NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-2501-17T3
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
KANEM WILLIAMSON,
Defendant-Appellant.
Submitted October 3, 2019 – Decided January 9, 2020
Before Judges Alvarez and DeAlmeida.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Essex County, Indictment No. 15-08-1937.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for appellant (Robert Carter Pierce, Designated Counsel, on the brief).
Theodore N. Stephens II, Acting Essex County Prosecutor, attorney for respondent (Barbara A. Rosenkrans, Special Deputy Attorney General/Acting Assistant Prosecutor, of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM Tried to a jury, defendant Kanem Williamson was convicted of first-
degree aggravated manslaughter, N.J.S.A. 2C:11-4(a)(1),1 second-degree
unlawful possession of a weapon, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-5(b), and second-degree
possession of a weapon for an unlawful purpose, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-4(a). On
December 1, 2017, the trial judge sentenced defendant on the aggravated
manslaughter to twenty-five years imprisonment, subject to the No Early
Release Act's eighty-five percent parole disqualifier, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2, and
imposed a concurrent eight-year term subject to four years of parole ineligibility
under the Graves Act, N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6(c), on the unlawful possession of a
weapon. The judge merged the possession of a weapon for an unlawful purpose
into the aggravated manslaughter count.
Defendant appeals, making the central argument that admission of the
video of the victim A.B.'s dying declaration was prejudicial error mandating
reversal and a new trial. However, we conclude the circumstances surrounding
A.B.'s identification of defendant warranted the trial judge's decision to admit
it. We further conclude that this dying declaration was an exception to
1 The jury convicted defendant of a lesser-included offense—he was tried on a charge of purposeful or knowing murder, N.J.S.A. 2C:11-3(a)(1), (2).
A-2501-17T3 2 Crawford's proscription against the use of testimonial statements in a criminal
case,2 and thus affirm.
The Pretrial Hearings
The trial judge found A.B.'s identification of defendant, a dying
declaration, was admissible after conducting a pretrial N.J.R.E. 104 hearing.
See N.J.R.E. 804(b)(2). The following facts were developed at the hearing.
A paramedic who arrived at the scene at approximately 1:04 p.m. on May
5, 2014 found A.B. "unconscious, unresponsive and not breathing[,]" having
been shot multiple times. The paramedic measured A.B.'s responsiveness
utilizing the Glasgow Coma Scale,3 scoring her reactions three out of a possible
2 Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 54 (2004). 3 The Glasgow Coma Scale:
takes into account three aspects: the ability to move, the ability to speak, and the ability to move one's eyes around. The worst score a person can have is one point in each of the three categories, a Glasgow Coma score of [three]. . . . [A] dead body would have a score of [three]. The best possible score, the score for a normal healthy person, is a score of [fifteen]. . . . A score of [eight] means the brain is severely injured and the person cannot protect his or her airway from aspirating vomit.
[People v. Delgado, 153 Cal. Rptr. 3d 260, 263 (Cal. Ct. App. 2013).] A-2501-17T3 3 fifteen points. She initially had no pulse, but was revived after the
administration of epinephrine to restart her heart.
A.B. arrived at the hospital unconscious, "extremely unstable[,]" and
experiencing "traumatic arrest" as a result of multiple gunshot wounds. Dr.
Anastasia Kunac, M.D., testified that A.B. had an entry wound near her spinal
cord and required an endotracheal tube to assist her with breathing.
Approximately two hours after her arrival, A.B. began to stir and tried to speak.
At that time, Kunac informed her that she had been shot multiple times, that her
heart had been restarted, and that she could not move her extremities or breathe
on her own due to the spinal injury. When told about her condition, A.B. became
upset and "visibly tearful." Based on her observations, Kunac believed A.B.
was aware of the gravity of her injury, knew she was still in critical condition,
and, as the doctor phrased it, "at imminent risk of death." Kunac informed A.B.
and her family that A.B. "could" die.
Newark Police Department Detective Filiberto Padilla was assigned to
investigate. When Padilla met with A.B. at the hospital, he thought that "[s]he
was going to die." Using his cell phone, he video recorded his interview with
A-2501-17T3 4 A.B. in her hospital bed, during which he showed her defendant's mugshot. He
had earlier acquired information pointing to defendant as a suspect. 4
Padilla asked A.B. a series of questions, requesting that she nod to answer
yes or no:
DETECTIVE PADILLA: Listen, if I showed you a picture of who did this, would you know who it is? [A.B. nods her head up and down.]
....
DETECTIVE PADILLA: Do you know who shot you? [A.B. nods her head up and down.] Just nod your head. Do you know who -- where you're at, at this present time? Yes? [A.B. nods her head up and down.] The person that did this to you, have you known him for a while? [A.B. nods her head up and down.] Is he from the complex? [A.B. nods her head up and down.] . . . Just take a look at this picture, okay? And tell me if you recognize this person. [A.B. nods her head up and down.] You're saying, yes? – is . . . the person on this picture the person that shot you earlier today? [A.B. nods her head up and down.] Have any -- did you have any arguments with him earlier today in reference to anything? Yes, or no? No? [A.B. nods her head side to side.] And you -- you're sure that this is the person that shot you? Yes? [A.B. nods her head up and down.]
While on the stand, Kunac watched the video of the interview. She said
that not only could A.B. move her head to indicate yes or no, but that given the
4 Among other things, at trial, references were made to a Facebook posting about the shooting suggesting that defendant was the perpetrator. A-2501-17T3 5 absence of any traumatic head injury or medications which would affect her
lucidity, she likely understood what was taking place.
After A.B. identified defendant's picture, Padilla signed the back of the
photo since A.B. could not. She was hospitalized for three months and was later
transferred to a rehabilitation facility. She died as a result of her injuries in
April 2015.5
The judge found the three state witnesses, the paramedic, Kunac, and
Padilla, to be credible. She further found that when A.B. identified defendant
as the shooter, she was aware of the extent of her injuries and the possibility of
imminent death, as A.B. was in "critical condition." Since A.B. "believed she
was in imminent threat of death[,] [h]er answers to Detective Padilla's questions
were voluntary and were made in good faith and, as such, should be admitted
into evidence under Evidence Rule 804(b)(2), commonly known as a dying
declaration."
The trial judge also concluded admission of the statement did not violate
defendant's right to confront his accuser because the sole purpose of eliciting
the identification was to meet an "ongoing emergency." It was "imperative to
5 The medical examiner opined A.B.'s cause of death was complications from the gunshot wounds, and the manner of death was homicide. A-2501-17T3 6 identify the shooter and neutralize the threat to the community." Therefore, no
confrontation clause violation occurred, and the exception to the hearsay rule
applied.
Additionally, defendant argued that A.B.'s out-of-court identification
should be suppressed because Padilla failed to properly memorialize the
identification procedure, the identification process grossly violated the attorney
general guidelines, and defendant's confrontation clause rights would be
violated if the dying declaration were admitted. The court denied this
application as well, observing that the arguments challenging the viability of the
statement as a dying declaration did not significantly differ from the arguments
made in opposition to its admission.
Lastly, the judge denied defendant's Wade application. She found the
identification process was not impermissibly suggestive, and even if suggestive,
the process was nonetheless reliable because A.B. was acquainted with
defendant before the incident.
The Trial
Among others, the State called the paramedic, Padilla, and Kunac as
witnesses during the trial. The prosecutor asked the court to find A.B.'s video
recorded dying declaration was authentic, in reliance on the pretrial order. The
A-2501-17T3 7 purpose of the State's application was to avoid defendant making a chain of
custody argument before the jury. Defense counsel argued that admission
should be made based on necessary protocols establishing chain of custody. The
court ruled as follows:
it was very clear that this was a tape taken at that time, . . . I felt that there was no manipulation in the tape. I was satisfied with it and my understanding is that the main reason we were having the hearing was to determine if it was going to be admitted into evidence. When I stated that I was going to allow it into evidence, . . . I gave an extensive opinion that I had written and then just read into the record, when I gave my reasoning as to why I was going to allow these things into the record, and I believe that was on August 15th, 2016.
I would adopt all those same reasons in which we had arguments pertaining to the confrontation clause, the dying declaration, but I believed then and I believe now that it is fully admissible into the trial and I am going to allow it in.
The prosecutor played the video for the jury.
The State also showed the jury a building security tape of the incident. It
depicts an African American male with short hair and red or orange pants, whom
the State submitted was defendant, sitting on the steps in front of an apartment
complex in conversation with three other men, at approximately 12:54 p.m. One
of the three men goes inside, while defendant and two others remain talking on
the stairs. At around 12:55 p.m., A.B. is seen approaching while on her cell
A-2501-17T3 8 phone. She initially ignores the men on the stairs, but turns to say something to
them at about 12:55:51 p.m. After A.B. turns to walk away, the male in the red
pants begins to respond, and the two appear to argue. The convers ation ends
around 12:56:20 p.m. At 12:56:27 p.m., A.B. begins to walk back towards the
stairs of the complex, seemingly yelling. Immediately, the man in red pants
jumps to his feet, brandishing a handgun, and shoots repeatedly at A.B. as she
approaches. The man flees at 12:56:35 p.m. In the security footage, A.B. is
seen lying on the stairs in a pool of blood, as a crowd gathers around her.
Eleven nine-millimeter bullet shell casings, a cell phone, and a replica
handgun were recovered from the area. When Padilla learned a man known as
"June June," defendant, may have been involved, he went to "June June's"
address and spoke with Kanem Morris, defendant's father. Morris told police
his son admitted shooting A.B. during an argument, and had left the residence
moments before police arrived.
That same evening, at around 8:50 p.m., Morris made a recorded statement
about the shooting at the police station. In the statement, played in the
courtroom after the jury was dismissed, Morris said he learned that A.B. had
been shot while visiting a friend at University Hospital. A.B.'s sister, a family
friend, saw Morris in the hallway and told him that his son was the shooter.
A-2501-17T3 9 Morris explained that "they all know each other," referring to defendant and
A.B., because they lived in the same apartment complex.
As Morris and A.B.'s sister were talking in the hospital hallway, other
acquaintances began to surround him asking questions about the shooting.
When Morris encountered defendant shortly thereafter, he asked him about the
incident, and defendant told him he had been arguing with A.B. about money.
Defendant said he shot A.B. after she pulled a gun on him. Morris asked
defendant to remain and cooperate, but defendant fled when Morris told him the
police were on their way.
A redacted version of Morris's statement regarding defendant's admission
was played to the jury. At trial, when confronted with his description of
defendant's admissions, Morris claimed he only agreed to talk to police because
he thought there was a "shoot on sight" order against his son, which Padilla
denied existed. Morris ultimately alleged his statement "got messed up" and
that he must have misunderstood defendant. Morris signed an affidavit claiming
his recorded statement to police was "mendacious."
Police interviewed Kareem Brown, one of the individuals in front of the
building when A.B. was shot. He had been talking to Manuel De Los Reyes on
the stairs when A.B. walked by acting "chaotic[.]" When defendant approached
A-2501-17T3 10 the group, he began to argue with A.B. Brown recalled defendant wearing red
North Face pants that day. According to Brown, defendant suddenly "blew up"
and shot A.B. Brown said A.B. was known to carry a gun, but that at that
moment, despite acting chaotic earlier, he did not view her as a threat. Brown
believed, however, that defendant did feel threatened as a gun was visible on
A.B.'s waistband. At the close of the interview, Brown signed the back of a
photograph of defendant, and confirmed he was the person who shot A.B. He
also agreed that he participated in the interview "totally on [his own] free will."
Brown's statement was played to the jury.
At trial, Brown claimed that the man in red pants depicted on the security
tape was a person who had since passed away. He said A.B. acted "hostile" that
day and that her "attitude was chaotic." Brown also said she paced back and
forth and had a gun. He recanted his earlier statements to police, alleging he
was coerced into saying something to Padilla that "he didn't want to say." After
leaving the police station, Brown consulted with a friend who was "sharp with
the law," and he submitted a sworn affidavit stating that his prior statement to
police was untruthful because he had been high on drugs and uncomfortable.
A-2501-17T3 11 After defendant's arrest, police seized a nine-millimeter handgun during a
traffic stop. According to the ballistics expert, the shell casings found at the
scene matched the recovered handgun.
During the State's summation, the prosecutor said the following:
For the defense to argue that the other facilities left [A.B.] to die is disingenuous and it’s disgusting. These medical facilities had her for [eleven] months while she continued to deteriorate. And we heard Detective Padilla went to go visit her and her condition continued to worsen. Medical personnel were able to keep her alive for 11 months. It took less than 11 seconds for the defendant to put her in that situation.
The State submits when you first heard the openings, the defense told you there’s a cloak of innocence over the defendant. That cloak is gone. You’ve now heard all the proofs in the case and they point to one person, the defendant. You now have the identifications, you now have the videos, you have the statement from [A.B.], you have the photographs, you have the physical items and the testimony and all those items show that on May 5th, 2014 this defendant butchered [A.B.] by shooting at her 11 times, and I ask you to return the only verdict that’s consistent with the facts in this case and that is that this defendant is guilty, guilty, guilty. Thank you.
[(Emphasis added).]
Defendant objected to the prosecutor's use of the term "butcher" but nothing
else. The court overruled the objection.
A-2501-17T3 12 Defendant raises seven points on appeal:
POINT I THE PROSECUTION'S EVIDENCE ESTABLISHED THAT THE VICTIM DID NOT BELIEVE DEATH WAS IMMINENT WHEN SHE ALLEGEDLY MADE THE PHOTO IDENTIFICATION; BECAUSE THERE IS NO PROOF THE VICTIM UNDERSTOOD OR BELIEVED HER DEATH TO BE IMMINENT, THE IDENTIFICATION CANNOT BE ADMITTED UNDER THE DYING-DECLARATION HEARSAY EXCEPTION.
POINT II THE TRIAL COURT DEPRIVED MR. WILLIAMSON OF HIS SIXTH AMENDMENT RIGHT TO CONFRONTATION BY ADMITTING IN EVIDENCE THE ORDER GRANTING THE STATE'S MOTION TO INTRODUCE IN EVIDENCE THE VICTIM'S DYING DECLARATION PHOTO IDENTIFICATION.
POINT III THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY DENYING MR. WILLIAMSON'S MOTION TO SUPPRESS THE SHOW-UP IDENTIFICATION BECAUSE THERE WAS AN INADEQUATE RECORD OF THE IDENTIFICATION PROCEDURE IN VIOLATION OF [Rule] 3:11.
POINT IV THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY ALLOWING THE OUT-OF-COURT PHOTO IDENTIFICATION TO BE USED AT TRIAL, WITHOUT FIRST CONDUCTING A WADE HEARING, BECAUSE THE PROCEDURE DID NOT SATISFY THE CONSTITUTIONAL STANDARDS OF RELIABILITY.
A-2501-17T3 13 POINT V THE TRIAL COURT DEPRIVED MR. WILLIAMSON OF A FAIR TRIAL BY REFUSING TO ALLOW TESTIMONY OF THIRD-PARTY GUILT IN THAT THE VICTIM WAS THE STATE'S STAR WITNESS IN A MURDER PROSECUTION AGAINST A KNOWN "BLOOD" GANG MEMBER AT THE TIME WHEN SHE WAS MURDERED.
POINT VI THE PROSECUTOR COMMITTED MISCONDUCT DURING SUMMATION BY STATING THAT (A) "THE CLOAK OF INNOCENCE" OVER MR. WILLIAMSON IS NOW "GONE" (Not Raised Below); (B) MR. WILLIAMSON "BUTCHERED" THE VICTIM; AND (C) MR. WILLIAMSON'S DEFENSE IS "DISINGENUOUS AND IT'S DISGUSTING" (Not Raised Below), WHICH DEPRIVED MR. WILLIAMSON OF A FAIR TRIAL.
POINT VII THE SENTENCE IMPOSED WAS MANIFESTLY EXCESSIVE AND THE TRIAL COURT ERRED BY NOT GIVING MR. WILLIAMSON 1301 DAYS OF GAP TIME CREDIT.
Appellate review of a trial court's evidentiary determinations is limited to
examining the decision for abuse of discretion. Hisenaj v. Kuehner, 194 N.J. 6,
12 (2008). In doing so, the reviewing court may not "create anew the record on
which the trial court's admissibility determination was based." Ibid. Generally,
evidentiary determinations are given considerable latitude and will not be
disturbed unless the decision was so "wide of the mark that a manifest denial of
A-2501-17T3 14 justice resulted." State v. Kuropchak, 221 N.J. 368, 385-86 (2015) (quoting
State v. Marrero, 148 N.J. 469, 484 (1997)).
I.
A.
We first address defendant's contention that the admission of A.B.'s dying
declaration was error because when she made it she did not believe her death
was imminent. As a general matter, "statement[s], other than [those] made by
the declarant while testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove
the truth of the matter asserted[,]" are hearsay and inadmissible as evidence.
N.J.R.E. 801(c); N.J.R.E. 802. Certain exceptions to the hearsay rule apply,
however, if a declarant is "unavailable." N.J.R.E. 804. Those exceptions
include an unavailable declarant's statement made "under belief of imminent
death"—commonly referred to as a "dying declaration." N.J.R.E. 804(b)(2).
Under this particular hearsay exception, "a statement made by a victim
unavailable as a witness is admissible if it was made voluntarily and in good
faith and while the declarant believed in the imminence of declarant's impending
death." Ibid. "Although there is no controlling New Jersey authority explaining
'belief of imminent death,' the United States Supreme Court has held that
'[d]espair of recovery may indeed be gathered from the circumstances if the facts
A-2501-17T3 15 support the inference.'" State v. Prall, 231 N.J. 567, 585 (2018) (quoting
Shepard v. United States, 290 U.S. 96, 100 (1933)).
In assessing admission, the courts will look to:
all the attendant circumstances . . . including [1] the weapon which wounded him, [2] the nature and extent of his injuries, [3] his physical condition, [4] his conduct, and [5] what was said to and by him. [Citations omitted] Whether the attendant facts and circumstances of the case warrant the admission of a statement as a dying declaration is in the first instance for the court, but, when admitted, the declarant's state of mind and the credibility, interpretation and weight to be given his statement are for the jury under proper instructions.
[State v. Hegel, 113 N.J. Super. 193, 201 (App. Div. 1971) (sixth alteration in original) (citation omitted) (quoting Commonwealth v. Knable, 85 A.2d 114, 117 (Pa. 1982)).]
A.B. was never informed at the hospital that she was going to die,
however, Kunac told her she was in critical condition and "could" die. Police
interviewed A.B. shortly after she regained consciousness. She knew she had
been shot multiple times, her heart had stopped and been restarted, and that she
was in critical condition. Kunac confirmed that A.B. was lucid, understood the
gravity of her injures, and responded to the information about her medical status
with visible sadness and tears.
A-2501-17T3 16 Defendant nonetheless argues there was insufficient evidence for the court
to conclude that A.B. believed, or was conscious of, the possibility of imminent
death. In support of the argument, he relies on a Third Circuit case in which the
victim was shot three times and paralyzed. United States v. Lawrence, 349 F.3d
109, 111-12 (3d Cir. 2003). That court held the victim's statement to police was
not a dying declaration because neither the victim, nor medical staff, thought he
faced death at the time the statement was made, and he was able to actually name
the person who shot him. Id. at 116-17. The facts in Lawrence, however,
significantly differ from what occurred here. The victim in Lawrence was able
to speak to police at the crime scene and never lost consciousness. Id. at 112.
Unlike the victim in Lawrence, A.B. arrived at the hospital as a "traumatic
arrest" patient, both comatose and unresponsive, with a Glasgow score of three.
When she awoke after intense resuscitation efforts, the doctor informed her of
her injuries and the possibility of death. The medical staff believed A.B. could
die—and conveyed that notion to her. A.B. had every reason to believe death
was imminent.
A.B. was found lifeless at the crime scene with no detectible pulse.
Although resuscitated, she arrived at the hospital extremely unstable, in a
comatose and unresponsive state. Kunac could not remember, verbatim, her
A-2501-17T3 17 exact words to A.B. when she regained consciousness. But even if Kunac had
only conveyed a basic summary of her medical status, a similarly situated person
would have feared death was imminent.
A.B. died before the pretrial hearing took place. Without knowing how
she felt when interviewed, the court could only weigh and assess the testimony
of others—the paramedics, Padilla, Kunac—at the time she made the
identification. In looking to the Hegel factors, we conclude the judge did not
err in finding A.B.'s statement to police, under all the attendant circumstances,
was made under belief of imminent death and was therefore a dying declaration.
B.
Defendant asserts that by taking judicial notice of its August 1, 2017 order
admitting A.B.'s statements as a dying declaration, the judge deprived the jury
of the opportunity to decide on its own whether A.B.'s identification of
defendant was accurate. This point lacks merit. A jury can always reject or
accept evidence presented to them. In this case, as in every case, they were
instructed to independently weigh the evidence in determining whether the State
had proven its case beyond a reasonable doubt.
The right of a criminal defendant to confront witnesses against him is well
grounded in Constitutional and New Jersey Law. U.S. Const. amend. VI; N.J.
A-2501-17T3 18 Const. art. I, ¶ 10. "The Confrontation Clause generally prohibits the use of out-
of-court testimonial statements by an absent witness who has not been subject
to cross-examination." State v. Roach, 219 N.J. 58, 85 (2014) (Albin, J.
dissenting) (citing Crawford, 541 U.S. at 51). Critical to this rule, however, is
the difference between testimonial and nontestimonial statements. See Davis v.
Washington, 547 U.S. 813, 821-22 (2006).
Testimonial statements are those made in the course of an interrogation,
with the "primary purpose . . . to establish or prove past events potentially
relevant to later criminal prosecution." Id. at 822. Conversely, "[s]tatements
are nontestimonial when made in the course of police interrogation under
circumstances objectively indicating that the primary purpose of the
interrogation is to enable police assistance to meet an ongoing emergency."
Ibid. Only testimonial statements trigger a defendant's right to confrontation.
Id. at 821.
A defendant's right to confrontation is not violated, however, if evidence
is admitted where a "'firmly rooted' hearsay exception or 'particularized
guarantees of trustworthiness' assure its reliability." State v. Miller, 170 N.J.
417, 425-26 (2002) (quoting Ohio v. Roberts, 448 U.S. 56, 66 (1980)). The
Confrontation Clause may also serve to ensure "reliability of the evidence
A-2501-17T3 19 [admitted] against a criminal defendant by subjecting it to rigorous testing . . . ."
Id. at 425 (quoting Maryland v. Craig, 497 U.S. 836, 845 (1990)).
After the earlier finding that A.B.'s statement was a dying declaration, the
court found the interrogation was nontestimonial because Padilla testified that
the primary purpose of speaking with A.B. was to address an ongoing
emergency, since the shooter was still at large. Given that the armed suspect
fled the scene, the police were obliged to address the ongoing emergency and
question the victim, who after being shot at close range several times, had just
regained consciousness.
The United States Supreme Court has not directly addressed the dying
declaration exception after Crawford. However, the Court has held in a similar
scenario that a victim's dying declaration to police identifying an assailant was
non-testimonial because it was obtained to enable police to meet an ongoing
emergency. Michigan v. Bryant, 562 U.S. 344, 378 (2011).
The New Jersey Supreme Court has not ruled on this issue. A number of
other state courts have, prior to Bryant, and admitted such statements, although
on a different theory. For example, the Supreme Court of California has said:
Dying declarations were admissible at common law in felony cases, even when the defendant was not present at the time the statement was taken. In particular, the common law allowed the declaration of the deceased,
A-2501-17T3 20 after the mortal blow, as to the fact itself, and the party by whom it was committed, provided that the deceased at the time of making such declarations was conscious of his danger. To exclude such evidence as violative of the right to confrontation would not only be contrary to all the precedents in England and here, acquiesced in long since the adoption of these constitutional provisions, but it would be abhorrent to that sense of justice and regard for individual security and public safety which its exclusion in some cases would inevitably set at naught. But dying declarations, made under certain circumstances, were admissible at common law, and that common law was not repudiated by our constitution in the clause referred to, but adopted and cherished. Thus, if, as Crawford teaches, the confrontation clause is most naturally read as a reference to the right of confrontation at common law, admitting only those exceptions established at the time of the founding it follows that the common law pedigree of the exception for dying declarations poses no conflict with the Sixth Amendment. We therefore conclude the admission of Patel's dying declaration was not error.
[People v. Monterroso, 101 P.3d 956, 972 (Cal. 2004) (citations omitted) (quotations omitted).]
Other courts have engaged in the same analysis. See Commonwealth v.
Nesbitt, 892 N.E.2d 299, 310 (Mass. 2008) (“The confrontation clause ‘is most
naturally read as a reference to the right of confrontation at common law,’”
which recognized dying declarations as an exception to the right of
confrontation); State v. Jones, 197 P.3d 815, 822 (Kan. 2008) (“[W]e are
confident that, when given the opportunity to do so, the Supreme Court would
A-2501-17T3 21 confirm that a dying declaration may be admitted into evidence, even when it is
testimonial and unconfronted.”); Harkins v. State, 143 P.3d 706, 711 (Nev.
2006) (“[B]ecause dying declarations were recognized at common law as an
exception to the right of confrontation, they should continue to be recognized as
an exception.”); People v. Taylor, 737 N.W.2d 790, 794 (Mich. Ct. App. 2007)
("For the reasons stated by the Supreme Court of California, we hold that, under
Crawford, dying declarations are admissible as an historical exception to the
Confrontation Clause."); State v. Bodden, 661 S.E.2d 23, 29 (N.C. Ct. App.
2008) ("Monterroso and cases from other jurisdictions mirror our conclusion
that the confrontation clause allows an exception for testimonial dying
declarations.").
Thus, pursuant to the United States Supreme Court's "ongoing emergency"
doctrine, and historic precedent regarding exceptions to the confrontation
clause, A.B.'s dying declaration is admissible. This exception to the hearsay
rule, as embodied in N.J.R.E. 804(b)(2), continues to be viable even post -
Crawford. The judge did not abuse her discretion in admitting the evidence.
II.
Defendant contends admission of the dying declaration was prejudicial
error both because there were inadequate procedural safeguards when the record
A-2501-17T3 22 was created and because a Wade hearing was required, and none was conducted.
He further argues that a Wade hearing was necessary because the identification
procedure involving A.B. was impermissibly suggestive, and the police
recordkeeping violated Rule 3:11.
A.B., while in her hospital bed, could not easily communicate. The police
conducted and recorded the interview as best they could. A.B. knew
defendant—which Padilla knew before going to the hospital. Showing A.B. a
photograph of the suspect identified by other means, and recording the interview
on the officer's cell phone was therefore not violative of New Jersey's witness
identification procedures or impermissibly suggestive.
The Court said in State v. Anthony, 237 N.J. 213, 233-34 (2019), that a
defendant is entitled to a pretrial hearing on the admissibility of identification
evidence only where "no electronic or contemporaneous, verbatim written
recording of the identification procedure is prepared." Certainly, as defendant
suggests, the officer could have more closely adhered to the letter of the attorney
general guidelines, for example, by stating to A.B. that the photograph she was
being shown was of a person who "may or may not be the culprit." Under the
circumstances, however, what took place followed the spirit of the guidelines
and complied with the rule.
A-2501-17T3 23 In speaking to A.B., Padilla first asked if she knew the person that shot
her. All A.B. could do was nod her head to indicate assent—a gesture captured
on the video. Padilla asked A.B. if she had known the perpetrator "for a while,"
to which she also assented. Padilla asked A.B. if she recognized the person in
the photo she was shown, a statement with which A.B. agreed—as she did the
latter question—whether the person depicted in the photo "shot you earlier
today?" A.B. denied arguing with the person before the shooting. T he officer
then asked if she was "sure" that the person in the picture was the shooter —and
she again nodded.
To suggest the officer should have mechanically adhered to the procedures
given this death bed identification is not realistic. A.B.'s energy was limited.
The interview could not be conducted elsewhere or more slowly. Knowing A.B.
might die, the officer did the best he could, and did not suggest to A.B. that she
was being shown a photo of the shooter.
The trial court enjoys the discretion to determine whether an identification
is reliable. State v. Henderson, 208 N.J. 208, 289 (2011). The requirements of
the rule were satisfied in light of the unusual circumstances of the taking of the
statement. See Anthony, 237 N.J. at 233-34. The identification process was not
A-2501-17T3 24 impermissibly suggestive when the officer's actual words are considered. Thus,
the trial court's decision was not error.
III.
Defendant contends that the court should have permitted testimony
regarding third-party guilt because A.B. was a principal witness in a case
involving a Bloods gang member. The argument that third-party guilt should
have been presented to the jury has no basis in the record and thus lacks merit.
"A defendant is entitled to prove his innocence by showing that someone
else committed the crime with which he or she is charged." State v. Jimenez,
175 N.J. 475, 486 (2003). "There must, however, be some evidence of third -
party guilt to permit the defense to argue the point." Ibid. At a minimum, this
requires evidence "capable of raising a reasonable doubt of defendant's guilt."
Ibid. (quoting State v. Koedatich, 112 N.J. 225, 299 (1988)). In other words,
the proof offered must have "a rational tendency to engender a reasonable doubt
with respect to an essential feature of the State's case." State v. Cotto, 182 N.J.
316, 332 (2005) (quoting State v. Fortin, 178 N.J. 540, 591 (2004)). The third-
party cannot be linked to the crime by mere speculation, Koedatich, 112 N.J. at
299-300, or otherwise inadmissible evidence. Cotto, 182 N.J. at 334 (citing
Fortin, 178 N.J. 591). Because this determination requires a fact-sensitive
A-2501-17T3 25 inquiry, "trial courts retain broad discretion to admit or preclude evidence of
third-party guilt." Id. at 333.
Nothing about the security video, the video of A.B.'s statement,
defendant's statement to his father, or statements made by others who witnessed
the shooting, suggested third-party involvement. Even if the male depicted in
the security video could not be identified other than by the color of his pants, it
does not support the claim. The shooter did not walk up to A.B. and shoot her
execution-style, as defendant suggests. The video depicts defendant standing
and talking in a group on the steps of an apartment building, A.B. passing by,
and the two beginning to argue. The escalation depicted on the video supports
the version of the event the State presented—to have allowed a third-party guilt
claim would have been highly prejudicial and would not have been grounded on
any available facts.
IV.
Defendant draws our attention to three specific comments made by the
prosecutor he alleges prejudiced his due process right to a fair trial. We do not
agree that the arguments were prejudicial or clearly capable of producing an
unjust result. The comments, while improper, were ultimately harmless error in
light of the proofs.
A-2501-17T3 26 A prosecutor's summation is examined for misconduct "in the context of
the entire trial . . . ." State v. Morton, 155 N.J. 383, 419 (1998). This necessarily
includes statements made by the defense counsel, such as their "opening salvo"
or prosecutorial comments attempting to "right the scale" in response. State v.
Engel, 249 N.J. Super. 336, 379 (App. Div. 1991) (citing United States v.
Young, 470 U.S. 1, 12-13 (1985)). In order to justify reversal, the prosecutor's
summation must have been "clearly and unmistakably improper," and must have
"substantially prejudiced defendant's fundamental right to have a jury fairly
evaluate the merits of his defense." State v. Wakefield, 190 N.J. 397, 438 (2007)
(quoting State v. Papasavvas, 163 N.J. 565, 625 (2000)).
Challenges to statements which were not objected to below, are addressed
under the "plain error" standard. R. 2:10-2; R. 1:7-2. Moreover, when
overwhelming proof exists in the matter, certain errors by the trial court may be
considered "harmless beyond a reasonable doubt." See State v. Tillery, 238 N.J.
293, 319 (2019); State v. Weaver, 219 N.J. 131, 154-55 (2014).
"It is well-established that prosecuting attorneys, within reasonable
limitations, are afforded considerable leeway in making opening statements and
summations." State v. Williams, 113 N.J. 393, 447 (1988). As such, "not every
deviation from the legal prescriptions governing prosecutorial conduct" requires
A-2501-17T3 27 reversal. Id. at 452 (citing State v. Bucanis, 26 N.J. 45, 56 (1958)). Nonetheless,
"[a]lthough prosecutors may make vigorous and forceful closing arguments,
their primary duty is not to convict but to see that justice is done." State v. Neal,
361 N.J. Super. 522, 535 (App. Div. 2003) (citing State v. Timmendequas, 161
N.J. 515, 587 (1999)). "Prosecutorial misconduct constitutes grounds for
reversal when it is so egregious as to deprive the defendant of a fair trial." Ibid.
If, however, the trial court directly addresses the issue with "a timely and
effective limiting instruction," the potential prejudice may be cured. State v.
Jackson, 211 N.J. 394, 413 (2012).
Defendant contends the prosecutor's statement, in his closing that "when
you first heard the openings, the defense told you there’s a cloak of innocence
over the defendant[,] [t]hat cloak is gone[,]" constitutes reversible error . He
argues it impermissibly shifted the burden of proof away from the State, and
deprived him of the presumption of innocence. No objection was made at trial.
A criminal defendant is presumed innocent until each element of a crime
is proved beyond a reasonable doubt. A summation which has the effect of
shifting this burden of proof, or otherwise tampering with a defendant's
presumption of innocence, ordinarily warrants a remand. State v. Jones, 364
N.J. Super. 376, 382 (App. Div. 2003) (holding a prosecutor's remark which
A-2501-17T3 28 seemed to place the burden on defendant to submit to fingerprint testin g, was
"clearly erroneous and so capable of affecting the jury's deliberations").
In stating defendant's cloak of innocence was now gone, the State came
dangerously close to implying that it had sufficiently proved its case before the
jury deliberated. This statement, in the absence of immediate corrective
instruction, was improper.
In defense of the language, the State argues it was entitled to make
"vigorous and forceful closing arguments," State v. Mahoney, 188 N.J. 359, 376
(2006) (quoting State v. Frost, 158 N.J. 76, 82 (1999)), and that the words were
a mere comment on the evidence. Indeed, the State was not prohibited from
commenting on defendant's metaphor regarding the "cloak of innocence" during
his opening and summation, nor was it prevented from commenting on the
defense's opening and closing statements. See Engel, 249 N.J. Super. at 379.
Notwithstanding, the State was not entitled to modify the metaphor, telling the
jury its review of the case was complete because defendant was no longer
presumed innocent.
"Generally, if no objection was made to the improper remarks, the remarks
will not be deemed prejudicial." Timmendequas, 161 N.J. at 576. This is
because "[f]ailure to make a timely objection indicates that defense counsel did
A-2501-17T3 29 not believe the remarks were prejudicial at the time they were made." Ibid.
(citing State v. Irving, 114 N.J. 427, 444 (1989)).
The jury was told in the judge's opening and closing instructions, however,
that defendant had to be found guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. The cloak of
innocence continued to protect defendant only if and until the jury itself found
the State sufficiently proved each element of his crimes beyond a reasonable
doubt. Furthermore, the State presented powerful proofs against defendant,
including the victim's identification, statements by defendant's father and a
friend, and the video of the incident. In context, therefore, the prosecutor's ill-
advised comment, made in response to defendant's rhetorical flourish, was
harmless error. This comment alone, which preceded the judge's repeated
instruction regarding the State's burden of proof, could not have prejudiced
defendant's right to a fair trial.
Defendant also argues that the prosecutor's characterization of him as a
"butcher," to which counsel did object, was reversible error. The prosecutor
made the reference twice during openings, and twice during summation. It is
clear the language was intended to inflame the jury. In light of the
overwhelming evidence against defendant in this case, however, the
characterization does not warrant reversal. A.B. was shot at close range multiple
A-2501-17T3 30 times. More than anything the comment was unnecessary—the proofs spoke for
themselves.
Defendant had argued that he did not kill A.B., but that she died as a result
of poor hospital care. Without objection, the prosecutor characterized
defendant's position as "disingenuous and . . . disgusting[.]" The State is entitled
to make vigorous and forceful comments. State v. Mahoney, 188 N.J. 359, 376
(2006). This characterization moved beyond that boundary. However, it did not
deprive defendant of a fair trial in light of the entire record.
When reviewing a prosecutor's summation, we examine questionable
comments "in the context of the entire trial" and taken as a whole. Morton, 155
N.J. at 419. Here, the three comments challenged by defendant, individually or
in the aggregate, did not "substantially prejudic[e] defendant's fundamental right
to have a jury fairly evaluate the merits of his defense." Wakefield, 190 N.J. at
438 (quoting Papasavvas, 163 N.J. at 625). Although improper, they were not
so egregious as to deprive defendant of a fair trial. See ibid.
Defendant in his final point contends that the sentence the court imposed
was excessive, and that he should have been credited for 1301 days of gap time.
We note first that no argument in support of gap time credit is included in the
A-2501-17T3 31 brief. Accordingly, we will consider the issue to have been abandoned. See
Zavodnick v. Leven, 340 N.J. Super. 94, 103 (App. Div. 2001).
Our review of a criminal sentence is limited to determining whether there
was a "clear showing of abuse of discretion." State v. Bolvito, 217 N.J. 221,
228 (2014) (quoting State v. Whitaker, 79 N.J. 503, 512 (1979)). In accordance
with this deferential standard, we do not substitute our judgment for that of the
sentencing court. State v. Fuentes, 217 N.J. 57, 70 (2014). Indeed, we affirm
the sentence unless,
(1) the sentencing guidelines were violated; (2) the aggravating and mitigating factors found by the sentencing court were not based upon competent and credible evidence in the record; or (3) "the application of the guidelines to the facts of [the] case makes the sentence clearly unreasonable so as to shock the judicial conscience."
[Ibid. (quoting State v. Roth, 95 N.J. 334, 364-65 (1984)).]
"Whether a sentence should gravitate toward the upper or lower end of the
range depends on a balancing of the relevant factors." State v. Case, 220 N.J.
49, 64 (2014). "[W]hen the mitigating factors preponderate, sentences will tend
toward the lower end of the range, and when the aggravating factors
preponderate, sentences will tend toward the higher end of the range." Id. at 64-
65 (quoting State v. Natale, 184 N.J. 458, 488 (2005)). Rather than merely
A-2501-17T3 32 counting the factors, "the court must qualitatively assess the relevant
aggravating and mitigating factors, assigning each factor its appropriate
weight." Id. at 65.
The trial judge sentenced defendant in the high mid-range. Contrary to
defendant's argument on appeal, the judge did consider defendant's youth. But
she noted he had been in custody most of the time since he became an adult.
Her finding that aggravating factors three, six, and nine applied had support in
the record. See N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(a)(3), (6), (9). The judge found no mitigating
factors—this conclusion is also supported by the record.
The judge explained her decision to impose a term of imprisonment of
twenty-five years as necessary because of defendant's progressively wrongful
conduct, culminating in a homicide. Thus, she did not abuse her sentencing
discretion. The sentence does not shock the judicial conscience. See Roth, 95
N.J. at 364-65.
Affirmed.
A-2501-17T3 33