NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-0789-17T2
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
AMIR H. JEFFERSON,
Defendant-Appellant. _____________________________
Submitted March 20, 2019 - Decided May 22, 2019
Before Judges Fuentes and Accurso.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Middlesex County, Indictment No. 14-04- 0413.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for appellant (Kevin G. Byrnes, Designated Counsel, on the brief).
Andrew C. Carey, Middlesex County Prosecutor, attorney for respondent (David Michael Liston, Assistant Prosecutor, of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM Following the denial of his motion to suppress evidence seized in a
warrantless search, defendant Amir H. Jefferson pleaded guilty to second-degree
possession of a controlled dangerous substance with intent to distribute,
N.J.S.A. 2C:35-5(a)(1) and N.J.S.A. 2C:35-5(b)(2), and third-degree promoting
prostitution, N.J.S.A. 2C:34-1(b)(2). After the judge denied his motion to
withdraw his plea, defendant was sentenced on the drug conviction in
accordance with a negotiated agreement to a term of ten years in State prison,
with five years of parole ineligibility, and to a concurrent five-year term on his
conviction for promoting prostitution. Defendant appeals from the denial of his
motions to suppress and withdraw his guilty plea as well as from his sentence.
Finding no basis to disturb the trial court's factual findings or legal conclusions
on any of these issues, we affirm.
The only witness to appear at the suppression hearing was the arresting
officer. He testified he had been temporarily assigned to the detective bureau to
aid in locating a missing person, a young woman addicted to heroin who had
reported to her mother that her pimp had assaulted her. Detectives suspected
the pimp was supplying the woman with heroin. Police met her in room 526 at
a hotel in Edison in the middle of the day. After sweeping the hotel corridor,
including a vending area, two officers entered the young woman's room, while
A-0789-17T2 2 the arresting officer remained in the hallway waiting for the suspect pimp. Other
officers were similarly stationed on other floors of the hotel.
Although the witness testified that other officers had a fuller description
of the suspect, the only description provided the witness was that the suspect
was "a larger black male." About forty-five minutes after the officer took his
position on the fifth floor, defendant, a black man, about 6'2" or 6'3" and
weighing over three hundred pounds, got off the elevator and started down the
hallway toward room 526. According to the officer, as defendant passed, he
glanced at the large police radio the officer was holding, looked at his own cell
phone and turned and walked in the opposite direction. As he did so, the officer
noticed defendant move his left hand over his jacket pocket as if to conceal
something.
Defendant entered the vending area, about five feet away from where the
officer was standing. After hearing "some rustling and . . . two soft thuds," the
officer pulled his service weapon and ordered defendant out into the hallway.
Defendant emerged holding a couple of dollar bills in his hand. The officer
radioed he had a possible suspect, ordered defendant to his knees and was in the
process of handcuffing him when two officers emerged from room 526 to assist.
The woman then stepped into the hallway saying, "That's him," and defendant
A-0789-17T2 3 was arrested. Asked how much time elapsed between ordering defendant out of
the vending area and his arrest, the officer said it was "[a] minute, tops."
Asked why he pulled his gun before ordering defendant into the hallway,
the officer testified he did it for his safety, explaining the police had information
defendant was involved in narcotics, and "with drugs there are guns." Although
no drugs or weapons were found on defendant in a search incident to his arrest,
police discovered drugs in the vending area. The witness testified that when he
entered the vending area after defendant's arrest, he smelled raw marijuana ,
which was not present when he did his protective sweep. Borrowing a chair
from one of the guest rooms, the officer found five baggies of marijuana, 197
wax folds of heroin and 31.5 grams of cocaine in the drop ceiling.
After hearing that testimony and the arguments of counsel, the trial court
judge denied defendant's motion to suppress the drugs as fruit of the poisonous
tree. The judge rejected defendant's argument that he was arrested without
probable cause when the officer ordered him to his knees at gunpoint and
handcuffed him. The judge found the officer did not immediately accost
defendant as he got out of the elevator but "allowed him some movement."
Observing those movements, defendant walking toward room 526, abruptly
switching direction after noticing the officer holding a police radio, and then
A-0789-17T2 4 rustling around in the vending area, gave the officer reasonable articulable
suspicion to effect an investigative detention. The judge found that there might
have been other innocent explanations for defendant's conduct did not take away
from the officer's reasonable suspicion. The judge found the officer credible
and his testimony unrebutted. The judge rejected defendant's argument that the
officer drawing his weapon and handcuffing him turned the detention into an
effective arrest. The judge found the detention was brief, and that the officer
acted out of consideration for his safety.
Three-and-a-half years after the decision on the suppression motion and a
week before a second scheduled trial date, defendant entered his guilty plea.
During the period between denial of the suppression motion and the plea,
defendant switched counsel several times and pursued unsuccessful motions
made at different times to dismiss the human trafficking count and sever the
drug counts of the indictment from those relating to human trafficking and
promoting prostitution. Although expressing dissatisfaction during the plea
colloquy with the court's unwillingness to "develop the record on the conflict of
interest issues that haven’t been ruled on" and his counsel's unwillingness to
obtain the victim's phone records, defendant told the court he was satisfied with
A-0789-17T2 5 his attorney's advice, that no one had forced or pressured him to plead guilty and
that he was doing so because he was guilty.
At his sentencing four months later, however, defendant moved with new
counsel to withdraw his plea and assert a claim of ineffective assistance of plea
counsel. He also filed two pro se motions to reconsider the denial of his
suppression motion and his motion to dismiss the indictment. Defendant
claimed he did not possess the drugs found in the vending area ceiling and that
he had no knowledge the victim was meeting with men for sex. He also claimed
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited. R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-0789-17T2
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
AMIR H. JEFFERSON,
Defendant-Appellant. _____________________________
Submitted March 20, 2019 - Decided May 22, 2019
Before Judges Fuentes and Accurso.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Middlesex County, Indictment No. 14-04- 0413.
Joseph E. Krakora, Public Defender, attorney for appellant (Kevin G. Byrnes, Designated Counsel, on the brief).
Andrew C. Carey, Middlesex County Prosecutor, attorney for respondent (David Michael Liston, Assistant Prosecutor, of counsel and on the brief).
PER CURIAM Following the denial of his motion to suppress evidence seized in a
warrantless search, defendant Amir H. Jefferson pleaded guilty to second-degree
possession of a controlled dangerous substance with intent to distribute,
N.J.S.A. 2C:35-5(a)(1) and N.J.S.A. 2C:35-5(b)(2), and third-degree promoting
prostitution, N.J.S.A. 2C:34-1(b)(2). After the judge denied his motion to
withdraw his plea, defendant was sentenced on the drug conviction in
accordance with a negotiated agreement to a term of ten years in State prison,
with five years of parole ineligibility, and to a concurrent five-year term on his
conviction for promoting prostitution. Defendant appeals from the denial of his
motions to suppress and withdraw his guilty plea as well as from his sentence.
Finding no basis to disturb the trial court's factual findings or legal conclusions
on any of these issues, we affirm.
The only witness to appear at the suppression hearing was the arresting
officer. He testified he had been temporarily assigned to the detective bureau to
aid in locating a missing person, a young woman addicted to heroin who had
reported to her mother that her pimp had assaulted her. Detectives suspected
the pimp was supplying the woman with heroin. Police met her in room 526 at
a hotel in Edison in the middle of the day. After sweeping the hotel corridor,
including a vending area, two officers entered the young woman's room, while
A-0789-17T2 2 the arresting officer remained in the hallway waiting for the suspect pimp. Other
officers were similarly stationed on other floors of the hotel.
Although the witness testified that other officers had a fuller description
of the suspect, the only description provided the witness was that the suspect
was "a larger black male." About forty-five minutes after the officer took his
position on the fifth floor, defendant, a black man, about 6'2" or 6'3" and
weighing over three hundred pounds, got off the elevator and started down the
hallway toward room 526. According to the officer, as defendant passed, he
glanced at the large police radio the officer was holding, looked at his own cell
phone and turned and walked in the opposite direction. As he did so, the officer
noticed defendant move his left hand over his jacket pocket as if to conceal
something.
Defendant entered the vending area, about five feet away from where the
officer was standing. After hearing "some rustling and . . . two soft thuds," the
officer pulled his service weapon and ordered defendant out into the hallway.
Defendant emerged holding a couple of dollar bills in his hand. The officer
radioed he had a possible suspect, ordered defendant to his knees and was in the
process of handcuffing him when two officers emerged from room 526 to assist.
The woman then stepped into the hallway saying, "That's him," and defendant
A-0789-17T2 3 was arrested. Asked how much time elapsed between ordering defendant out of
the vending area and his arrest, the officer said it was "[a] minute, tops."
Asked why he pulled his gun before ordering defendant into the hallway,
the officer testified he did it for his safety, explaining the police had information
defendant was involved in narcotics, and "with drugs there are guns." Although
no drugs or weapons were found on defendant in a search incident to his arrest,
police discovered drugs in the vending area. The witness testified that when he
entered the vending area after defendant's arrest, he smelled raw marijuana ,
which was not present when he did his protective sweep. Borrowing a chair
from one of the guest rooms, the officer found five baggies of marijuana, 197
wax folds of heroin and 31.5 grams of cocaine in the drop ceiling.
After hearing that testimony and the arguments of counsel, the trial court
judge denied defendant's motion to suppress the drugs as fruit of the poisonous
tree. The judge rejected defendant's argument that he was arrested without
probable cause when the officer ordered him to his knees at gunpoint and
handcuffed him. The judge found the officer did not immediately accost
defendant as he got out of the elevator but "allowed him some movement."
Observing those movements, defendant walking toward room 526, abruptly
switching direction after noticing the officer holding a police radio, and then
A-0789-17T2 4 rustling around in the vending area, gave the officer reasonable articulable
suspicion to effect an investigative detention. The judge found that there might
have been other innocent explanations for defendant's conduct did not take away
from the officer's reasonable suspicion. The judge found the officer credible
and his testimony unrebutted. The judge rejected defendant's argument that the
officer drawing his weapon and handcuffing him turned the detention into an
effective arrest. The judge found the detention was brief, and that the officer
acted out of consideration for his safety.
Three-and-a-half years after the decision on the suppression motion and a
week before a second scheduled trial date, defendant entered his guilty plea.
During the period between denial of the suppression motion and the plea,
defendant switched counsel several times and pursued unsuccessful motions
made at different times to dismiss the human trafficking count and sever the
drug counts of the indictment from those relating to human trafficking and
promoting prostitution. Although expressing dissatisfaction during the plea
colloquy with the court's unwillingness to "develop the record on the conflict of
interest issues that haven’t been ruled on" and his counsel's unwillingness to
obtain the victim's phone records, defendant told the court he was satisfied with
A-0789-17T2 5 his attorney's advice, that no one had forced or pressured him to plead guilty and
that he was doing so because he was guilty.
At his sentencing four months later, however, defendant moved with new
counsel to withdraw his plea and assert a claim of ineffective assistance of plea
counsel. He also filed two pro se motions to reconsider the denial of his
suppression motion and his motion to dismiss the indictment. Defendant
claimed he did not possess the drugs found in the vending area ceiling and that
he had no knowledge the victim was meeting with men for sex. He also claimed
the only reason he pleaded guilty was because plea counsel made "a hidden
promise with . . . the Prosecutor's Office" that the case "would be over, closed,
there'd be no parole" after the five-year parole ineligibility term.
The State opposed the motions, asserting defendant had no colorable claim
of innocence as the State had defendant's records of the victim's appointments
and text messages between the two indicating defendant was distributing drugs
to her after she engaged in sexual acts with others for money. The prosecutor
asserted the texts showed the victim was "begging [defendant] for [drugs]
because she has an addiction" and he was giving her drugs on a daily basis in
order to keep control over her. The prosecutor also recounted the long delays in
prosecuting the case occasioned by defendant switching lawyers five times, and
A-0789-17T2 6 noted the State had twice prepared for trial. The prosecutor asserted those long
delays would prejudice the State were it to have to try the four-year-old-case,
notwithstanding the victim's continued willingness to testify.
Reviewing all four Slater1 factors, the judge found defendant lacked any
colorable claim of innocence, defendant's reasons for wishing to withdraw his
plea were not borne out in the record, the existence of a plea bargain favored the
State and withdrawal of the plea would cause the State unfair prejudice due to
the long delay in prosecuting the case as defendant cycled through several
lawyers. Recalling the extended colloquy in which he engaged defendant before
accepting his plea, the judge further pronounced himself satisfied that defendant
had entered into it willingly with full knowledge of the consequences. The judge
denied defendant's pro se motions for reconsideration as without basis and
determined his ineffective assistance claim was not ripe for review, see State v.
Preciose, 129 N.J. 451, 459-61 (1992).
The State asked the court to sentence defendant in accordance with the
plea agreement. The victim spoke at sentencing. She claimed defendant made
1 State v. Slater, 198 N.J. 145 (2009). The four Slater factors are: "(1) whether the defendant has asserted a colorable claim of innocence; (2) the nature and strength of defendant's reasons for withdrawal; (3) the existence of a plea bargain; and (4) whether withdrawal would result in unfair prejudice to the State or unfair advantage to the accused." Id. at 157-58. A-0789-17T2 7 her "perform unspeakable sexual acts with him and with the clients that he made
appointments with for [her.]" She claimed defendant kept her prisoner for nine
months, moving between states along the eastern seaboard every few days. She
ate only when he fed her, which he did not do sometimes for days at a time to
keep her at a weight he thought ideal, and became violent when she resisted him.
In addition to the mental anguish he caused her to endure, she also revealed she
contracted HIV during her months with defendant.
The judge found aggravating factors two, the gravity and seriousness of
the harm inflicted on the victim; three, the risk defendant would commit another
offense; six, the extent of defendant's prior criminal record and the seriousness
of the offenses of which he was convicted; and nine, the need to deter, N.J.S.A.
2C:44-1(a)(2), (3), (6) and (9), and no mitigating factors. Noting the extent of
defendant's prior record, and having earlier noted he would have faced a
mandatory extended term if convicted at trial of the drug offense to which he
pleaded guilty, the judge sentenced defendant in accordance with his plea
agreement to an aggregate ten-year term, with five years of parole ineligibility.
Defendant raises the following issues for our consideration:
POINT I
THE DEFENDANT'S RIGHT TO BE FREE FROM UNREASONABLE SEARCHES AND SEIZURES AS
A-0789-17T2 8 GUARANTEED BY THE FOURTH AMENDMENT TO THE UNITED STATES CONSTITUTION AND ART. I, PAR. 7 OF THE NEW JERSEY CONSTITUTION WAS VIOLATED.
A. The Defendant Was Arrested without Probable Cause.
B. The State Failed to Prove that the Police Had Reasonable Suspicion to Detain the Defendant.
C. The Warrantless Seizure, Ignoring the Law of Detention Warrants, Was Unreasonable.
D. Even if the Police Had a Detention Warrant, the Manner in which this Detention Occurred — Pointing a Gun at an Unarmed Black Man — Was Unreasonable.
POINT II
THE DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO VACATE THE PLEA AGREEMENT SHOULD BE GRANTED.
A. The Plea Agreement Should Be Set Aside in the Interests of Justice.
B. The Plea Agreement Should Be Set Aside Because It Was the Result of Ineffective Assistance of Counsel.
POINT III
THE SENTENCE IS EXCESSIVE: THE TRIAL COURT IMPROPERLY BALANCED THE AGGRAVATING AND MITIGATING FACTORS.
A-0789-17T2 9 We find none of these arguments availing and confine our comments to the first
point. Defendant's arguments regarding his motion to withdraw his plea and that
the sentence imposed in accordance with the plea agreement is excessive lack
sufficient merit to warrant discussion in a written opinion. See R. 2:11-3(e)(2).
Turning to defendant's first point, our standard of review on a motion to
suppress is well established. State v. Gamble, 218 N.J. 412, 424-25 (2014). We
defer to the trial court's factual findings on the motion, unless they were "clearly
mistaken" or "so wide of the mark" that the interests of justice require appellate
intervention. State v. Elders, 192 N.J. 224, 245 (2007) (quotations omitted).
Our review of the trial court's determinations of reasonable suspicion and
probable cause, however, is de novo, Ornelas v. United States, 517 U.S. 690,
699 (1996), without deference to the trial court's interpretation of the law, State
v. Hubbard, 222 N.J. 249, 263 (2015).
Applying that standard here, we find no fault in the trial judge's factual
findings or his application of the law to those facts. We have no doubt defendant
was seized within the meaning of the Fourth Amendment the moment the officer
drew his weapon and ordered defendant out of the vending area. See Kaupp v.
Texas, 538 U.S. 626, 629-30 (2003); United States v. Mendenhall, 446 U.S. 544,
554 (1980); State v. Crawley, 187 N.J. 440, 450 (2006). We are likewise
A-0789-17T2 10 satisfied the officer had a reasonable suspicion, grounded in specific and
articulable facts and his rational inferences, that defendant may have been the
suspect police were waiting for, that criminal activity was afoot, and that
defendant was armed and dangerous. See Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 9, 30
(1968).
Defendant's argument that he was seized merely because he was a large
black man ignores the officer's credible testimony that defendant started down
the corridor to the room where the victim had arranged to meet him, abruptly
switched directions after looking at the officer's police radio, moved his hand
up as if to cover a jacket pocket as he passed and then stepped out of the officer's
sight into a closed area from which the officer heard rustling noises. See State
v. Privott, 203 N.J. 16, 30 (2010). Those facts distinguish this case from State
v. Shaw, 213 N.J. 398, 411, 422 (2012), in which the Supreme Court affirmed
our finding of an impermissible investigatory detention where "[t]he only
descriptive feature Shaw shared with the fugitive sought . . . was that he was a
black man," doing nothing to have aroused any suspicion he was engaged in
criminal activity.
We also agree with the motion judge that the officer drawing his service
weapon and, under these circumstances, handcuffing defendant, did not convert
A-0789-17T2 11 defendant's detention into a de facto arrest. See State v. Padilla, 321 N.J. Super.
96, 107-08 (App. Div. 1999), aff'd, 163 N.J. 3 (2000). Timing is important, and
the briefness of this detention, lasting at most a minute, and our inability to
conclude the officer used unreasonable force in executing it, convince us
defendant was not subject to a de facto arrest. See State v. Dickey, 152 N.J.
468, 479 (1998).
Finally, we reject defendant's argument that even if the police had
"reasonable suspicion, the search and seizure was nevertheless illegal because
the police had ample time and opportunity to secure a detention warrant pursuant
to State v. Hall, 93 N.J. 552 (1983), but failed to do so." Woodbridge Police
were investigating defendant based on reports from the victim and her mother
that defendant was promoting prostitution and distributing narcotics. But the
investigative detention defendant complains of in this case arose out of
defendant's suspicious behavior when he encountered the officer in the hotel
where the victim was staying. "An officer does not need a warrant to make such
a stop if it is based on 'specific and articulable facts which, taken together with
rational inferences from those facts,' give rise to a reasonable suspicion of
criminal activity." State v. Rodriguez, 172 N.J. 117, 126-27 (2002) (quoting
A-0789-17T2 12 Terry, 392 U.S. at 21). Because we are satisfied defendant's investigative
detention complied with Terry, no warrant was required.
Affirmed.
A-0789-17T2 13