NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-4028-18T1
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
P.S.C.,1
Defendant-Appellant. _______________________
Submitted April 29, 2020 – Decided May 15, 2020
Before Judges Koblitz and Gooden Brown.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Bergen County, Indictment No. 17-07-0954.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for appellant (Alicia J. Hubbard, Assistant Deputy Public Defender, of counsel and on the brief).
Mark Musella, Bergen County Prosecutor, attorney for respondent (William P. Miller, Assistant Prosecutor, of counsel and on the brief).
1 We use initials pursuant to Rule 1:38-3(c)(5). PER CURIAM
Defendant appeals from his April 18, 2019 conviction, arguing that the
court erred in issuing a February 8, 2019 order affirming the prosecutor's denial
of his application for admission to the pretrial intervention program (PTI),
N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12. Defendant was charged for behavior occurring on January
22, 2017, in an indictment alleging third-degree possession of a knife for an
unlawful purpose, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-4(d); fourth-degree unlawful possession of a
knife, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(d); third-degree terroristic threats, N.J.S.A. 2C:12-3(a);
and fourth-degree resisting arrest, N.J.S.A. 2C:29-2(a).
The recommendation of the PTI director and the assistant prosecutors'
submissions to the trial court reflect the following facts. On January 22, 2017,
defendant entered a church where approximately fourteen congregants were
present. After observing defendant sitting in an area reserved for choir
members, the pastor approached defendant and asked him to move. Defendant
relocated, and the pastor then heard screams. He turned around "and saw
defendant screaming the 'F-word'" from the back of the church. When the pastor
approached him to quiet him down, defendant pointed a seven-inch blade knife
at the pastor. The pastor later said he wanted to help defendant.
A-4028-18T1 2 The police arrived when defendant was running away. Defendant did not
initially comply with the order to stop but then "suddenly stopped" and "turned
to face [the officer] in an aggressive manner."
The officer drew his service weapon and ordered defendant to the ground.
Defendant complied and was arrested. A pat down revealed no weapons. In
response to the officer's question about whether he had a knife, defendant said
he "threw it in a bush," where it was later found. The pastor told the police that
defendant smelled of alcohol.
In August 2017, the assistant prosecutor assigned to the case offered a
plea offer to defendant, which included: "Defendant to apply to [PTI], if eligible
and subject to mental health evaluation." The PTI director, who also serves as
the Criminal Division manager, denied defendant's PTI application almost a year
later, in July 2018, on the basis that "[a]n offense of such nature, that also
violates the sanctity of the church, is something that needs to be deterred."
In a six-page letter sent almost three months later, a different assistant
prosecutor adopted the PTI director's findings and concluded "that the facts of
this case warrant heightened caution" and are "beyond alarming." In denying
defendant's admission into PTI, the assistant prosecutor cited to five of the
seventeen factors, noting the nature and facts of the offense, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-
A-4028-18T1 3 12(e)(1) to -(2), the needs and interests of the public, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12(e)(7),
the value of supervisory treatment, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12(e)(14), and that the harm
to society by forgoing prosecution would outweigh the benefit to society of
defendant's admission to PTI, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12(e)(17).
Defendant appealed from the denial of PTI to the Law Division. In
December 2018, after a third assistant prosecutor was heard, the court remanded
the matter "for a better statement of reasons." 2 The court asked the assistant
prosecutor to address "the level of supervision provided to someone who [is] in
PTI," given the assistant prosecutor's position that insufficient supervision was
available, and whether, in addition to the pastor, there were other victims.
The assistant prosecutor's revised statement of reasons did not address the
court's questions, although more analysis was provided for the applicable
N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12(e) factors. The parties reconvened in February 2019, when
the court deferred to the assistant prosecutor, issuing an order denying
defendant's appeal of the denial of his PTI application.
2 During this hearing, the court repeatedly asked defendant to stop interrupting the proceeding. The court emphasized that considering the parties were discussing the possibility of defendant's substance abuse and mental health issues, the fact defendant could not control himself, despite repeated instruction, "[is] a concern." A-4028-18T1 4 In exchange for dismissing the remaining charges, defendant pled guilty
to fourth-degree resisting arrest in February 2019. On April 12, 2019, defendant
was sentenced to two years of probation and, in addition to financial penalties,
was ordered to remain fifty yards away from the church.
Defendant raises the following single, multi-part issue on appeal:
POINT I: THE TRIAL COURT, ALLOWING AND EVEN ENCOURAGING THE STATE TO IGNORE APPLICABLE FACTORS LISTED IN N.J.S.A. 2C:43- 12(E) AND TO CONSIDER INAPPROPRIATE FACTORS, ERRED IN FINDING THAT THE STATE'S DENIAL OF DEFENDANT'S APPLICATION FOR [PTI] WAS NOT AN ABUSE OF DISCRETION.
FACTORS ONE, TWO, TEN AND TWELVE
THE NATURE OF THE OFFENSE AND FACTS OF THE CASE, WHETHER OR NOT THE CRIME IS OF AN ASSAULTIVE OR VIOLENT NATURE, AND HISTORY OF USE OF PHYSICAL VIOLENCE TOWARDS OTHERS.
FACTOR THREE
THE MOTIVATION AND AGE OF THE DEFENDANT.
FACTOR FOUR
THE DESIRE OF THE COMPLAINANT OR VICTIM TO FOREGO PROSECUTION.
A-4028-18T1 5 FACTORS FIVE AND SIX
THE EXISTENCE OF PERSONAL PROBLEMS WHICH MAY BE RELATED TO THE CRIME AND FOR WHICH SERVICES MAY BE PROVIDED MORE EFFECTIVELY THROUGH SUPERVISORY TREATMENT, THE PROBABILITY THAT THE CAUSES OF THE BEHAVIOR CAN BE CONTROLLED BY TREATMENT AND THE LIKELIHOOD THAT THE CRIME IS RELATED TO A SITUATION THAT WOULD BE CONDUCIVE TO CHANGE THROUGH PARTICIPATION IN SUPERVISORY TREATMENT.
FACTORS SEVEN, ELEVEN, FOURTEEN AND SEVENTEEN
THE NEEDS AND INTEREST OF THE VICTIM AND SOCIETY AND WHETHER OR NOT THE CRIME IS OF SUCH A NATURE THAT THE VALUE OF SUPERVISORY TREATMENT WOULD BE OUTWEIGHED BY THE PUBLIC NEED FOR PROSECUTION, WHETHER OR NOT PROSECUTION WOULD EXACERBATE THE PROBLEM [THAT] LED TO THE CRIMINAL ACT, WHETHER OR NOT THE HARM DONE TO SOCIETY BY ABANDONING CRIMINAL PROSECUTION WOULD OUTWEIGH THE BENEFITS TO SOCIETY FROM CHANNELING AN OFFENDER INTO A SUPERVISORY TREATMENT PROGRAM.
FACTORS EIGHT AND NINE
THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE APPLICANT'S CRIME CONSTITUTES PART OF A CONTINUING PATTERN OF ANTI-SOCIAL BEHAVIOR AND THE APPLICANT’S RECORD OF CRIMINAL AND
A-4028-18T1 6 PENAL VIOLATIONS AND THE EXTENT TO WHICH HE MAY PRESENT A SUBSTANTIAL DANGER TO OTHERS.
I. Standard of Review.
The scope of judicial review of a prosecutor's rejection of PTI is "severely
limited." State v. Negran, 178 N.J. 73, 82 (2003). 3 Whether to permit diversion
3 Prosecutors and program directors shall consider in formulating their recommendation of an applicant's participation in a supervisory treatment program, among others, the following criteria:
(1) The nature of the offense;
(2) The facts of the case;
(3) The motivation and age of the defendant;
(4) The desire of the complainant or victim to forego prosecution;
(5) The existence of personal problems and character traits which may be related to the applicant's crime and for which services are unavailable within the criminal justice system, or which may be provided more effectively through supervisory treatment and the probability that the causes of criminal behavior can be controlled by proper treatment;
(6) The likelihood that the applicant's crime is related to a condition or situation that would be conducive to change through his participation in supervisory treatment;
(7) The needs and interests of the victim and society;
(8) The extent to which the applicant's crime constitutes part of a continuing pattern of anti-social behavior;
A-4028-18T1 7 (9) The applicant's record of criminal and penal violations and the extent to which he may present a substantial danger to others;
(10) Whether or not the crime is of an assaultive or violent nature, whether in the criminal act itself or in the possible injurious consequences of such behavior;
(11) Consideration of whether or not prosecution would exacerbate the social problem that led to the applicant's criminal act;
(12) The history of the use of physical violence toward others;
(13) Any involvement of the applicant with organized crime;
(14) Whether or not the crime is of such a nature that the value of supervisory treatment would be outweighed by the public need for prosecution;
(15) Whether or not the applicant's involvement with other people in the crime charged or in other crime is such that the interest of the State would be best served by processing his case through traditional criminal justice system procedures;
(16) Whether or not the applicant's participation in pretrial intervention will adversely affect the prosecution of codefendants; and
(17) Whether or not the harm done to society by abandoning criminal prosecution would outweigh the benefits to society from channeling an offender into a supervisory treatment program.
The prosecutor and the court, in formulating their recommendations or decisions regarding an applicant's participation in a supervisory treatment program, shall give due consideration to the victim's position on whether the defendant should be admitted.
[N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12(e); see also R. 3:28(4)(a) to -(c).] A-4028-18T1 8 to PTI "is a quintessentially prosecutorial function." State v. Wallace, 146 N.J.
576, 582 (1996). "Prosecutorial discretion in this context is critical for two
reasons. First, because it is the fundamental responsibility of the prosecutor to
decide whom to prosecute, and second, because it is a primary purpose of PTI
to augment, not diminish, a prosecutor's options." State v. Nwobu, 139 N.J. 236,
246 (1995) (quoting State v. Kraft, 265 N.J. Super. 106, 111 (App. Div. 1993)).
Courts, therefore, give prosecutors "broad discretion to determine if a defendant
should be diverted" to PTI. State v. K.S., 220 N.J. 190, 199 (2015).
If a "reviewing court determines that the 'prosecutor's decision was
arbitrary, irrational, or otherwise an abuse of discretion . . .' the reviewing court
may remand to the prosecutor for further consideration." Id. at 200 (quoting
State v. Dalglish, 86 N.J. 503, 509 (1981)). An abuse of discretion is manifested
when defendant proves "that the [PTI] denial '(a) was not premised upon a
consideration of all relevant factors, (b) was based upon a consideration of
irrelevant or inappropriate factors, or (c) amounted to a clear error in judgment.'"
State v. Lee, 437 N.J. Super. 555, 563 (2014) (quoting State v. Bender, 80 N.J.
84, 93 (1979)). "A remand to the prosecutor affords an opportunity to apply the
standards set forth by the court 'without supplanting the prosecutor's primacy in
A-4028-18T1 9 determining whether [PTI] is appropriate in individual cases.'" K.S., 220 N.J.
at 200 (quoting Dalglish, 86 N.J. at 514).
A reviewing court may, however, overturn a prosecutor's rejection of PTI
when a defendant "clearly and convincingly establish[es] that the prosecutor's
decision constitutes a patent and gross abuse of discretion.'" State v. Nicholson,
451 N.J. Super. 534, 553 (App. Div. 2017) (quoting State v. Watkins, 193 N.J.
507, 520 (2008)). "In order for such an abuse of discretion to rise to the level
of 'patent and gross,' it must further be shown that the prosecutorial error
complained of . . . clearly subvert[ed] the goals underlying [PTI]." State v.
Roseman, 221 N.J. 611, 625 (2015) (quoting State v. Bender, 80 N.J. 84, 93
(1979)) (in spite of the presumption against admission for the crimes ch arged,
ordering defendant be admitted to PTI in light of the "extraordinary and unusual"
circumstances, the passage of time, and the patent and gross abuse of the
prosecutor's discretion). In other words, a defendant satisfies this heightened
standard upon establishing not only an abuse of discretion, but also that the
prosecutor's decision "ha[d] gone so wide of the mark sought to be accomplished
by PTI that fundamental fairness and justice require judicial intervention."
Watkins, 193 N.J. at 520 (quoting Wallace, 146 N.J. at 582-83). "Where a
A-4028-18T1 10 defendant can make that showing, a [reviewing] court may admit a defendant,
by order, into PTI over the prosecutor's objection." Roseman, 221 N.J. at 625.
II. Amenability to PTI Supervision.
Because defendant was not clinically assessed for mental illness and lacks
a history of physical violence, defendant takes issue with the prosecutor's
"suggest[ion] that he could not be adequately supervised through PTI." Because
the parties disagreed as to whether PTI only provides "low level supervision,"
which would inadequately address defendant's mental health needs, the court
remanded the matter for the assistant prosecutor to brief what level of
supervision PTI provides. The assistant prosecutor failed to address this
question and merely reasserted the assumption that a "mental health probation
officer . . . would be more equipped than a PTI probation officer to address his
mental health needs."
"Because mental health issues impact [the PTI] assessment, the prosecutor
is required to consider a defendant's mental illness." K.S., 220 N.J. at 202. Such
"considerations bear directly on the applicant's suitability to respond to short -
term rehabilitation while subject to PTI supervision." Negran, 178 N.J. at 85.
The purpose of PTI is to provide eligible defendants "with opportunities
to avoid ordinary prosecution by receiving early rehabilitative services or
A-4028-18T1 11 supervision." N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12(a)(1). Although the statute does not define the
level of supervision provided, our court rules explain:
The deterrence of criminal behavior in many cases requires intensive work: counseling, psychotherapy, drug-abuse prevention and control, employment placement. Programs in these cases should be measured against available treatment facilities and the time constraints of PTI. For other defendants, however, no more than a supervised pretrial probationary period may be necessary when no extensive need for rehabilitative services can be discerned.
[Pressler & Verniero, Current N.J. Court Rules, comment on Guideline 1(d) to R. 3:28 (2020).]
A defendant who requires extensive services, therefore, may be better suited for
probation rather than PTI. See ibid.
Here, no such discernment of what level of supervision defendant requires
was made. The assistant prosecutor noted that defendant was willing to undergo
a mental health evaluation, yet no evaluation was completed. Without an expert
evaluation of defendant's mental health or a report on the level of supervision
available through PTI, the prosecutor could not evaluate defendant's amenability
to PTI supervision.
III. Defendant's Motivation and Age.
Defendant argues the assistant prosecutor failed to consider his motivation
and age. See N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12(e)(3). He emphasizes that at the time of the
A-4028-18T1 12 incident, he was twenty-eight years old and had no criminal record, which
demonstrates "he was not deeply ingrained in some criminal milieu or unlikely
to respond positively to instruction and intervention" but rather "open to life -
changing guidance."
In the assistant prosecutor's revised statement of reasons, she noted
defendant's age and explained that the defendant's motivation behind the
incident was unknown. Defendant smelled of alcohol, but without a mental
health evaluation, the motivation was unclear.
IV. Victims' Input.
Defendant argues the assistant prosecutor failed to consider "[t]he desire
of the complainant or victim to forego prosecution" when denying his PTI
admission. See N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12(e)(4). The statute requires: "The prosecutor
and the court, in formulating their recommendations or decisions regarding an
applicant’s participation in a supervisory treatment program, shall give due
consideration to the victim’s position on whether the defendant should be
admitted." N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12(e). Here, the victim's position was not
considered. Neither the pastor nor the congregants were asked about their
desires.
A-4028-18T1 13 Although the pastor told the police that he wished to help defendant, the
trial court stated that because the pastor may have "a conflict between his
responsibility or his duty to God and . . . his civic duty," it " [does not] know
how much weight the State should give to that." Just as jurors may not be
dismissed based on the stereotype that their religious beliefs will cause them to
extend mercy, State v. Fuller, 182 N.J. 174, 201-03 (2004), defendant asserts
that the "dismissive treatment" of the pastor's opinion due to his assumed
religious beliefs and role as a clergyman, violates defendant's right to due
process.
Defendant also argues the prosecutor erred by "imput[ing] to certain
victims an intent they never voiced." Despite the court asking the assistant
prosecutor to seek out the congregants, this was never done. Instead, the
assistant prosecutor emphasized that because "the people present [at the church]
appeared afraid and fled," they likely would oppose defendant's admission into
PTI. Such an assumption is not warranted.
"The PTI statute and court rule . . . recognize the importance of a victim's
concerns in PTI determinations." RSI Bank v. Providence Mut. Fire Ins. Co.,
234 N.J. 459, 475 (2018). The victim must be "afforded an opportunity to state
his or her view," and although "not dispositive, the victim's view must be
A-4028-18T1 14 considered when a defendant's application for PTI is determined, and conditions
of PTI are imposed." Id. at 476. Here the victims' views were not considered.
V. Defendant's need for supervision.
Defendant argues that despite the prosecutor recognizing that defendant
may have mental health or alcohol addiction issues that contributed to the
incident, the prosecutor "refused to even contemplate the idea that [his] issues
could be addressed through PTI." He correctly notes that the prosecutor's
reasoning that no evidence exists of the "likelihood that [his] crime is related to
a condition or situation that would be conducive to change through his
participation in supervisory treatment" is contrary to the prosecutor's view that
his serious mental health issues preclude him from PTI. See N.J.S.A. 2C:43-
12(e)(6).
The prosecutor acknowledged in the revised statement of reasons that
"[w]hile it appears that there is no rational explanation for defendant's bizarre
behavior on January 22, 2017, the State has no information that defendant has
been diagnosed with any mental health disorder or substance abuse issue ." See
N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12(e)(5).
A-4028-18T1 15 The prosecutor inconsistently also argued that defendant could not be
adequately supervised by a PTI probation officer because he had such serious
mental health issues.
VI. Defendant's Lack of Criminal Record.
Defendant argues that although he has no prior charges or convictions, the
assistant prosecutor erroneously considered two other interactions with law
enforcement. On an unspecified date before this incident, police received a call
reporting an argument in defendant's apartment. When they arrived, defendant
admitted he was upset and broke something. In July 2018, defendant was
arrested when police discovered an outstanding warrant for his arrest due to
unpaid traffic tickets after they saw him waiting outside a closed liquor store.
A prosecutor must consider whether "the applicant's crime constitutes part
of a continuing pattern of anti-social behavior," N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12(e)(8), and
"[t]he applicant's record of criminal and penal violations," N.J.S.A. 2C:43-
12(e)(9). Our Supreme Court clarified that "[p]roper consideration requires
more than a prior arrest when the identified information is reviewed in
connection with the rejection of a [PTI] application." K.S., 220 N.J. at 199.
"[P]rior dismissed charges may not be considered for any purpose." Ibid.
A-4028-18T1 16 Certainly, then, behavior that did not result in an arrest on criminal charges may
not be considered.
The assistant prosecutor claimed these incidents were not considered in
denying defendant's application, but rather included to provide some
"background." She expressly stated that "significant weight" was given to
defendant's "absence of any prior criminal or disorderly persons convictions."
The prosecutor's claim that it gave great weight to defendant's lack of
convictions does not compensate for the improper consideration of this
"background" material.
When the prosecutor's reasons for denial are arbitrary, irrational, or
otherwise an abuse of discretion, but not a patent or gross abuse of discretion,
we normally remand for further consideration. Here, the prosecutor was given
a chance to reframe its objections and yet did not properly consider the
applicable statutory criteria. Also, similar to the situation in Roseman, the
passage of time since defendant was indicted is considerable. The prosecutor
was given a second chance in the trial court to reconsider the expressed reasons
for rejecting defendant from PTI. Had that second chance not been timely given,
we would be inclined to remand to the prosecutor to conduct a mental health
A-4028-18T1 17 evaluation and consult the victims before reconsidering defendant's admission
into PTI.
Under the present circumstances, we remand for the court to consider the
appropriate remedy, informed by defendant's behavior while on probation for
more than one year and given the passage of more than three and one-half years
since the offense occurred. If the court believes a mental health assessment and
polling of the victims would still be helpful, it may be ordered. If the court finds
that admission into PTI with credit for time spent on probation is appropriate, it
may do so.4
Reversed and remanded for further proceedings in conformity with this
opinion. We do not retain jurisdiction.
4 PTI may last for three years. N.J.S.A. 2C:43-13(c). We state no opinion as to whether defendant may be directed to spend longer under PTI supervision than his probationary sentence imposed after a guilty plea. A-4028-18T1 18