IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TEXAS NO. PD-1221-12
THE STATE OF TEXAS
v.
TONY TYRELL BETTS, Appellee
ON THE STATE’S PETITION FOR DISCRETIONARY REVIEW FROM THE TENTH COURT OF APPEALS NAVARRO COUNTY
H ERVEY, J., delivered the opinion of the Court in which K ELLER, P.J., M EYERS, W OMACK, J OHNSON, K EASLER, C OCHRAN, and A LCALA, JJ., joined. Price, J., joined parts I, II, IV, V, and VI and filed a concurring opinion.
OPINION
Appellee, Tony Tyrell Betts, was indicted for cruelty to animals. See T EX. P ENAL
C ODE § 42.09. The trial court granted Appellee’s motion to suppress, which complained
of a warrantless search and seizure. The Waco Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court’s
order. State v. Betts, No. 10-11-00419-CR, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 6703 (Tex. Betts - 2
App.—Waco Aug. 9, 2012) (memo. op., not designated for publication). We granted the
State’s petition for discretionary review, and we will affirm the judgment of the court of
appeals.
I. FACTS
Appellee was arrested and indicted for the felony offense of cruelty to animals
after law enforcement officers seized approximately thirteen of his dogs that were located
on the property of his aunt, Deanna Hall, in Kerens, Texas. See T EX. P ENAL C ODE §
42.09. Appellee filed a motion to suppress, complaining of the warrantless search and
seizure. He alleged that all evidence seized in connection with his case should be
suppressed because the Kerens Police Department violated his rights under the Fourth,
Fifth, Sixth, and Fourteenth Amendments to the United State Constitution; Article I,
Section 9, of the Texas Constitution; and Article 38.23 of the Texas Code of Criminal
Procedure.
At the hearing on the suppression motion, County Commissioner Dick Martin
testified that, on April 27, 2011, he was delivering food for Meals on Wheels to a private
residence when he noticed a number of dogs in the street. He mentioned the dogs to the
recipient of the meal, who complained that the dogs came into her yard to relieve
themselves. After leaving the residence, Martin reported the dogs to City Hall. On cross-
examination, Martin stated that he had made prior reports to the city about dogs tied up in
a backyard in the same area. Betts - 3
Animal Control Officer Randy Featherston testified that he received a call
concerning animals fighting and responded to 108 NE 4th Street. When he arrived, he
heard a puppy yelping. Featherston entered the property to investigate and found the
puppy, which was stuck under a fence. He pushed the puppy back under the fence and
into the pen where he could not get out and run free. Featherston testified that he could
not see the pen that the puppy was in from the residence’s driveway, but it was visible
from the street. Featherston also stated that, while in the backyard, he observed that every
dog on the property was malnourished. He described that the dogs were chained, there
was no visible food, and there was only dirty water to drink. Featherston testified that he
thought something needed to be done to take care of the animals, so he called for
assistance from the Kerens Police Department.
Kerens Chief of Police Bryan Miers,1 along with Peace Officers Roy Ivey and
Bennito Monteagudo, responded to Featherston’s request for assistance. Miers testified
that he could see the dogs from the roadway, before he entered the property. The dogs
were located between 60 and 70 yards from where he was standing. He stated that he
observed several adult dogs tied to chains and a pen holding puppies. All of the dogs
were skinny and appeared to be malnourished and in poor overall health, especially the
puppies, which appeared almost lifeless. On cross-examination, Miers explained that he
entered the property because he had “reasonable suspicion to believe that the dogs were in
1 We note that the name of the Kerens Chief of Police is spelled both Meirs and Miers in the record. Betts - 4
immediate danger” based upon his own visual observation and information relayed from
Featherston. Thirteen dogs were seized and turned over to the humane society.
Deanna Hall testified that she is the owner of the property where the dogs were
seized (108 NE 4th St.). Hall explained that Appellee is her nephew. Appellee had
previously lived with her, and after he moved, she continued to give him permission to
keep his dogs on her property. Appellee cared for the dogs daily, but if there was a time
when he could not make it to the house, Hall would feed them instead. Hall testified that
she did not give consent to the officers to enter her property, and she did not know about
their presence at her house until she returned home that evening.
Appellee testified that he housed his dogs in his aunt’s backyard with her
permission because he resides in a nearby apartment with no yard or holding facility for
the dogs. He stated that the dogs were housed approximately 65-70 yards from the street.
Like Hall, he testified that he did not provide consent for the officers to enter the property
and seize his dogs.
The trial court granted Appellee’s motion to suppress. In response to the State’s
motion for findings of fact and conclusions of law, the trial court entered findings of fact
and conclusions of law. The trial court found, among other things, that Chief Miers and
Officers Featherston and Ivey viewed, from the street, dogs in the backyard that appeared
to be malnourished, “[n]o evidence was presented indicating the dogs were in danger of
death or inflicting death or serious bodily injury on any human,” and “[t]he dogs were Betts - 5
housed approximately 70 yards from the street where they could be viewed without
entering on to the property.” The trial court also made the following conclusions:
1. The Defendant had a reasonable expectation of privacy. 2. The Defendant’s property was searched by agents of the State without a warrant. 3. Neither the Defendant nor Hall gave consent to the animal control officer or the police officers to come into the backyard of the residence where the dogs were living. 4. The backyard where the dogs were housed and seized is curtilage of the residence and thus is afforded the same 4 th Amendment protections as the residence. 5. There were no exigent circumstances present in this case which would be an exception to the warrant requirement. 6. The Court’s ruling granting the motion to suppress should be affirmed.
II. WACO COURT OF APPEALS
On direct appeal, the State argued that the trial court erred in granting the motion
to suppress because Appellee had no standing to complain about the search and seizure
and because the dogs were in plain view of the officers. The Waco Court of Appeals
disagreed and affirmed the trial court’s order granting the motion to suppress. Betts, 2012
Tex. App. LEXIS 6703.
The court of appeals first determined that Betts had a reasonable expectation of
privacy, noting that the animals seized were Betts’ property, Betts had previously lived at
the residence and continued to keep his dogs there with his aunt’s permission, and there
were structures and a pen to house the dogs. Id. at *3-5. The court then concluded that
the criminal activity of animal cruelty was not in the plain view of officers from the street. Betts - 6
Id. at *5-7. The court found that Officer Featherston heard a puppy yelping after he was
already on the property and observed the condition of the dogs when he walked to the
back of the property. And although Chief Miers testified that he could see the dogs from
the street, the court discounted this statement because the dogs were housed
approximately seventy yards from the street and Chief Miers had also testified that
Featherston informed him of the condition of the dogs.
We granted the State’s petition for discretionary review to address the following
issues:
1. Does an accused have standing to challenge a search and seizure conducted in a relative’s backyard where he had permission to house dogs when he did not live at the house and the yard was entirely exposed to the public?
2. Did the majority of the court of appeals improperly ignore the trial court’s dispositive factfinding in ruling that the search and seizure was not justified under the plain view doctrine?
3. Did the majority err by failing to follow the mandates of State v. Elias, 339 S.W.3d 667 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011), and remand the case to the trial judge to make fact findings and legal conclusions on the issue of whether entry onto the property was justified under the community caretaking doctrine?
III. STANDING
The State’s first ground for review contests Appellee’s standing to challenge the
search and seizure that were the subject of the motion to suppress. The Fourth
Amendment of the U.S. Constitution and Article I, Section 9, of the Texas Constitution
protect individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures. Richardson v. State, 865 Betts - 7
S.W.2d 944, 948 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). The rights secured by the Fourth Amendment
and Article I, Section 9, are personal, and accordingly, an accused has standing to
challenge the admission of evidence obtained by an “unlawful” search or seizure only if
he had a legitimate expectation of privacy in the place invaded. Rakas v. Illinois 439 U.S.
128, 139, 143 (1978); Richardson, 865 S.W.2d at 948-49. The defendant who challenges
a search has the burden of proving facts demonstrating a legitimate expectation of
privacy. Villarreal v. State, 935 S.W.2d 134, 138 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). He must show
that he had a subjective expectation of privacy in the place invaded and that society is
prepared to recognize that expectation of privacy as objectively reasonable. Id.; see Smith
v. Maryland, 442 U.S. 735, 740 (1979).
In considering whether a defendant has demonstrated an objectively reasonable
expectation of privacy, we examine the totality of the circumstances surrounding the
search, including
(1) whether the accused had a property or possessory interest in the place invaded; (2) whether he was legitimately in the place invaded; (3) whether he had complete dominion or control and the right to exclude others; (4) whether, before the intrusion, he took normal precautions customarily taken by those seeking privacy; (5) whether he put the place to some private use; and (6) whether his claim of privacy is consistent with historical notions of privacy.
Granados v. State, 85 S.W.3d 217, 223 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002); Villarreal, 935 S.W.2d at
138. This is a non-exhaustive list of factors, and no one factor is dispositive. Granados,
85 S.W.3d at 223. “Although we defer to the trial court’s factual findings and view them Betts - 8
in the light most favorable to the prevailing party, we review the legal issue of standing
de novo.” Kothe v. State, 152 S.W.3d 54, 59 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004).
The record supports the trial court’s conclusion that Appellee had a reasonable
expectation of privacy. The property where the search and seizure occurred was owned
by Deanna Hall. While he no longer lived at the residence, Appellee had permission from
his aunt to keep his dogs in the backyard and to enter the premises in order to water and
feed his dogs, which he did on a daily basis.2 The backyard was fenced on three sides
with two-wire fencing, and the fourth side was enclosed by the neighbor’s wood privacy
fence. The dogs were kept approximately 70 yards from the road, behind the house, in a
central part of the back yard. Some of the dogs were chained to the ground near dog-
house structures, and others were in pens surrounded by chainlink. Certainly the housing
and shelter of animals is a common private use for one’s backyard.
We recognize that Appellant did not have an ownership interest in the property,
but that is just one factor to consider and not a requirement for a person to have standing
to challenge improper police actions. See, e.g., Brendlin v. California, 551 U.S. 249
(2007) (holding that passengers of a vehicle, which they did not own, had standing to
challenge the validity of a traffic stop); Minnesota v. Olsen, 495 U.S. 91 (1990) (holding
2 In Wilson v. State, we explained that “[i]f the owner of a vehicle has turned it over to another person for some period of time, then surely this latter person has standing vis-a-vis the car during the duration of the bailment.” 692 S.W.2d 661 (Tex. Crim. App. 1985) (quoting 3 W. LA FAVE , SEARCH AND SEIZURE § 11.3, at 576-77 (1978)). Although referring specifically to vehicles, the underlying concept is equally applicable to the instant case. Betts - 9
that an overnight guest has a legitimate expectation of privacy in his host’s home).
Consequently, based upon the totality of the circumstances, and viewing the evidence in
the appropriate light, the record supports that Appellee had a reasonable expectation of
privacy in his aunt’s backyard.
The State relies on several United States Supreme Court cases to argue that there is
no reasonable expectation of privacy in the backyard because it was exposed to public
view,3 but those cases are not controlling here. In Katz, the Supreme Court did state that
“what a person knowingly exposes to the public, even in his own home or office, is not a
subject of Fourth Amendment protection,” but the Court went on to hold that government
surveillance of a public phone booth violated the Fourth Amendment, despite the public
and transparent nature of the booth. Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967).
Although other Supreme Court cases have used language similar to that in Katz, none of
those cases specifically addresses standing. And in each case, while the officers did not
need a warrant to view areas from the air, the information observed, without more, was
not enough to justify a warrantless search or seizure of the property. See, e.g., Florida v.
Riley, 488 U.S. 445, 449-52 (1989) (plurality op.) (reversing the trial court’s grant of a
motion to suppress contesting the search of a greenhouse in a residential backyard
conducted pursuant to a warrant, which was obtained based upon observations gained
3 See, e.g., Florida v. Riley, 488 U.S. 445, 449-52 (1989) (plurality op.); Dow Chemical v. United States, 476 U.S. 227, 239 (1986); California v. Ciraola, 476 U.S. 207, 215 (1986); Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 351 (1967). Betts - 10
from helicopter surveillance, because the helicopter surveillance did not constitute a
search under the Fourth Amendment); Dow Chemical v. United States, 476 U.S. 227, 239
(1986) (holding only that “the taking of aerial photographs of an industrial plant complex
from navigable airspace is not a search prohibited by the Fourth Amendment”);
California v. Ciraola, 476 U.S. 207, 215 (1986) (holding that the Fourth Amendment
“does not require the police traveling in the public airways at this altitude to obtain a
warrant in order to observe what is visible to the naked eye”).4
The State also argues, relying on Villarreal, 935 S.W.2d at 137, that Appellee did
not retain any expectation of privacy in his aunt’s house because of his status as a guest,
but this case is different from Villarreal. In Villarreal, the appellant was an invited guest
who spent a couple of hours in the residence for a business transaction. We held that the
appellant, “who has no possessory or proprietary interest in the premises, but is a guest,
has no clothes in the house, or other belongings, has no legitimate privacy interest in the
premises searched.” Id. In contrast to that case, the premises at issue here is the
backyard, rather than the residence. Moreover, Appellee was given daily access to and
4 The State also cites United States v. Santana, 427 U.S. 38, 42 (1976), but that case is clearly distinguishable. In Santana, a suspect in the front doorway of her home “was not in an area where she had any expectation of privacy.” Id. The Supreme Court explained that, under cases interpreting the Fourth Amendment, a person standing in the threshold of her dwelling is in a “public” place where she does not have any expectation of privacy. Id. In contrast, in this case, the dogs were located in the curtilage of the house, which is protected by the Fourth Amendment. See Oliver v. United States, 466 U.S. 170, 180 (1984); see also Gonzalez v. State, 588 S.W.2d 355, 360 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979) (describing curtilage as the land immediately surrounding and associated with the house). Betts - 11
from the yard to care for his dogs, the dogs were Appellee’s personal property, the dogs
were kept in pens and near dog houses in the yard. This arrangement was made because
Appellee had previously lived in the residence but had moved to a nearby apartment with
no yard or holding facility for the dogs.
Therefore, the record supports that Appellee has standing to challenge the search
and seizure conducted in his aunt’s backyard.
IV. DEFERENCE TO THE TRIAL COURT AND
THE PLAIN VIEW DOCTRINE
The State next argues that the court of appeals improperly ignored the trial court’s
dispositive fact finding in ruling that the search and seizure was not justified under the
plain view doctrine. Specifically, the State argues that the court of appeals failed to give
the requisite deference to the trial judge’s fact finding when it concluded that “it is not
clear that Chief Miers could observe the condition of the dogs from the street.” See Betts,
2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 6703, at *6-7. For that reason, the State contends that the court of
appeals’s plain view ruling should be reversed.
Appellate courts should afford almost total deference to a trial court’s
determination of historical facts supported by the record, especially when the trial court’s
fact findings are based on an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Guzman v. State,
955 S.W.2d 85, 89 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). The same amount of deference should be
given to “mixed questions of law and fact,” if the resolution of those questions turns on Betts - 12
an evaluation of credibility and demeanor. Id. Appellate courts may review de novo
“mixed questions of law and fact” not falling within that category. Id.
The trial judge found that Miers “witnessed from the street dogs that appeared to
be chained and malnourished in the backyard,” and this is supported by the record. Miers
testified that he could see the dogs from the roadway, before he entered the property. He
testified that he observed that all of the dogs were skinny and appeared to be
malnourished and in poor overall health. Because the trial court’s finding is supported by
the record, the court of appeals failed to properly defer to that finding when it concluded
that “it is not clear that Chief Miers could observe the condition of the dogs from the
street.” See Betts, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 6703, at *6-7.
However, even giving proper deference, the suggestion that the seizure was
justified by the plain-view doctrine is without merit. While searches conducted without a
warrant are per se unreasonable, seizing contraband in plain view does not run afoul of
the Fourth Amendment. Walter v. State, 28 S.W.3d 538, 541 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000).
“The ‘plain view’ doctrine permits an officer to seize contraband which he sees in plain
sight or open view if he is lawfully where he is.” DeLao v. State, 550 S.W.2d 289, 291
(Tex. Crim. App. 1977). Thus, three requirements must be met to justify the seizure of an
object in plain view:
First, law enforcement officials must lawfully be where the object can be “plainly viewed.” Second, the “incriminating character” of the object in plain view must be “immediately apparent” to the officials. And third, the officials must have the right to access the object. Betts - 13
Keehn v. State, 279 S.W.3d 330, 335 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009) (citations omitted).
In Keehn, law enforcement officials properly approached a van parked in the
appellant’s driveway, and through the window, they could plainly see a propane tank
containing anhydrous ammonia, which is used in manufacturing methamphetamine. The
officers entered the van and seized the tank without a warrant. In discussing the third
requirement of the plain view doctrine, we stated,“Plain view, in the absence of exigent
circumstances, can never justify a search and seizure without a warrant when law
enforcement officials have no lawful right to access an object.” Id. Thus, the plain-view
doctrine alone could not justify entry into the van to seize the tank. That doctrine would
justify the seizure only if the search by which the officers entered the van and obtained
access to the tank was rendered reasonable by some other rule. Id. We concluded that the
vehicle exception to the search warrant requirement supported the entry into the van and
access to the tank—after observing the contents of the van through the window, the
officers had probable cause to believe that contraband was aboard, and consequently, the
automobile exception gave the officers the right to enter the van and seize the tank. Id. at
335-36.
In the instant case, the record supports the fact that the officers could plainly view
the dogs from the street. However, the fact that officers could see the dogs from afar
does not mean that they were entitled to go onto the property and seize the dogs without a
warrant, at least in the absence of some other exigency. See id. at 335. The officers did Betts - 14
not have a lawful right to go into the yard and seize the dogs. Appellee’s dogs were kept
in the backyard of his aunt’s home, that is, within the residence’s curtilage. The curtilage
of a house is protected by the Fourth Amendment. Oliver v. United States, 466 U.S. 170,
180 (1984); see Gonzalez v. State, 588 S.W.2d 355, 360 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979)
(describing curtilage as the land immediately surrounding and associated with the house).
The officers did not have a warrant to enter the yard, and the State does not argue that an
exception to the warrant requirement existed. Therefore, the police were not authorized
by the plain view doctrine to make a warrantless entry into the yard to seize the dogs.
V. THE COMMUNITY CARETAKING DOCTRINE
In its final ground for review, the State argues that, if there was no plain view from
the street, community caretaking is an issue that should be addressed, and the court of
appeals should be ordered on remand to require the trial court to make findings and
conclusions on this issue. See Elias, 339 S.W.3d 667 (“[T]he omission of findings and
conclusions with respect to this potentially dispositive fact issue constitutes a ‘failure . . .
to act’ for purposes of Rule 44.4 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.”).
Once Appellee established standing in the premises to be searched and that the
search was conducted without a warrant, he satisfied his burden of establishing his Fourth
Amendment claim, and the burden shifted to the State to establish an exception to the
warrant requirement. See Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 672-73 (Tex. Crim. App.
2007); Bishop v. State, 85 S.W.3d 819, 822 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). The State did not Betts - 15
present the community caretaking argument during the motion to suppress or on appeal.
“[I]n cases in which the State is the party appealing, the basic principle of appellate
jurisprudence that points not argued at trial are deemed to be waived applies equally to
the State and the defense.” State v. Mercado, 972 S.W.2d 75, 78 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998);
see also State v. Steelman, 93 S.W.3d 102, 107 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002). Because the
community caretaking function was not a theory argued by the State at trial or to the court
of appeals, the State cannot here rely on that theory to prove that the trial court’s ruling
should be reversed by this Court.5 See Steelman, 93 S.W.3d at 107.
VI. CONCLUSION
Appellee had standing to contest the warrantless search and seizure conducted in
his aunt’s backyard. The search and seizure were not justified by the plain view doctrine,
and the State cannot rely on the community caretaking doctrine, which it did not raise to
the trial court or the court of appeals. Accordingly, the judgment of the court of appeals
is affirmed.
Hervey, J.
Delivered: April 17, 2013
Publish
5 The present case in which the State seeks to reverse the trial court’s ruling is distinguishable from a case such as Mahaffey v. State, 316 S.W.3d 633 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010). There, the State could present a new argument for first time on petition for discretionary review because “an appellate court will uphold the trial court’s ruling if that ruling is ‘reasonably supported by the record and is correct on any theory of law applicable to the case.’” Id. at 637 (emphasis added).