NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-0801-19T2
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
DAVID A. CASTRO, a/k/a DAVID ALVARO CASTRO,
Defendant-Appellant. ________________________
Submitted October 13, 2020 – Decided November 24, 2020
Before Judges Hoffman and Suter.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Essex County, Indictment No. 18-12-3899.
Michael Chazen, attorney for appellant.
Theodore N. Stephens, II, Acting Essex County Prosecutor, attorney for respondent (Matthew E. Hanley, Special Deputy Attorney General/Acting Assistant Prosecutor, of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM Defendant David A. Castro appeals the order denying his motion for
admission into a pre-trial intervention (PTI) program. We affirm.
On September 16, 2018, defendant struck a person in the head with a beer
bottle while both were patrons in a bar. He later admitted his purpose was to
cause bodily injury—even though he did not know the victim—and that he was
"over intoxicated" at the time. According to the prosecutor's PTI denial letter,
two witnesses saw the incident. One witness overheard "insignificant chatter"
between defendant and the victim just before it occurred. The other told police
there was no apparent reason for the incident. The witnesses agreed defendant
was highly intoxicated.
The victim sustained a laceration of the left side of his head near his eye,
which required medical attention. Defendant was thirty-nine years old at the
time, had a college degree and was employed full-time as a customer service
manager. He had one driving while under the influence (DUI) conviction from
2000.
Defendant was charged with third-degree aggravated assault, N.J.S.A.
2C:12-1(b)(2); fourth-degree unlawful possession of a weapon, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-
5(d); and third-degree possession of a weapon for an unlawful purpose, N.J.S.A.
2C:39-4(d). Defendant applied for PTI and, although recommended for
A-0801-19T2 2 admission by Probation, the prosecutor denied his application. Defendant
appealed to the Superior Court, which remanded the matter because the
prosecutor's denial was based on a rule that was no longer in effect.
On April 10, 2019, the prosecutor again denied defendant's PTI
application, considering it "ab initio" and taking into consideration all the
parties' submissions. She did not "consider or apply any presumptive
ineligibility." The prosecutor considered defendant's age, education,
employment, and prior DUI conviction. She considered that defendant was
"highly intoxicated," the assault was "seemingly [for] no reason" and the victim
objected to PTI.
The prosecutor's letter asserted she gave "due consideration of all factors"
in reaching her determination. She considered aggravating factors under
N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12(e), concluding the nature of the offense "weigh[ed] heavily"
against entry into PTI, there was no "plausible reason" for the incident, and the
victim suffered permanent facial scars. Although the prosecutor considered
defendant had "no prior indictable convictions," was employed and educated,
this was a "senseless act of violence" and was "brutal," concluding there was a
strong need to deter defendant and others. The prosecutor took into
consideration mitigating factors including defendant's age and that the "instant
A-0801-19T2 3 offense does not appear to constitute part of a continuing pattern of anti-social
behavior."
The prosecutor concluded that defendant failed to show the "value[] of the
supervisory treatment would outweigh the public need for prosecution."
Although defendant contested the factual assertions, the prosecutor found "[i]n
light of the facts and circumstances surrounding this case, the victim's staunch
opposition to defendant's entry into PTI, and the strong need for specific and
general deterrence, [that] society will be better served by prosecution through
traditional channels and a [j]udgment of [c]onviction."
Defendant appealed the prosecutor's April 10, 2019 denial to the Superior
Court. On July 29, 2019, the court denied defendant's motion. The court found
defendant "failed to prove that the State did not consider relevant factors." It
found the State's rejection was not "clearly unreasonable" or a "patent and gross
abuse of discretion" because defendant was "charged with a seemingly random
act of violence" and "[t]he need for public prosecution . . . outweigh[ed] . . . the
value of supervisory treatment." The court noted "[w]hile defendant may
respond well to PTI," defendant did not show facts to overcome the deference
accorded to the prosecutor's decision. Ibid.
A-0801-19T2 4 In October 2019, defendant pleaded guilty to third-degree aggravated
assault. He was sentenced to a two-year term of non-custodial probation,
conditioned on drug/alcohol treatment, community service and compliance with
all required rules and regulations. On appeal defendant argues that the trial court
erred by not granting defendant's PTI appeal.
"PTI is a 'diversionary program through which certain offenders are able
to avoid criminal prosecution by receiving early rehabilitative services expected
to deter future criminal behavior.'" State v. Roseman, 221 N.J. 611, 621 (2015)
(quoting State v. Nwobu, 139 N.J. 236, 240 (1995)). Prosecutors have "wide
latitude in deciding whom to divert into the PTI program and whom to prosecute
through a traditional trial." State v. Negran, 178 N.J. 73, 82 (2003) (citing
Nwobu, 139 N.J. at 246). The scope of review of a PTI rejection is "severely
limited." Ibid.
"A court reviewing a prosecutor's decision to deny PTI may overturn that
decision only if the defendant 'clearly and convincingly' establishes the decision
was a 'patent and gross abuse of discretion.'" State v. Johnson, 238 N.J. 119,
128-29 (2019) (quoting State v. Wallace, 146 N.J. 576, 583 (1996)). An abuse
of discretion occurs when the PTI denial "(a) was not premised upon a
consideration of all relevant factors, (b) was based upon a consideration of
A-0801-19T2 5 irrelevant or inappropriate factors, or (c) amounted to a clear error in judgment."
State v. Bender, 80 N.J. 84, 93 (1979). "In order for such an abuse of discretion
to rise to the level of 'patent and gross,' it must further be shown that the
prosecutorial error complained of will clearly subvert the goals underlying
[p]retrial [i]ntervention." Johnson, 238 N.J. at 129 (quoting Roseman, 221 N.J.
at 625).
A prosecutor is to consider a non-exhaustive list of seventeen statutory
factors in determining eligibility for PTI. Roseman, 221 N.J. at 621-22 (citing
State v. Watkins, 193 N.J. 507, 520 (2008)); see N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12(e)(1) to (17).
The prosecutor is to make an "individualized assessment of the defendant . . . ."
Ibid. Applying these principles, there is no basis to disturb the trial court's order.
We agree with the trial court there was no patent and gross abuse of
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-0801-19T2
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
DAVID A. CASTRO, a/k/a DAVID ALVARO CASTRO,
Defendant-Appellant. ________________________
Submitted October 13, 2020 – Decided November 24, 2020
Before Judges Hoffman and Suter.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Essex County, Indictment No. 18-12-3899.
Michael Chazen, attorney for appellant.
Theodore N. Stephens, II, Acting Essex County Prosecutor, attorney for respondent (Matthew E. Hanley, Special Deputy Attorney General/Acting Assistant Prosecutor, of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM Defendant David A. Castro appeals the order denying his motion for
admission into a pre-trial intervention (PTI) program. We affirm.
On September 16, 2018, defendant struck a person in the head with a beer
bottle while both were patrons in a bar. He later admitted his purpose was to
cause bodily injury—even though he did not know the victim—and that he was
"over intoxicated" at the time. According to the prosecutor's PTI denial letter,
two witnesses saw the incident. One witness overheard "insignificant chatter"
between defendant and the victim just before it occurred. The other told police
there was no apparent reason for the incident. The witnesses agreed defendant
was highly intoxicated.
The victim sustained a laceration of the left side of his head near his eye,
which required medical attention. Defendant was thirty-nine years old at the
time, had a college degree and was employed full-time as a customer service
manager. He had one driving while under the influence (DUI) conviction from
2000.
Defendant was charged with third-degree aggravated assault, N.J.S.A.
2C:12-1(b)(2); fourth-degree unlawful possession of a weapon, N.J.S.A. 2C:39-
5(d); and third-degree possession of a weapon for an unlawful purpose, N.J.S.A.
2C:39-4(d). Defendant applied for PTI and, although recommended for
A-0801-19T2 2 admission by Probation, the prosecutor denied his application. Defendant
appealed to the Superior Court, which remanded the matter because the
prosecutor's denial was based on a rule that was no longer in effect.
On April 10, 2019, the prosecutor again denied defendant's PTI
application, considering it "ab initio" and taking into consideration all the
parties' submissions. She did not "consider or apply any presumptive
ineligibility." The prosecutor considered defendant's age, education,
employment, and prior DUI conviction. She considered that defendant was
"highly intoxicated," the assault was "seemingly [for] no reason" and the victim
objected to PTI.
The prosecutor's letter asserted she gave "due consideration of all factors"
in reaching her determination. She considered aggravating factors under
N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12(e), concluding the nature of the offense "weigh[ed] heavily"
against entry into PTI, there was no "plausible reason" for the incident, and the
victim suffered permanent facial scars. Although the prosecutor considered
defendant had "no prior indictable convictions," was employed and educated,
this was a "senseless act of violence" and was "brutal," concluding there was a
strong need to deter defendant and others. The prosecutor took into
consideration mitigating factors including defendant's age and that the "instant
A-0801-19T2 3 offense does not appear to constitute part of a continuing pattern of anti-social
behavior."
The prosecutor concluded that defendant failed to show the "value[] of the
supervisory treatment would outweigh the public need for prosecution."
Although defendant contested the factual assertions, the prosecutor found "[i]n
light of the facts and circumstances surrounding this case, the victim's staunch
opposition to defendant's entry into PTI, and the strong need for specific and
general deterrence, [that] society will be better served by prosecution through
traditional channels and a [j]udgment of [c]onviction."
Defendant appealed the prosecutor's April 10, 2019 denial to the Superior
Court. On July 29, 2019, the court denied defendant's motion. The court found
defendant "failed to prove that the State did not consider relevant factors." It
found the State's rejection was not "clearly unreasonable" or a "patent and gross
abuse of discretion" because defendant was "charged with a seemingly random
act of violence" and "[t]he need for public prosecution . . . outweigh[ed] . . . the
value of supervisory treatment." The court noted "[w]hile defendant may
respond well to PTI," defendant did not show facts to overcome the deference
accorded to the prosecutor's decision. Ibid.
A-0801-19T2 4 In October 2019, defendant pleaded guilty to third-degree aggravated
assault. He was sentenced to a two-year term of non-custodial probation,
conditioned on drug/alcohol treatment, community service and compliance with
all required rules and regulations. On appeal defendant argues that the trial court
erred by not granting defendant's PTI appeal.
"PTI is a 'diversionary program through which certain offenders are able
to avoid criminal prosecution by receiving early rehabilitative services expected
to deter future criminal behavior.'" State v. Roseman, 221 N.J. 611, 621 (2015)
(quoting State v. Nwobu, 139 N.J. 236, 240 (1995)). Prosecutors have "wide
latitude in deciding whom to divert into the PTI program and whom to prosecute
through a traditional trial." State v. Negran, 178 N.J. 73, 82 (2003) (citing
Nwobu, 139 N.J. at 246). The scope of review of a PTI rejection is "severely
limited." Ibid.
"A court reviewing a prosecutor's decision to deny PTI may overturn that
decision only if the defendant 'clearly and convincingly' establishes the decision
was a 'patent and gross abuse of discretion.'" State v. Johnson, 238 N.J. 119,
128-29 (2019) (quoting State v. Wallace, 146 N.J. 576, 583 (1996)). An abuse
of discretion occurs when the PTI denial "(a) was not premised upon a
consideration of all relevant factors, (b) was based upon a consideration of
A-0801-19T2 5 irrelevant or inappropriate factors, or (c) amounted to a clear error in judgment."
State v. Bender, 80 N.J. 84, 93 (1979). "In order for such an abuse of discretion
to rise to the level of 'patent and gross,' it must further be shown that the
prosecutorial error complained of will clearly subvert the goals underlying
[p]retrial [i]ntervention." Johnson, 238 N.J. at 129 (quoting Roseman, 221 N.J.
at 625).
A prosecutor is to consider a non-exhaustive list of seventeen statutory
factors in determining eligibility for PTI. Roseman, 221 N.J. at 621-22 (citing
State v. Watkins, 193 N.J. 507, 520 (2008)); see N.J.S.A. 2C:43-12(e)(1) to (17).
The prosecutor is to make an "individualized assessment of the defendant . . . ."
Ibid. Applying these principles, there is no basis to disturb the trial court's order.
We agree with the trial court there was no patent and gross abuse of
discretion by the prosecutor in denying defendant's admission into PTI. The
court found defendant did not show what relevant factors the prosecutor failed
to consider. The prosecutor's letter thoroughly discussed the factors weighing
against admission into PTI and those in favor.
Defendant argues the prosecutor should have addressed each of the
seventeen factors. He contends the prosecutor should have considered that he
did not benefit from this act, had no indictable record and was taking steps
A-0801-19T2 6 toward rehabilitation. However, the prosecutor's letter expressly said she
reviewed all the required factors. She took into consideration that defendant had
one DUI conviction and was gainfully employed. She was aware defendant
alleged he stopped drinking after this incident and was awaiting the outcome of
a drug and alcohol abuse evaluation. Defendant does not contend irrelevant or
inappropriate factors were considered by the prosecutor.
Defendant did not show the denial was based on a clear error in judgment.
An error in judgment is one that "is contrary to the predominant views of others
responsible for the administration of criminal justice" or a decision that "could
not have reasonably been made upon a weighing of the relevant factors."
Nwobu, 139 N.J. at 253-54 (quotations omitted). Defendant did not show that
the "predominant view" would be to treat a random, violent act resulting in
injury through a diversionary program or that the prosecutor's decision to reject
PTI could not have been arrived at through a reasonable weighing of the factors
in this case. The prosecutor's letter shows a thorough evaluation and weighing
of the statutory factors.
We are satisfied the prosecutor considered all the factors under N.J.S.A.
2C:43-12(e), addressing those that were relevant to this case. Even though the
trial court expressed that defendant may respond to PTI, this did not mean the
A-0801-19T2 7 prosecutor showed a patent or gross abuse of discretion in determining that the
random and brutal nature of the assault outweighed the other mitigating factors,
or that the denial of PTI, in this case, would undermine its goals. As our
Supreme Court explained, "The question is not whether we agree or disagree
with the prosecutor's decision, but whether the prosecutor's decision could not
have been reasonably made upon weighing the relevant factors." Nwobu, 139
N.J. at 254. Plainly, the prosecutor's decision could be made reasonably on these
facts.
Affirmed.
A-0801-19T2 8