effective assistance. For example, in Thompson, the court
found no good cause for a substitution where the defendant verbally abused and
threatened his lawyer, but counsel continued to attempt to communicate. ]cL at 457-58.
By contrast, courts have found that new counsel was required in situations where the
breakdown resulted from counsel's bad acts. See, e.g., Frazer v. United States. 18
F.3d 778, 783 (9th Cir. 1994) (counsel used racial slurs and threatened to provide
substandard performance); United States v. Moore. 159 F.3d 1154, 1159 (9th Cir. 1998)
(counsel failed to inform defendant of an important plea deal development); United
States v. Williams. 594 F.2d 1258, 1260 (9th Cir. 1979) (counsel and defendant had a
"stormy" relationship with quarrels, bad language, exchange of threats).
Gonzalez-Guzman's request was for "a lawyer that speaks [his] same language"
so that he can "understand better." Interpreters assisted communication between
Gonzalez-Guzman and his attorney. Gonzalez-Guzman has not established that he
has the right to an attorney fluent in his own language. Nor does he present any other No. 65576-1-1/7
evidence that his attorney was ineffective or that there was a complete breakdown in
communication.
Second, we examine the adequacy of the trial court's inquiry. Moore. 159 F.3d at
1160. A trial court's inquiry is sufficiently searching where a defendant is allowed to
express his concerns and present all vital information. See Stenson. 142 Wn.2d at 731.
Here, the trial court asked Gonzalez-Guzman why he desired new counsel, who
he proposed would represent him, and whether he had previously requested new
counsel. Gonzalez-Guzman relies on United States v. Adelzo-Gonzalez, 268 F.3d 772.
777-78 (9th Cir. 2001), and United States v. Nguyen. 262 F.3d 998, 1004-05 (9th Cir.
2001), to argue that this inquiry was insufficient. However, those cases involved
interpersonal disputes between counsel and client, for which more in-depth inquiry was
necessary. See Adelzo-Gonzalez, 268 F.3d at 775; Nguyen. 262 F.3d at 1001.
Gonzalez-Guzman's motion asserted only that he wanted a fluent Spanish speaker,
which the trial court was able to discern and used its discretion to dismiss.
Finally, we evaluate the timeliness of the defendant's motion. Moore. 159 F.3d at
1161. The court must balance the inconvenience and delay of substituting counsel
against the defendant's important constitutional right to counsel of his choice, jd. But,
where the request comes during trial or on the eve of trial, the court may refuse to delay
the trial to obtain new counsel. Stenson. 142 Wn.2d at 732. In Moore, the court found
the defendant's motions timely when he made several attempts to substitute counsel,
spanning over a month before trial. 159 F.3d at 1161. In Stenson. the court denied the
defendant's motion where current counsel already spent 21 days on jury selection and
new counsel would need 30 days to prepare. 142 Wn.2d at 732. No. 65576-1-1/8
Gonzalez-Guzman did not move for new counsel until pretrial proceedings,
although his attorney had represented him for over a year at that point. He did not have
new counsel ready or a proposal for replacement counsel. The trial court did not abuse
its discretion in denying his request.
II. Prosecutorial Misconduct
Gonzalez-Guzman alleges multiple instances of prosecutorial misconduct.
Prosecutorial misconduct is grounds for reversal where the conduct is both improper
and prejudicial. State v. Monday. 171 Wn.2d 667, 675, 257 P.3d 551 (2011). This court
determines the effect of a prosecutor's improper conduct in the context of the full trial.
State v. McKenzie, 157 Wn.2d 44, 52, 134 P.3d 221 (2006). Generally, a prosecutor's
comments are prejudicial only where there is a substantial likelihood that they affected
the jury's verdict. Monday. 171 Wn.2d at 675.
A. Comments on testimonial silence
Gonzalez-Guzman argues that the prosecutor's comments on his failure to testify
were an improper implication of guilt. The Fifth Amendment forbids comment by the
prosecution on a defendant's refusal to testify. Griffin v. California. 380 U.S. 609, 615,
85 S. Ct. 1229, 14 L. Ed. 2d 106 (1965). A prosecutor's statement is improper if it was
of such character that the jury would naturally and necessarily accept it as a comment
on the defendant's failure to testify. State v. Ramirez. 49 Wn. App. 332, 336, 742 P.2d
726(1987).
In Ramirez, the prosecutor commented that: '"She [defense counsel] lists several
hypothetical questions and hypothetical situations why a person does not want to
testify. . . . She left out one reason, a hypothetical reason and the only other
8 No. 65576-1-1/9
hypothetical reason she left out is a person is guilty.'" Id. at 336-37 (emphasis omitted
(alteration in original). The court found the comments improper, because they would
naturally and necessarily lead the jury to focus on the defendant's failure to testify, jd.
at 337. In State v. Crawford, the prosecutor referred in general terms to "'undisputed'"
and "'unrefuted'" evidence. 21 Wn. App. 146, 151, 584 P.2d 442 (1978). This was
permissible, because the statements were subtle and brief enough that they did not
improperly emphasize the defendant's testimonial silence. jd at 152.
Gonzalez-Guzman contends that the prosecutor improperly commented on his
failure to testify by emphasizing Crystal's testimony and Gonzalez-Guzman's earlier
statement to the detective. In closing, the prosecutor told the jury that "at best, in a
case like this, you're going to get medicals and you're going to get two sides to a story,
and that's what you got." He then addressed Crystal's testimony, stating that "[s]he got
up here on the stand, under oath, told you, looked you in the eyes. . . . You have
undisputed evidence from her that it wasn't her." He continued that "[Crystal's
testimony] is enough. Even if we didn't have the Defendant's story or supposed story."
Then, he moved to Gonzalez-Guzman's statement, saying "But you have more. .. . You
have [the Defendant's] statement to Detective Thomas, and the only thing we can do is
analyze that statement at this point." Finally, he noted that Gonzalez-Guzman's
statement was "a little too early" and "premature" to properly account for all of D.G.'s
injuries.
These were not improper comments on Gonzalez-Guzman's failure to testify.
First, the prosecutor's remarks that the jury had his side of the story accurately reflected
the record: Detective Thomas testified about Gonzalez-Guzman's statement. Second,
9 No. 65576-1-1/10
the emphasis on Crystal's testimony was not a comment on his failure to testify. Her
testimony was that she did not have control of D.G. when he was hurt. This was
necessary to rebut the defense's theory that Crystal was actually the abuser. Finally,
the prosecutor's comments that Gonzalez-Guzman's statement was "premature" and
that "the only thing we can do is analyze that statement" focused on the fact that his
statement was inconsistent with the other evidence. The contested comments did not
naturally and necessarily lead the jury to focus on the defendant's testimonial silence.
B. Shift of burden of proof
Gonzalez-Guzman contends that the prosecutor improperly shifted the burden of
proof by emphasizing Crystal's testimony and contrasting it with Gonzalez-Guzman's
silence. It is flagrant misconduct for a prosecutor to shift the burden of proof to a
defendant. State v. Miles. 139 Wn. App. 879, 890, 162 P.3d 1169 (2007). Accordingly,
a prosecutor generally cannot comment on the defendant's failure to present evidence,
because the defendant has no duty to do so. State v. Thorgerson. 172 Wn.2d 438, 453,
258 P.3d 43 (2011). Prosecutors have wide latitude to make inferences about witness
credibility. ]d But, it is error for a prosecutor to offer the "false choice" that the jury can
find a defendant not guilty only if it believes his evidence. Miles. 139 Wn. App. at 890.
Gonzalez-Guzman argues that the prosecutor improperly suggested that he failed to
discredit Crystal or to present other evidence on his own behalf. As discussed above,
the challenged statements about Crystal's story being "undisputed," "enough," and
"under oath" were in the context of a discussion of exclusive control. The prosecutor
was instructing the jury that, if they believed Crystal, they could find that Gonzalez-
Guzman had exclusive control of D.G. that night. This did not create a false choice for
10 No. 65576-1-1/11
the jury to either convict Gonzalez-Guzman or disbelieve Crystal. The prosecutor did
not place an improper burden on Gonzalez-Guzman.
C. Speculation
Gonzalez-Guzman contests the prosecutor's speculation about his motive for
marrying Crystal two days after D.G.'s injury. A prosecutor has wide latitude to argue
reasonable inferences from the evidence. Thorqerson. 172 Wn.2d at 448. Statements
not sustained by the record are improper. State v. Dhaliwal. 150 Wn.2d 559, 577, 79
P.3d 432 (2003).
In State v. Hoffman, the defendant challenged the prosecutor's statement that
"'what happened to this gun is that Hoffman knew a police officer had been shot with it
and he took it up in the hills and got rid of if it. He hid it where nobody would ever find
it.'" 116 Wn.2d 51, 94, 804 P.2d 577 (1991). The evidence demonstrated that Hoffman
admitted the gun was at the scene, the gun was never found after an exhaustive search
of the area, and Hoffman admitted to a witness that he had disposed of the gun. ]d
The court found the prosecutor's inference reasonable. Id
Here, the prosecutor stated in his closing that Gonzalez-Guzman married Crystal
because he "feels guilty about this because he is guilty. He's guilty for ruining [D.G.]'s
life." Later, he reiterated the point, saying that Gonzalez-Guzman "probably gave
[Crystal] something that she wanted, to make her happy, to make up for what he did
wrong, to make up for what he did to [D.G.]."
The State maintains that these are reasonable inferences from the fact that the
couple got married only two days after D.G.'s hospitalization, and that they lived
together prior to that. But, there was no testimony or evidence presented about why the
11 No. 65576-1-1/12
couple got married. In fact, when the prosecutor tried to elicit testimony from Crystal on
this point, the court sustained an objection as to its relevance. The prosecutor's
comments in closing lack sufficient support in the record. These statements were
improper.
However, Gonzalez-Guzman did not object to the closing remarks at trial. Where
a defendant fails to object to improper prosecutorial conduct, the error is waived unless
the conduct was so flagrant and ill-intentioned that it creates an enduring prejudice that
could not have been neutralized by a curative instruction. State v. Brown. 132 Wn.2d
529, 568, 940 P.2d 546 (1997). For example, in State v. Belqarde. the court found that
a curative instruction would have been ineffective where the prosecutor described
members of the American Indian Movement as "a deadly group of madmen," "militant,"
and "butchers, that killed indiscriminately Whites and their own." 110 Wn.2d 504, 506-
07, 755 P.2d 174 (1988) (emphasis omitted). By contrast, in McKenzie. there was no
enduring prejudice where the prosecutor emphasized the victim's "lost innocence" in response to defense counsel's comment that the defendant would have to settle for the words "not guilty" instead of"innocent." 157 Wn.2d at 60. The court acknowledged the prosecutor went "too far in her effort to exploit defense counsel's theme," but that it was not so flagrant and ill-intentioned that it could not have been cured. ]d The statements here do not rise to the inflammatory level of those in Belqarde.
As in McKenzie. the prosecutor went too far in exploring a theme. But, his statements
were not so flagrant and ill-intentioned as to be incurable.
12 No. 65576-1-1/13
III. Recklessness Instruction
Gonzalez-Guzman argues that the trial court improperly instructed the jury on
recklessness. We review challenged jury instructions de novo, in the context of the
instructions as a whole. State v. Castillo. 150 Wn. App. 466, 469, 208 P.3d 1201
(2009). Instructions must convey to the jury that the State bears the burden of proving
every essential element of a criminal offense beyond a reasonable doubt. State v.
Bennett. 161 Wn.2d 303, 307, 165 P.3d 1241 (2007). Instructions must also properly
inform the jury about the applicable law and not mislead the jury. Id
A. Mandatory presumption
Gonzalez-Guzman first contends that the recklessness instruction created an
improper mandatory presumption. A mandatory presumption is one that requires a jury
"to find a presumed fact from a proven fact." State v. Deal. 128 Wn.2d 693, 699, 911
P.2d 996 (1996). Mandatory presumptions violate a defendant's due process right if
they relieve the State of its obligation to prove all elements of the charged crime. Id
Jury instruction 11, the "to-convict" instruction, enumerated the elements of
assault of a child in the first degree:
(1) That during a time intervening between November 9, 2007 and November 10, 2007, the defendant intentionally assaulted [D.G.] and recklessly inflicted great bodily harm; (2) That the defendant was eighteen years of age or older and [D.G.] was under the age of thirteen; and (3) That the acts occurred in the State of Washington.
This crime requires two distinct acts with two corresponding mental states: the
defendant must (1) intentionally assault and (2) recklessly inflict substantial bodily harm
on another. RCW 9A.36.120; State v. McKaque. 159 Wn. App. 489, 509, 246 P.3d 558,
13 No. 65576-1-1/14
affd but criticized on other qrounds by. 172 Wn.2d 802, 262 P.3d 1255 (2011). Jury
instruction 10 defined "recklessness" as follows:
A person is reckless or acts recklessly when he or she knows of and disregards a substantial risk that a wrongful act may occur and this disregard is a gross deviation from conduct that a reasonable person would exercise in the same situation.
When recklessness is required to establish an element of a crime, the element is also established if a person acts intentionally or knowingly.
(Emphasis added.)
Gonzalez-Guzman's objection lies with the last sentence of instruction 10. He
argues that it permits the jury to find that, if Gonzalez-Guzman intentionally assaulted
D.G., he must have also recklessly inflicted substantial bodily harm. Gonzalez-Guzman
relies on State v. Havward. a recent Division Two case, to allege that the instruction
collapsed the two elements. 152 Wn. App. 632, 217 P.3d 354 (2009). There, the instruction stated that, "'Recklessness also is established if a person acts intentionally.'"
152 Wn. App. at 643. The court found that this conflated the intent regarding the defendant's assault with his intent to cause substantial bodily harm. Id at 645.
However, Division One addressed this issue after Havward and reached a
different result. See State v. Holzknecht. 157 Wn. App. 754, 238 P.3d 1233 (2010). In
Holzknecht. the disputed "recklessness" instruction similarly provided that "'[Recklessness is also established if a person acts intentionally or knowingly.'" |d at 762. This court "respectfully disagree[d]" with Havward. id at 765, concluding that the
instruction correctly informed the jury of the applicable law. ]d at 766.
Division Two also concluded in a subsequent case that a trial court may avoid
the problem in Havward by giving a "correct" instruction. McKaque. 159 Wn. App. at
14 No. 65576-1-1/15
509. There, the instruction stated that "'[w]hen recklessness as to a particular fact is
required to establish an element of a crime, the element is also established if a person
acts intentionally or knowingly.'" ]d at 509-10 (emphasis in original). The McKaque
court held that this cured the defective Havward instruction by emphasizing the link
between the mens rea of recklessness and the result of great bodily harm. Id at 510.
The instruction in Gonzalez-Guzman's trial satisfies both Holzknecht and
McKague. Importantly, it emphasizes that each element must be considered
independently by the jury, thereby resolving the ambiguity in Havward. And, while it
lacks the phrase, "as to a particular fact" found in McKague. this omission does not
dilute the link between recklessness and the specific element of great bodily harm. The
instruction did not create an improper mandatory presumption.
B. Definition of recklessness
Gonzalez-Guzman also challenges the definition of recklessness as disregard of
a "'substantial risk that a wrongful act may occur.'" (Emphasis added.) Instead, he
contends that the definition should have read, substantial risk that "substantial bodily
harm may occur." He brings this challenge for the first time on appeal.
We may refuse to hear any claim of error that was not raised at trial. RAP 2.5(a).
An exception exists for manifest errors affecting a constitutional right. Id Pursuant to
RAP 2.5(a)(3), an appellant must identify an error of truly constitutional dimension and
show that it was manifest, i.e., how the error actually affected the appellant's rights at
trial. State v. O'Hara. 167 Wn.2d 91, 98, 217 P.3d 756 (2009). If we determine that the
claim raises a manifest constitutional error, we then perform a harmless error analysis.
State v. Lynn. 67 Wn. App. 339, 345, 835 P.2d 251 (1992).
15 No. 65576-1-1/16
Gonzalez-Guzman urges us to consider his claim, because the improper
definition of recklessness deprived him of a fair trial. Where a jury instruction relieves
the State's burden of proving an element of its case, the error is of constitutional
magnitude and may therefore be raised for the first time on appeal. See State v. Stein.
144 Wn.2d 236, 240-41, 27 P.3d 184 (2001). If a jury may convict a defendant without
finding an essential element of the crime charged, the defendant cannot be said to have
a fair trial, and the error is manifest, id. at 241.
In State v. Peters, this court considered the same recklessness instruction in the
context of manslaughter. 163 Wn. App. 836, 845-46, 261 P.3d 199 (2011). We held
that the instruction relieved the State of its burden of proving an essential element of the
crime, and thus the claim may be heard for the first time on appeal. ]d at 847. Under
Peters, the recklessness instruction here constitutes manifest constitutional error.
However, Gonzalez-Guzman's claim is still subject to a harmless error analysis.
See Lynn. 67 Wn. App. at 345. In order to determine that an error is harmless, the court
must conclude beyond a reasonable doubt that the jury verdict would have been the
same absent the error. Peters. 163 Wn. App. at 850. A misstatement of the law in a
jury instruction is harmless if the element is supported by uncontroverted evidence. ]d
In Peters, the defendant's mental state as to the precise wrongful act was directly
in question. 163 Wn. App. at 849. There, the defendant shot and killed his daughter,
but maintained that it was an accident. ]d at 839-40. The recklessness instruction
referring to a "wrongful act" was thus prejudicial, because the evidence did not show
that the defendant disregarded a substantial risk of death. ]d at 849-50. Furthermore,
the prosecutor relied on the erroneous definition to argue that "reckless" meant Peters
16 No. 65576-1-1/17
knew "'something really bad could happen.'" ]d at 851. This relieved the State of its
burden of proof, and the error was not harmless. ]d at 851-52
In State v. Harris, this court also reviewed the same instruction scheme in a case
involving first degree assault of a child. 164 Wn. App. 377, 384, 263 P.3d 1276 (2011).
There, the defendant admitted that he shook the child, id at 381, but claimed he did not
realize he could inflict such severe injury by doing so. Id at 387. He argued that,
therefore, he did not knowingly disregard a substantial risk of great bodily harm. ]d
Due to the recklessness instruction that referenced simply "'a wrongful act,'" the
defendant was deprived of the opportunity to argue his theory of the case. ]d at 385.
Here, there was no dispute about the degree of the crime, as in Peters. See 163
Wn. App. at 848. There was no assertion that the defendant misunderstood the
consequences of his actions, as in Harris. See 164 Wn. App. at 387. Instead,
Gonzalez-Guzman's theory was that Crystal inflicted the serious injuries, and any harm
caused while D.G. was in his care was accidental. Gonzalez-Guzman argues that his
fall with D.G. calls into question his mental state as to the harm inflicted. But, the
medical testimony refuted his allegation that D.G.'s injuries were accidental.
The question at trial was thus not the nature of D.G.'s injuries. Rather, the State
offered so much evidence of the extent of great bodily harm that it negated Gonzalez-
Guzman's accidental fall theory. The medical testimony established not only that the
injuries were intentionally inflicted, but also that they were severe. One doctor
described D.G.'s injuries as "devastating," the result of a "significant amount of force,"
and similar to trauma suffered by high speed interstate accident victims. Another
testified that D.G.'s leg fracture "implie[d] sort of a torquing movement to break the
17 No. 65576-1-1/18
bone," and that his broken rib is a "very, very difficult rib to break, so you have to
squeeze very high up into the chest." Based on this evidence, the jury could not have
misunderstood the link between recklessness and the harm that D.G. suffered.
The recklessness instruction did not deprive Gonzalez-Guzman of an opportunity
to argue his case. Nor did it reduce the State's burden of proof. Due to the severity of
D.G.'s injuries and the lack of contrary evidence, we conclude that the jury's verdict
would have been the same even without the erroneous instruction. The error was
harmless.
IV. Reasonable Doubt Instruction
Gonzalez-Guzman also challenges the reasonable doubt instruction given at his
trial. In Bennett, the Washington Supreme Court instructed all trial courts to use 11
Washington Practice: Washington Pattern Jury Instructions: Criminal 4.01 (2d ed. Supp.
2005) (WPIC).on reasonable doubt until it approved a better instruction. 161 Wn.2d at
318. WPIC 4.01 contains the following optional language: "'If, from such consideration,
you have an abiding belief in the truth of the charge, you are satisfied beyond a
reasonable doubt.'"2 Id at 308.
Gonzalez-Guzman contests this optional language. He contends that it confused
the jury's role, because it impermissibly suggested that the jury's job is to search for the
truth.
He relies on two recent cases to support his proposition that the language was
improper. First, he points to State v. Emery, where the prosecutor told the jury to
2 There is now a third edition of the WPICs. 11 WPIC 4.01 (3d ed. Supp. 2011). The relevant language is unchanged from the version mandated by the Bennett court.
18 No. 65576-1-1/19
"speak the truth by holding these men accountable for what they did." 174 Wn.2d 714,
751, 278 P.3d 653 (2012). The court found the remark improper and explained that the
jury's job is to determine not the truth of what happened, but whether the State proved
the charged offenses beyond a reasonable doubt. ]d at 760. Similarly, in State v.
Berube. the prosecutor asked the jury to "search for the truth, not a [sic] search for
reasonable doubt." 171 Wn. App. 103, 120, 286 P.3d 402 (2012), review denied. 178
Wn.2d 1002, 208 P.3d 641 (2013). Again, the court highlighted that "truth is not the
jury's job." ]d
The "abiding belief language in the reasonable doubt instruction is
distinguishable from the comments in Emery and Berube. In those cases, the
prosecutor told the jury to search out or speak the truth, an onus that misrepresented
the job before them. Here, the challenged instruction does not direct jurors to find the
truth themselves. It merely elaborates on what it means to be "satisfied beyond a
reasonable doubt."
Gonzalez-Guzman also argues that the instruction improperly equated "proof
beyond a reasonable doubt" with an "'abiding belief in the truth,'" misstating the
prosecution's burden.
Gonzalez-Guzman contends that State v. Pirtle supports his argument, Br. of
Appellant, 45, despite the fact that the court upheld the same language he contests.
See 127 Wn.2d 628, 658, 904 P.2d 245 (1995). The Pirtle court found that the
language was "unnecessary but was not an error." ]d Gonzalez-Guzman maintains
that this was "far from an endorsement," and is even less persuasive after Emery and
19 No. 65576-1-1/20
Berube recognized the "danger of injecting a search for the truth" into the definition of
reasonable doubt.
However, multiple cases have upheld the use of this language, finding that it
"adequately instructs the jury," State v. Mabrv. 51 Wn. App. 24, 25, 751 P.2d 882
(1988), and "could not have misled or confused" it. State v. Price. 33 Wn. App. 472,
476, 655 P.2d 1191 (1982). And, though the Pirtle court questioned its usefulness
(notably before the Bennett ruling), it still found that the language did not diminish the
definition of the burden of proof. 127 Wn.2d at 658. The instruction was proper.
V. Lifetime No-Contact Order
Gonzalez-Guzman argues that the lifetime no-contact order between him and his
son violates his fundamental right to his parent-child relationship.3 This court reviews sentencing conditions for abuse of discretion. State v. Warren. 165 Wn.2d 17, 32, 195 P.3d 940 (2008). This remains the standard even where the condition interferes with a
fundamental right, such as the relationship between parent and child. In re Pers. Restraint of Rainey. 168 Wn.2d 367, 375, 229 P.3d 686 (2010). However, this court
reviews such conditions more carefully to ensure that they are sensitively imposed and
reasonably necessary to accomplish the essential needs of the State and public order. \± at 374. The State has a compelling interest in preventing harm and protecting
children. State v. Corbett. 158 Wn. App. 576, 598, 242 P.3d 52 (2010).
3 The State contends that Gonzalez-Guzman has not established that he is D.G.'s father, so the order does not implicate a fundamental right to parent. However, D.G.'s mother testified that Gonzalez-Guzman is D.G.'s father and there is no evidence disputing that fact.
20 No. 65576-1-1/21
Gonzalez-Guzman contends that a complete prohibition on contact with his son
is not reasonably necessary to promote the State's interest. Courts will vacate no-
contact orders where they are not sufficiently related to the harm they seek to prevent.
For example, in State v. Letourneau. the defendant was sentenced for second degree
rape of a child to whom she was not related and subsequently prohibited from
unsupervised contact with her children. 100 Wn. App. 424, 426, 997 P.2d 436 (2000).
Because there was no evidence that she might molest her own children, the court found
that the order was not reasonably necessary to accomplish the needs of the state. Id
at 441-42.
In Rainey. the court approved the scope of a lifetime no-contact order between a
father and child, though it ultimately struck the order based on duration. 168 Wn.2d at
382. There, the defendant had kidnapped his daughter and used her to gain leverage
over his ex-wife. ]d at 379. The court found that it was proper to issue a no-contact
order of some duration, because it was reasonably necessary to prevent the defendant
from further harassing his ex-wife. ]d at 380. However, the sentencing court gave no
reason for the lifetime duration of the order. Id at 382. The appellate court thus
remanded for the sentencing court to consider the duration of the order under the
"reasonably necessary" standard. ]d at 382.
Unlike the children in Rainey or Letourneau. D.G. was the victim of Gonzalez-
Guzman's crime: first degree abuse of his son. D.G.'s injuries were severe and
numerous, including a serious brain hemorrhage and fractured skull, ribs, and leg.
Multiple doctors testified that this level of trauma took a significant amount of force.
Moreover, the effect of D.G.'s injuries is long-lasting. One doctor testified that D.G.'s
21 No. 65576-1-1/22
brain disfigurement is permanent and will have a "profound effect" on his development.
According to his foster mother's testimony, two-year-old D.G. was still unable to sit up or
roll over, had trouble spoon feeding, and moving his limbs, and is blind. This is distinct
from Rainey. where the harm was not physical and the primary target of the harm was
Rainey's ex-wife, not his daughter. See 168 Wn.2d at 380.
The severity and longevity of D.G.'s injuries support the trial court's discretion to
enter a lifetime no-contact order, even between a parent and child.
We affirm.
WE CONCUR:
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