NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-3944-18
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
MELVIN Y. CORREA, a/k/a MELVIN CORREA CORREA and MELVIN CORREACORREA,
Defendant-Appellant. ______________________________
Submitted January 13, 2021 – Decided March 22, 2021
Before Judges Accurso and Vernoia.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Union County, Indictment No. 18-01-0003.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for appellant (Candace Caruthers, Assistant Deputy Public Defender, of counsel and on the brief).
Lyndsay V. Ruotolo, Acting Union County Prosecutor, attorney for respondent (Milton S. Leibowitz, Special Deputy Attorney General/Acting Assistant Prosecutor, of counsel and on the brief). PER CURIAM
A jury convicted defendant Melvin Y. Correa of third-degree possession
of a controlled dangerous substance (CDS), cocaine, N.J.S.A. 2C:35-10(a)(1),
and fourth-degree possession of drug paraphernalia with intent to distribute,
N.J.S.A. 2C:36-3. Defendant argues we should reverse his convictions because:
the court erred by denying his motion to suppress physical evidence seized
during a search of his home that was authorized by a search warrant; the State's
drug expert improperly opined at trial about defendant's intent; and the court
improperly denied defendant's motion for a mistrial and gave the jury a "further
deliberations" instruction. We are unpersuaded by defendant's arguments and
affirm.
I.
In September 2017, Union County Prosecutor's Office Detective Nicholas
Veltre submitted an affidavit in support of an application for a search warrant
for defendant's apartment in a building in Elizabeth. In his affidavit, Veltre
explained he has been employed as a detective since 2013 and he conducts
narcotics investigations daily.
Veltre also stated he received information from a confidential informant
(CI) about a man involved in distributing cocaine in Elizabeth. The CI advised
A-3944-18 2 Veltre the individual received orders for cocaine over the telephone and
arranged to meet his customers at locations he designated to complete the
transactions. The CI said the individual stored the cocaine in his residence and
vehicles and conducted drug sales using a black Mitsubishi SUV and a black
Mitsubishi sedan. The CI provided Veltre with the license plate numbers of the
two vehicles.
The CI provided Veltre with a physical description of the man. Based on
the information provided by the CI, Veltre obtained a photograph of defendant
from the Division of Motor Vehicles. When shown the photograph, the CI
identified defendant as the individual he described as involved in the distribution
of cocaine.
During the week of September 4, 2017, Veltre conducted surveillance and
observed defendant arrive at the building later confirmed as defendant's
residence. Defendant drove a black Mitsubishi SUV with the license plate
number the CI provided. Veltre saw defendant park the vehicle and then walk
to a black Mitsubishi sedan with the license plate number the CI had provided.
The sedan was parked in the driveway of defendant's residence. Defendant
entered the sedan and moved around objects in the vehicle.
A-3944-18 3 During the week of September 4, 2017, the CI made a controlled purchase
of cocaine from defendant. As Veltre explained in the search warrant affidavit,
while in Veltre's and another detective's presence, the CI called defendant at a
number defendant previously provided to the CI. During the telephone call, the
CI made arrangements to purchase cocaine from defendant. The CI was
searched by the police and found not to be in possession of any cocaine, and
then, while under constant surveillance, the CI travelled to a location designated
by defendant. Law enforcement officers observed defendant arrive at the
location in the Mitsubishi sedan. The officers saw the CI and defendant engage
in a hand-to-hand transaction. Following the transaction, the police observed
defendant drive the sedan directly to his residence, where he parked the vehicle
and entered the residence through a side door.
Meanwhile, while under constant surveillance, the CI returned to meet the
other officers. The CI told Veltre that following a brief conversation at the
designated location, defendant provided cocaine in exchange for the currency
Veltre had given the CI for the controlled purchase. The substance the CI
purchased from defendant tested positive for cocaine.
During the week of September 15, 2017, the CI made a second controlled
purchase of cocaine from defendant. The purchase was arranged during a phone
A-3944-18 4 call between the CI and defendant. The CI contacted defendant on a number
defendant provided the CI, and Veltre and another detective were present during
the call. Shortly after the call, defendant was observed exiting the side door of
his residence, entering the Mitsubishi SUV, and driving to the location he had
designated for the transaction with the CI.
The police again searched the CI to confirm the CI was not in possession
of any controlled dangerous substances, and officers thereafter surveilled the CI
during the CI's travel to the location defendant had designated. Police officers
observed defendant arrive at the location in the Mitsubishi SUV and engage in
a hand-to-hand exchange with the CI.
Following the exchange, the CI remained under constant surveillance, and
the CI met with law enforcement officers. The CI explained defendant had
turned over cocaine in exchange for the currency the police provided the CI.
The substance defendant sold the CI tested positive for cocaine.
Veltre's search warrant affidavit described the building in which
defendant lived as a three-story, multi-family structure. The building's address
is listed as defendant's residence on his driver's license. Veltre's affidavit
explains that during the investigation, officers conducted surveillance of the
building to identify defendant's apartment. Officers knocked on a side door of
A-3944-18 5 the building, and defendant answered. Defendant explained to the officers that
he resided in one of two basement apartments and that his apartment could only
be accessed using the side door. Defendant also said the other basement
apartment could only be accessed through the rear door.
Based on Veltre's affidavit, the court issued a search warrant for
defendant's basement apartment residence, defendant's person, and the two
Mitsubishi vehicles. Officers executed the warrant on October 3, 2017 and
seized from the residence a black AWS scale and $8,770 in cash, consisting of
twenty-six $100 bills, forty-five $50 bills, one hundred and ninety $20 bills,
eleven $10 bills, and two $5 bills. The officers also seized a bag containing a
blender with cocaine residue, a digital scale, cocaine, mannitol, lactose bottles ,
a metal spoon with cocaine residue, a cardboard box containing numerous
baggies, baggies containing cocaine, a roll of duct tape, an Express loan card
addressed to defendant, and a Ziploc bag containing numerous plastic bags.
Additionally, the police seized sixty dollars, a silver husky knife, and a black
flip phone from defendant's person.
A grand jury indicted defendant for third-degree possession of CDS,
cocaine, N.J.S.A. 2C:35-10(a)(1); third-degree possession of CDS, cocaine,
with intent to distribute, N.J.S.A. 2C:35-5(a)(1) and N.J.S.A. 2C:35-5(b)(3);
A-3944-18 6 third-degree money laundering, N.J.S.A. 2C:21-25(a); and fourth-degree
possession with intent to distribute drug paraphernalia, N.J.S.A. 2C:36 -3.
Defendant moved to suppress the evidence seized from his residence
pursuant to the search warrant. In a detailed written decision, the court denied
defendant's motion, finding Veltre's affidavit established probable cause to
search defendant's residence.
At trial the State called several witnesses, including Veltre, who testified
about the execution of the warrant and the items seized during the search of
defendant's residence, and Detective Anthony Reimer, who testified as an expert
in the field of the use, packaging, and distribution of narcotics.
Reimer testified half a gram to a gram of cocaine can be sold on the street
for around $50 to $75. He opined digital scales are used to weigh controlled
dangerous substances, a blender can be used to mix narcotics with a cutting
agent to expand the amount of product a person would have, and lactose and
mannitol are common cutting agents. Reimer further testified a gram of a
substance containing mannitol and lactose would typically sell for the same
amount as pure cocaine. Reimer also opined that the most common form of
payment in narcotics sales is cash and that "currency when located
with . . . narcotics activity could be proceeds from narcotics sales."
A-3944-18 7 Defendant testified on his own behalf. He acknowledged he resided in the
apartment that was searched, but he denied ownership of the cocaine and denied
ever seeing cocaine in the apartment. He also denied knowledge of the blender,
mannitol, and lactose found in his apartment. Defendant explained the cash
found in the safe was from his employment and from selling his possessions in
Puerto Rico to finance his move to the United States.
During its deliberations, the jury sent the court a note, stating the jurors
were unable to reach a verdict on the charges and that they did "not believe
continued discussion will reach a decision." The jury asked, "How do we
proceed?" Defendant moved for a mistrial, and the court denied the motion.
The court instructed the jurors to continue deliberating, but also instructed that
if the jurors determined "further deliberations will be futile," they should notify
the court in another note.
After further deliberating, the jury found defendant a guilty of third-
degree possession of CDS and fourth-degree possession of drug paraphernalia
with intent to distribute. The jury could not reach a unanimous verdict on the
third-degree possession of CDS with intent to distribute and third-degree money
laundering charges. Those charges were later dismissed. The court later
sentenced defendant to twenty days in jail and three years of probation for
A-3944-18 8 possession of CDS, to run concurrent to defendant's sentence of eighteen -
months' probation for possession of drug paraphernalia with intent to distribute.
Defendant appeals from his convictions. He presents the following
arguments for our consideration:
POINT I
THE MOTION TO SUPPRESS EVIDENCE SHOULD HAVE BEEN GRANTED BECAUSE THE SEARCH WARRANT APPLICATION FAILED TO ESTABLISH A NEXUS BETWEEN THE HAND-TO- HAND DRUG TRANSACTIONS ON THE STREET AND DEFENDANT'S RESIDENCE.
POINT II
THE STATE'S DRUG EXPERT'S TESTIMONY VIOLATED THE HOLDINGS OF STATE V. CAIN AND STATE V. SIMMS BY OPINING DIRECTLY ON DEFENDANT'S INTENT, WHICH WAS AN ULTIMATE ISSUE OF FACT SOLELY FOR THE JURY, REQUIRING REVERSAL.
POINT III
THE TRIAL COURT SHOULD HAVE DECLARED A MISTRIAL ONCE THE JURY INDICATED THAT IT WAS "UNABLE TO REACH AGREEMENT ON ANY CHARGES" AND SHOULD NOT HAVE ISSUED A "FURTHER DELIBERATIONS" INSTRUCTION.
A. The Requested Mistrial Should Have Been Granted After the Jury's Initial Deadlock Announcement.
A-3944-18 9 B. It Was Improper for the Judge to Issue a "Further Deliberations" Instruction. II.
We first consider defendant's argument the court erred by denying his
motion to suppress the evidence seized from his residence. Defendant contends
Veltre's affidavit did not establish a sufficient nexus between defendant's
residence and defendant's drug sales to the CI to establish probable cause to
search the residence. We are not persuaded.
Generally, our review of a motion to suppress is limited. State v.
Robinson, 200 N.J. 1, 15 (2009). We will "uphold a trial court's factual
findings . . . [when] 'supported by sufficient credible evidence in the record.'"
State v. Watts, 223 N.J. 503, 516 (2015) (quoting State v. Elders, 192 N.J. 224,
243 (2007)). "However, we owe no deference to conclusions of law made by
lower courts in suppression decisions, which we instead review de novo." State
v. Boone, 232 N.J. 417, 426 (2017).
Both our state and federal constitutions "provide in nearly identical
language that 'no warrant shall issue except upon probable cause, supported by
oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the
papers and things to be seized.'" State v. Marshall, 199 N.J. 602, 610 (2009)
(quoting N.J. Const. art. I, ¶ 7); U.S. Const. amend. IV. To properly issue a
A-3944-18 10 search warrant, a "judge must be satisfied that there is probable cause to believe
that a crime has been committed, or is being committed, at a specific location or
that evidence of a crime is at the place sought to be searched." State v. Sullivan,
169 N.J. 204, 210 (2001).
Although not easily defined, probable cause "is generally understood to
mean . . . 'more than mere naked suspicion.'" State v. Gathers, 234 N.J. 208,
220 (2018) (quoting State v. Keyes, 184 N.J. 541, 553 (2005)). It exists when
officers have "a 'well[-]grounded' suspicion that a crime has been or is being
committed." Sullivan, 169 N.J. at 211 (quoting State v. Waltz, 61 N.J. 83, 87
(1972)). A probable cause finding requires that a court "make a practical,
common sense determination whether, given all of the circumstances, 'there is a
fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a
particular place.'" State v. O'Neal, 190 N.J. 601, 612 (2007) (quoting State v.
Moore, 181 N.J. 40, 46 (2004)); see also State v. Chippero, 201 N.J. 14, 28
(2009). When a search is made pursuant to a warrant, probable cause is
determined "based on the information contained within the four corners of the
supporting affidavit, as supplemented by sworn testimony before the issuing
judge." Marshall, 199 N.J. at 611 (quoting Schneider v. Simonini, 163 N.J. 336,
363 (2000)).
A-3944-18 11 "A search . . . executed pursuant to a warrant is 'presumptively valid,' and
a defendant challenging the issuance of that warrant has the burden of proof to
establish a lack of probable cause . . . ." Boone, 232 N.J. at 427 (quoting Watts,
223 N.J. at 513-14). Thus, we "accord substantial deference to the discretionary
determination resulting in the issuance of the [search] warrant," ibid. (alteration
in original) (quoting State v. Jones, 179 N.J. 377, 388 (2004)), and will generally
err on the side of sustaining the search when there is doubt as to the factual
adequacy offered to establish probable cause, Jones, 179 N.J. at 388-89.
As noted, defendant contends Veltre's affidavit did not establish probable
cause to search defendant's home. Defendant argues the affidavit demonstrates
only that defendant sold cocaine from his two vehicles and the affidavit did not
establish a sufficient nexus between the two controlled buys and defendant's
home to support a finding of probable cause there was evidence of a crime in
the home. Defendant also claims the affidavit demonstrated nothing more than
defendant sold cocaine at the locations the two controlled buys took place , and
the affidavit lacked sufficient information to establish probable cause defendant
distributed cocaine from his residence.
Based on our review of the affidavit, we are convinced it amply supports
the warrant judge's finding of probable cause to search defendant's residence.
A-3944-18 12 The affidavit explained that during the CI's first telephone call to defendant,
defendant agreed to sell cocaine to the CI. When he arrived at the location,
defendant was in possession of cocaine, which he handed to the CI in exchange
for currency. Following that transaction, defendant returned directly to his
residence.
The affidavit further shows that shortly after agreeing to make the second
cocaine sale to the CI, defendant was observed leaving his residence, entering
one of his vehicles, driving to the location he designated, and delivering cocaine
to the CI in exchange for currency.
"The totality of the circumstances must be considered in determining
whether there is probable cause." O'Neal, 190 N.J. at 612. Here, those
circumstances include defendant immediately going to his residence after
receiving currency for the cocaine he had just sold to the CI, and, days later,
leaving his residence and going directly to a designated location with the cocaine
he sold to the CI. Those circumstances support a "common sense determination"
that there is a "fair probability" defendant not only stored the cocaine that he
sold in his home, but that he also kept the proceeds of his sales—the currency—
there. See ibid. The motion court therefore properly concluded Veltre's
affidavit supported a finding of probable cause to search defendant's residence.
A-3944-18 13 See State v. Myers, 357 N.J. Super. 32, 39-40 (App. Div. 2003) (finding
probable cause to support a warrant to search a defendant's home where officers
observed defendant leaving his home and engaging in drug transactions).
We reject defendant's reliance on Boone to support his claim that the
controlled "buys did not offer any basis to conclude that drugs were stored" at
his residence. In Boone, the Court found a warrant application to search one
unit in a multi-unit complex did not establish probable cause because "there was
nothing in the affidavit to indicate where [the defendant] lived, how police knew
which apartment was his, or how the apartment was connected to his drug
dealing." 232 N.J. at 430. Here, officers observed defendant enter and exit the
side door of the building directly before and after drug sales, and they confirmed
defendant's vehicles were registered to him at the building address. In addition,
defendant told two officers prior to the issuance of the warrant that he lived in
the basement apartment and that his apartment was the only apartment that could
be accessed through the building's side door. Thus, unlike in Boone, the search
warrant affidavit established "a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a
crime [would] be found" at defendant's apartment that was identified in the
affidavit and for which the search warrant was expressly issued. See Moore,
181 N.J. at 46; see also Myers, 357 N.J. Super. at 39-40.
A-3944-18 14 Defendant did not sustain his burden of establishing the search of his
residence pursuant to a warrant was not supported by probable cause. We affirm
the court's denial of defendant's suppression motion.
III.
Defendant next claims his convictions should be reversed because the
State's expert, Reimer, improperly offered an opinion about defendant's intent
to use various items seized from defendant's home. Defendant argues Reimer's
testimony constituted indirect, and impermissible, opinion testimony defendant
had an intent to distribute drugs.
We review the admissibility of expert testimony applying the abuse of
discretion standard. State v. Summers, 176 N.J. 306, 312 (2003). Expert
testimony is admissible when "scientific, technical, or other specialized
knowledge will assist the trier of fact to understand the evidence or to determine
a fact in issue." N.J.R.E. 702. To be admissible under N.J.R.E. 702, "the expert
testimony must 'concern[] a subject matter beyond the ken of an average juror.'"
State v. Covil, 240 N.J. 448, 464 (2020) (alteration in original) (quoting State v.
Cain, 224 N.J. 410, 420 (2016)). So long as the expert testimony involves a
"subject matter . . . beyond the ken of the average juror" and "assists 'the trier of
fact,'" State v. Nesbitt, 185 N.J. 504, 514 (2006) (citations omitted), it is
A-3944-18 15 admissible, even if the testimony "embraces an ultimate issue to be decided by
the trier of fact," State v. Simms, 224 N.J. 393, 403 (2016) (quoting N.J.R.E.
704). "Expert testimony is not necessary to tell the jury the 'obvious' or to
resolve issues that the jury can figure out on its own." Ibid. Instead, such
"testimony should be limited to areas that are beyond the understanding of the
jury." State v. Sowell, 213 N.J. 89, 102 (2013).
In criminal drug cases, experts may "help jurors understand the indicia of
a distribution operation, such as how drug traffickers package and process drugs
for distribution," or they may "shed light on the significance of the quantities
and concentrations of drugs, the value of drugs, the use of identifiable logos on
drug packaging, and the function of drug paraphernalia, e.g., scales, baggies,
and cutting agents." Cain, 224 N.J. at 426; see also Simms, 224 N.J. at 408
(finding an expert may explain the purpose of stamping a logo on drug
packaging found in the defendant's vehicle). However, "an expert witness may
not opine on the defendant's state of mind. Whether a defendant possessed a
[CDS] with the intent to distribute is an ultimate issue of fact to be decided by
the jury." Cain, 224 N.J. at 429; see also Simms, 224 N.J. at 409.
To be sure, Reimer testified about the purpose of digital scales, blenders,
and cutting agents in drug distribution cases. He explained scales are used to
A-3944-18 16 weigh drugs, a blender can be used to mix narcotics with a cutting agent to
expand the amount of product a person has, and lactose and mannitol are
common cutting agents. He also testified that half a gram to a gram of cocaine
sold for about $50 to $75 on the street, and that a substance containing mannitol
or lactose sells for approximately the same amount as pure cocaine. Reimer
further opined the most common form of payment in narcotics sales is cash and
that "currency when located with . . . narcotics activity could be proceeds from
narcotics sales."
Reimer's testimony about the value of cocaine sold on the street, the
functions of drug paraphernalia, and the typical use of cash in drug transaction s
was properly admitted because it provided information beyond the ken of the
average juror that was helpful in assisting the triers of fact understand the
evidence. See Cain, 224 N.J. at 426. In providing that testimony, Reimer did
not offer an opinion on intent generally or defendant's intent in particular. He
instead directly explained only how items, such as scales, a blender, lactose, and
mannitol, are used to prepare drugs for distribution.
Contrary to defendant's claim, we do not find the mere fact that Reimer
offered an opinion concerning the manner in which the items recovered from
defendant's home might be used for drug distribution as expressing an opinion
A-3944-18 17 on defendant's intent or guilt. Questions posed to a drug distribution expert may
properly "incorporate the evidence of record, such as the quantity of drugs,
packaging materials, scales, and money discovered, and the expert can render
an opinion on their significance in a drug-distribution operation." Id. at 429.
Reimer properly offered testimony concerning the pertinence of the items seized
from defendant's residence, including the currency found in defendant's safe, to
drug-distribution activities. His opinions "help[ed the] jurors understand the
indicia of a [drug] distribution operation," but he did not "express an opinion,"
directly or indirectly, "on matters that fall within the ken of the average juror or
offer an opinion about . . . defendant's guilt." Id. at 426. We find no error in
the admission of his testimony.
IV.
Defendant contends the court erred by denying his motion for a mistrial
following the jury's note stating it was "unable to reach agreement" and did "not
believe a continued discussion [would] reach a decision," and asking how it
should proceed. Defendant argues the court erred by giving an inconsistent and
confusing jury instruction that combined the Model Jury Charges for "Judge's
Inquiry When Jury Reports Inability to Reach Verdict" and "Judge's Instructions
on Further Jury Deliberations." See Model Jury Charges (Criminal), "Judge's
A-3944-18 18 Inquiry When Jury Reports Inability to Reach Verdict" (approved June 10, 2013)
and Model Jury Charges (Criminal), "Judge's Instructions on Further Jury
Deliberations" (approved Jan. 14, 2013). Defendant also asserts the court's
instruction was coercive.
The decision to grant or deny a mistrial rests within the trial court's sound
discretion. State v. Harvey, 151 N.J. 117, 205 (1997). "[A]n appellate court
will not disturb a trial court's ruling on a motion for a mistrial, absent an abuse
of discretion that results in a manifest injustice." State v. Patterson, 435 N.J.
Super. 498, 510 (App. Div. 2014) (quoting State v. Jackson, 211 N.J. 394, 407
(2012)).
When a jury declares it is unable to reach a unanimous verdict, "the
decision whether to grant a mistrial turns on whether the duration of the
deliberations balanced against the length of the trial and the complexity of the
proofs shows the jury has made a good-faith effort to reach a sustainable
verdict." State v. Gleaton, 446 N.J. Super. 478, 514 (App. Div. 2016) (quoting
State v. Dorsainvil, 435 N.J. Super. 449, 481 (App. Div. 2014)). If, after
weighing these factors, a court "is not satisfied that all possibilities of reaching
a verdict have been exhausted," it "may send a jury back for further
deliberations." State v. Harris, 457 N.J. Super. 34, 50 (App. Div. 2018) (quoting
A-3944-18 19 State v. Carswell, 303 N.J. Super. 462, 478 (App. Div. 1997)). In contrast, "if
the jury has reported a definite deadlock after a reasonable period of
deliberations," then a court's instruction to the jury to continue deliberating
constitutes an abuse of discretion. State v. Adim, 410 N.J. Super. 410, 423 (App.
Div. 2009) (quoting State v. Czachor, 82 N.J. 392, 407 (1980)).
In its instruction to continue deliberations, a court "may not coerce or
unduly influence the jury in reaching a verdict." Harris, 457 N.J. Super. at 50
(quoting Carswell, 303 N.J. Super. at 478); see State v. Figueroa, 190 N.J. 219,
227, 240-43 (2007) (reversing and remanding after finding the court's
supplemental charge that it would be around all weekend and "as long as it takes
[the jury] to go through this process" was coercive). We have explained that
when instructing a jury that reports being deadlocked, a trial judge must be especially vigilant to avoid communicating a results-oriented message that could be perceived as intolerant of dissent and antagonistic to the free expression of strongly held beliefs that may not be shared by a majority of the deliberating jurors.
[Gleaton, 446 N.J. Super. at 515 (quoting Dorsainvil, 435 N.J. Super. at 481).]
Measured against these principles, we discern no basis to conclude the
court abused its discretion by denying defendant's motion for a mistrial. The
jury deliberated less than an hour on the first day of its deliberations, and, on
A-3944-18 20 the second day, the jury deliberated approximately four hours and fifteen
minutes before submitting the note advising it was "unable to reach agreement"
and did "not believe a continued discussion [would] reach a decision." 1 Given
that the jurors were required to determine defendant's guilt or innocence on four
separate charges and the jury had deliberated less than five hours, we do not find
the court abused its discretion by denying defendant's motion for a mistrial and
directing the jurors to continue deliberating. See State v. Childs, 204 N.J. Super.
639, 646-48 (App. Div. 1985) (holding a court did not abuse its discretion by
directing a jury to continue deliberating when the jury had only deliberat ed
1 We calculate the duration of the jury deliberations based on the information reflected in the trial transcripts. The transcripts reflect the jury deliberated for forty minutes, from 3:36 p.m. to 4:16 p.m., on the first day of its deliberations. On the second day of deliberations, the transcript reflects the jury's deliberations were interrupted at 9:21 a.m. while the court addressed a jury question. We assume the deliberations commenced at approximately 9:00 a.m., and thus conclude the jury deliberated for twenty-one minutes prior to the 9:21 a.m. interruption. The transcript further reflects the jury returned to the jury room at 9:27 p.m. and deliberated for one hour and thirty-four minutes until 11:01 a.m., when the court excused the jury for a break. At 11:48 a.m. the break ended, and the court played back testimony for the jury that it had requested. The jury continued deliberations for twenty minutes from 12:20 p.m. until it was excused for a one-hour lunch break at 12:40 p.m. The jury deliberated for an additional two hours, from 1:40 p.m. to 3:40 p.m., at which time it sent the note indicating it could not reach a verdict and believed further continued discussions would not result in a decision. Thus, we discern the jury deliberated for two hundred and fifty-five minutes, or four-hours and fifteen minutes, on the second day of deliberations. A-3944-18 21 approximately six or seven hours, the case involved multiple charges, it was the
jury's first communication it was deadlocked, and the jurors did not indicate they
would never reach a verdict); see also State v. Ross, 218 N.J. 130, 138, 145
(2014) (finding no abuse of discretion when a judge instructed the jurors to
continue deliberating even though they had already deliberated for five days and
indicated they were unable to reach a verdict on any count). Moreover, the jury's
note requested that the court provide guidance as to how to proceed in light of
the jury's belief that further discussion would not result in a decision. See Ross,
218 N.J. at 145 (explaining the trial court properly "instructed the jury to resume
deliberations" where the jury "did not signal an intractable divide,"
"communicated that its effort to reach consensus on the issues had fallen short,"
and requested "direction in light of" the fact it was "unable to reach a unanimous
verdict").
Under the circumstances presented, it was within the court's discretion to
direct the jurors to continue deliberating, see id. at 138, 145; Childs, 204 N.J.
Super. at 646-48, and the court's further deliberations instruction was in accord
with the model jury charge, see Model Jury Charges (Criminal), "Judge's
Instructions on Further Jury Deliberations" (approved Jan. 14, 2013). Defendant
did not object to the court's instruction at trial. We therefore review defendant's
A-3944-18 22 argument under the plain error standard and must determine whether defendant
demonstrates "legal impropriety in the charge prejudicially affecting the
substantial rights of the defendant and sufficiently grievous to justify notice by
the reviewing court and to convince the court that of itself the error possessed a
clear capacity to bring about an unjust result." State v. Wakefield, 190 N.J. 397,
473 (2007) (quoting State v. Chapland, 187 N.J. 275, 289 (2006)). Defendant
makes no such showing here.
In addition, to ensure its instruction was not coercive, the court expressly
instructed the jury that it should immediately inform the court if it had
determined further deliberations would be futile. The court instructed the jury
as follows:
If you truly feel that further deliberations will not be beneficial, and you feel that you have reached the point where further deliberations will be futile, I would ask you after you return to the jury deliberation room and have discussed the issue among yourselves to advise me of that position in another note.
The instruction is materially the same as the model jury charge responding to a
jury's report of an inability to reach a verdict. See Model Jury Charges
(Criminal), "Judge's Inquiry When Jury Reports Inability to Reach Verdict"
(approved June 10, 2013). Thus, contrary to defendant's claim the court's
instruction was coercive, the court clearly and expressly informed the jury it
A-3944-18 23 should report to the court if it determined further deliberations wou ld be futile.
Consistent with the instruction, the jury later reported it was unable to reach a
verdict on two of the counts charged in the indictment.
Defendant's reliance on our decision in Adim is misplaced. In Adim, the
jury twice indicated it was deadlocked. 410 N.J. Super. at 420. Following the
second reported deadlock, the court instructed the jury it had an "oath[]" and
"responsibility" to determine the facts and "to return a just and true verdict." Id.
at 426. We found the instruction—along with the trial court's act of outlining
the evidence in the case to the jury—coercive, and accordingly reversed and
remanded. Id. at 426-27, 430.
Unlike in Adim, the court here did not state or imply the jurors had a
responsibility to return a verdict, did not outline the evidence to the jury, and
did not require the jurors to continue deliberating after they indicated a second
deadlock. To the contrary, the court instructed the jury to continue its
deliberations in accordance with the model jury charge, and further informed the
jury that it should report to the court if it determined further deliberations would
be futile. The court's denial of defendant's motion for a mistrial and its
instructions to the jury to continue deliberating were therefore proper. See State
v. Harris, 156 N.J. 122, 184 (1998) (finding no error in the court's instruction to
A-3944-18 24 the jury to continue deliberating but not to "surrender" their views or change
their opinion to agree with the other jurors).
Affirmed.
A-3944-18 25