State of New Jersey v. A.N.A.
This text of State of New Jersey v. A.N.A. (State of New Jersey v. A.N.A.) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering New Jersey Superior Court Appellate Division primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.
Opinion
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited . R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-2746-23
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
A.N.A.,1
Defendant-Appellant. _______________________
Submitted February 3, 2026 – Decided March 16, 2026
Before Judges Gilson, Perez Friscia, and Vinci.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Atlantic County, Indictment No. 20-02-0367.
Jennifer N. Sellitti, Public Defender, attorney for appellant (Richard Sparaco, Designated Counsel, on the brief).
William E. Reynolds, Atlantic County Prosecutor, attorney for respondent (Linda A. Shashoua, Attorney, Special Litigation Unit, of counsel and on the brief; Courtney Cittadini, Section Chief, on the brief).
1 We use initials to protect the privacy of the victim. See R. 1:38-3(c)(9), (12). PER CURIAM
After a jury trial, defendant A.N.A. appeals from convictions for sexual
assault and endangering the welfare of a child. Defendant challenges the court's
admission of testimonial evidence related to his actions before the sexual
assault, fresh complaint, medical diagnosis under N.J.R.E. 803(c)(4), and the
tender-years exception under N.J.R.E. 803(c)(27). Defendant also alleges the
court erred in the sentence imposed. Having reviewed the record, parties'
arguments, and applicable law, we affirm.
I.
We summarize the salient facts adduced at the motion hearing and trial
relevant to defendant's issues on appeal. On September 15, 2019, C.C. reported
to her mother, A.M., that her stepfather, defendant, had touched her "private
part," referring to her vagina. The same day, A.M. reported the sexual assault
to the Galloway Township Police Department (GTPD). During the
investigation, GTPD Detective Matthew Worth met with C.C. and conducted a
video-recorded interview. Thereafter, C.C. was referred to the CARES Institute
for a medical evaluation, which was performed by Martin Finkel, M.D.
On February 25, 2020, a grand jury charged defendant with second-degree
sexual assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:14-2(b) (count one); fourth-degree lewdness,
A-2746-23 2 N.J.S.A. 2C:14-4(b)(1) (count two); and second-degree endangering the welfare
of a child, N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4(a)(1) and (2), (respectively, counts three and four).
On September 17, 2023, the State moved to admit the following evidence
at trial: (1) C.C.'s fresh-complaint testimony to A.M.; (2) C.C.'s statements
given to Dr. Finkel in support of medical diagnosis and treatment; and (3) C.C.'s
interview statement to Worth under the tender-years exception. After the court
held two evidentiary hearings, it issued one order accompanied by a
comprehensive written decision addressing the motions.
At the first hearing, the court addressed the State's fresh-complaint and
medical diagnosis motions. The State called A.M. regarding C.C.'s fresh-
complaint statements made on the day of the incident. A.M. testified that on the
morning of September 15, 2019, she met C.C. and N.A., her stepson, "at the top
of the stairs above [A.M.'s] bedroom." The children were both "visibly upset"
and C.C. revealed defendant had "touched her [o]n her private part," clarifying
it was her vagina. A.M. was "shocked," told the children to go upstairs, and
then confronted defendant. A.M. conveyed she had a close relationship with her
daughter and on the day of the incident, C.C. was eight years old and in third
grade.
A-2746-23 3 After cross-examining A.M., defense counsel advised the court she agreed
"based on the legal [fresh-complaint] standard that [the testimony] would
qualify as a valid fresh[-]complaint evidence." Defense counsel requested "the
[c]ourt to set reasonable parameters" regarding "the details of the testimony"
admitted to the jury.
The court granted the State's motion to admit C.C.'s fresh-complaint
testimony to A.M., but limited the testimony at trial to C.C.'s first disclosure
about defendant's sexual assault. It found C.C. had "willingly" and
"spontaneously" provided her mother a "detailed description" of defendant's
actions, "without any prompting," and that A.M. did not "interrogate her about
what happened." The court reasoned the statement was not being admitted to
corroborate C.C.'s testimony but rather to dispel an inference regarding silence.
Noting that juvenile victims are often reluctant to report an offense, the court
highlighted that admitting the statement negates fabrication.
Regarding the admission of C.C.'s medical diagnosis statements to Dr.
Finkel under N.J.R.E. 803(c)(4), the State argued it was seeking to admit only
C.C.'s statements "used to form a [treatment] opinion." Defense counsel
acknowledged C.C.'s statements "probably . . . satisf[ied] the hearsay exception"
but argued under an "[N.J.R.E.] 403 analysis" that they were inadmissible.
A-2746-23 4 Defense counsel contended that because the court was likely to admit the State's
fresh-complaint and tender-years exception evidence, the admission of C.C.'s
statements to Dr. Finkel was "unduly and substantially prejudicial,"
"cumulative," and repetitive.
The court granted the State's motion, finding the State met its burden to
admit C.C.'s medical diagnosis statements under N.J.R.E. 803(c)(4), but limited
the admission of evidence from the medical record to C.C.'s statements to Dr.
Finkel used to determine if she "suffered psychological trauma from the
incident." The court found the doctor examined C.C. and obtained the
statements for "medical diagnosis and treatment," which permitted "trauma
informed care." The court barred C.C.'s statements "relating to conversations
between [her] mother and stepfather and details about their personal lives."
Before the trial began, on September 26, 2023, the court revisited the
admission of C.C.'s statements to Dr. Finkel. The court entertained further
argument from defense counsel and ordered the State to redact the overly
prejudicial comments, such as "I thought, oh, my God, I[ am] going to have a
child" and "I woke up in time when he first started doing it."
At the second evidentiary hearing, the court addressed the State's motion
to admit C.C.'s interview statement under the tender-years exception. Worth
A-2746-23 5 testified that he conducted a video-recorded interview of C.C. on September 17,
2019, with Sergeant Ryan Goehringer present. He recalled C.C. was eight years
old at the time. Worth explained his specialized training in interviewing
suspected child abuse victims. He had completed a forty-hour course on
conducting a child interview regarding allegations of "sexual abuse, physical
abuse, [or] neglect." Worth was also trained on conducting "Finding Words
forensic interviews" and had interviewed more than eighty children, ranging in
age from two-and-a-half to seventeen years old.
Regarding how he conducted interviews, Worth described generally
obtaining background information about the "family dynamic" and child. He
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RECORD IMPOUNDED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION This opinion shall not "constitute precedent or be binding upon any court ." Although it is posted on the internet, this opinion is binding only on the parties in the case and its use in other cases is limited . R. 1:36-3.
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-2746-23
STATE OF NEW JERSEY,
Plaintiff-Respondent,
v.
A.N.A.,1
Defendant-Appellant. _______________________
Submitted February 3, 2026 – Decided March 16, 2026
Before Judges Gilson, Perez Friscia, and Vinci.
On appeal from the Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Atlantic County, Indictment No. 20-02-0367.
Jennifer N. Sellitti, Public Defender, attorney for appellant (Richard Sparaco, Designated Counsel, on the brief).
William E. Reynolds, Atlantic County Prosecutor, attorney for respondent (Linda A. Shashoua, Attorney, Special Litigation Unit, of counsel and on the brief; Courtney Cittadini, Section Chief, on the brief).
1 We use initials to protect the privacy of the victim. See R. 1:38-3(c)(9), (12). PER CURIAM
After a jury trial, defendant A.N.A. appeals from convictions for sexual
assault and endangering the welfare of a child. Defendant challenges the court's
admission of testimonial evidence related to his actions before the sexual
assault, fresh complaint, medical diagnosis under N.J.R.E. 803(c)(4), and the
tender-years exception under N.J.R.E. 803(c)(27). Defendant also alleges the
court erred in the sentence imposed. Having reviewed the record, parties'
arguments, and applicable law, we affirm.
I.
We summarize the salient facts adduced at the motion hearing and trial
relevant to defendant's issues on appeal. On September 15, 2019, C.C. reported
to her mother, A.M., that her stepfather, defendant, had touched her "private
part," referring to her vagina. The same day, A.M. reported the sexual assault
to the Galloway Township Police Department (GTPD). During the
investigation, GTPD Detective Matthew Worth met with C.C. and conducted a
video-recorded interview. Thereafter, C.C. was referred to the CARES Institute
for a medical evaluation, which was performed by Martin Finkel, M.D.
On February 25, 2020, a grand jury charged defendant with second-degree
sexual assault, N.J.S.A. 2C:14-2(b) (count one); fourth-degree lewdness,
A-2746-23 2 N.J.S.A. 2C:14-4(b)(1) (count two); and second-degree endangering the welfare
of a child, N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4(a)(1) and (2), (respectively, counts three and four).
On September 17, 2023, the State moved to admit the following evidence
at trial: (1) C.C.'s fresh-complaint testimony to A.M.; (2) C.C.'s statements
given to Dr. Finkel in support of medical diagnosis and treatment; and (3) C.C.'s
interview statement to Worth under the tender-years exception. After the court
held two evidentiary hearings, it issued one order accompanied by a
comprehensive written decision addressing the motions.
At the first hearing, the court addressed the State's fresh-complaint and
medical diagnosis motions. The State called A.M. regarding C.C.'s fresh-
complaint statements made on the day of the incident. A.M. testified that on the
morning of September 15, 2019, she met C.C. and N.A., her stepson, "at the top
of the stairs above [A.M.'s] bedroom." The children were both "visibly upset"
and C.C. revealed defendant had "touched her [o]n her private part," clarifying
it was her vagina. A.M. was "shocked," told the children to go upstairs, and
then confronted defendant. A.M. conveyed she had a close relationship with her
daughter and on the day of the incident, C.C. was eight years old and in third
grade.
A-2746-23 3 After cross-examining A.M., defense counsel advised the court she agreed
"based on the legal [fresh-complaint] standard that [the testimony] would
qualify as a valid fresh[-]complaint evidence." Defense counsel requested "the
[c]ourt to set reasonable parameters" regarding "the details of the testimony"
admitted to the jury.
The court granted the State's motion to admit C.C.'s fresh-complaint
testimony to A.M., but limited the testimony at trial to C.C.'s first disclosure
about defendant's sexual assault. It found C.C. had "willingly" and
"spontaneously" provided her mother a "detailed description" of defendant's
actions, "without any prompting," and that A.M. did not "interrogate her about
what happened." The court reasoned the statement was not being admitted to
corroborate C.C.'s testimony but rather to dispel an inference regarding silence.
Noting that juvenile victims are often reluctant to report an offense, the court
highlighted that admitting the statement negates fabrication.
Regarding the admission of C.C.'s medical diagnosis statements to Dr.
Finkel under N.J.R.E. 803(c)(4), the State argued it was seeking to admit only
C.C.'s statements "used to form a [treatment] opinion." Defense counsel
acknowledged C.C.'s statements "probably . . . satisf[ied] the hearsay exception"
but argued under an "[N.J.R.E.] 403 analysis" that they were inadmissible.
A-2746-23 4 Defense counsel contended that because the court was likely to admit the State's
fresh-complaint and tender-years exception evidence, the admission of C.C.'s
statements to Dr. Finkel was "unduly and substantially prejudicial,"
"cumulative," and repetitive.
The court granted the State's motion, finding the State met its burden to
admit C.C.'s medical diagnosis statements under N.J.R.E. 803(c)(4), but limited
the admission of evidence from the medical record to C.C.'s statements to Dr.
Finkel used to determine if she "suffered psychological trauma from the
incident." The court found the doctor examined C.C. and obtained the
statements for "medical diagnosis and treatment," which permitted "trauma
informed care." The court barred C.C.'s statements "relating to conversations
between [her] mother and stepfather and details about their personal lives."
Before the trial began, on September 26, 2023, the court revisited the
admission of C.C.'s statements to Dr. Finkel. The court entertained further
argument from defense counsel and ordered the State to redact the overly
prejudicial comments, such as "I thought, oh, my God, I[ am] going to have a
child" and "I woke up in time when he first started doing it."
At the second evidentiary hearing, the court addressed the State's motion
to admit C.C.'s interview statement under the tender-years exception. Worth
A-2746-23 5 testified that he conducted a video-recorded interview of C.C. on September 17,
2019, with Sergeant Ryan Goehringer present. He recalled C.C. was eight years
old at the time. Worth explained his specialized training in interviewing
suspected child abuse victims. He had completed a forty-hour course on
conducting a child interview regarding allegations of "sexual abuse, physical
abuse, [or] neglect." Worth was also trained on conducting "Finding Words
forensic interviews" and had interviewed more than eighty children, ranging in
age from two-and-a-half to seventeen years old.
Regarding how he conducted interviews, Worth described generally
obtaining background information about the "family dynamic" and child. He
would inform the child they were in a "safe place" and not in trouble. Based on
his training, he would use an "easel board" and "anatomical dolls" to permit the
child to explain what occurred. He would "not ask leading questions" but would
seek to allow the child to "open up and talk about" what happened. Depending
on the disclosure, Worth would contact other agencies, including referring a
child to "a CARES [e]valuation with the CARES Institute."
Worth authenticated the video interview of C.C., and it was played for the
court. During the interview he confirmed C.C. understood to "tell . . . the truth."
She told Worth that she was asleep when defendant woke her up by "touching
A-2746-23 6 [her] privacy." C.C. explained she had pajama pants on and was alone in her
room when she felt "a [f]inger touching her private" area over her clothing. She
saw defendant "had no pants" on and was wearing only a green shirt. C.C. could
also see defendant's naked "butt." As defendant went to leave, he picked up her
"pink sloth" stuffed animal and threw it at her, hitting C.C. in the face. She felt
"scared" and angry. Shortly thereafter, she went to see her stepbrother, N.A., in
the adjacent bedroom and report what occurred. She was crying and N.A.
hugged her.
Later in the video-recorded statement, C.C. explained to Worth that soon
after she went to speak to N.A., defendant came to see what was going on. C.C.
told Worth she lied to defendant and said she "had a nightmare" and "a bad
dream about [her] dad dying." After defendant left, she went and told her "mom
what happened." Near the end of the interview, Worth told C.C. she was brave,
because it "is not easy to talk about this stuff." C.C. responded that she was
"actually used to talking about it because thousands of people are like, [t]ell me
what happened" and she had told the "same story over and over again."
During argument, defense counsel objected to the admission of the
interview primarily because C.C.'s statement—that she talked to "thousands" of
people—"could be interpreted as people telling her what happened." Defense
A-2746-23 7 counsel argued her statement was untrustworthy because it conveyed "potential
. . . manipulation by adults ha[d] been ongoing," C.C. had acknowledged
"sp[eaking] to a number of unknown others," and C.C. may have been "repeating
something that [others] . . . reinforced to her [wa]s true."
The court granted the State's motion, finding the State had "satisfied the
requirements for the . . . [tender-years] exception" and had provided defendant
timely notice. After reciting the relevant factors, the court found C.C. was under
twelve years old, was going to testify at trial, and had given a reliable statement.
The incident occurred on September 15, 2019, and the interview was conducted
two days later. The court reasoned the statement was trustworthy because C.C.
"appeared calm," "responded to the questions," "spontaneous[ly]" answered the
questions, provided a consistent "recollection and description of what occurred,"
and responded with specificity and age-commensurate language although she
"appeared uncomfortable." Regarding C.C.'s alleged discussion with
"thousands" of others, the court determined it was "an age[-]appropriate
statement of exaggeration for an eight-year-old" and a review of the whole
statement showed no suggestion C.C. was "influenced or manipulated."
At trial, C.C. testified she was twelve years old. She explained that on
September 14, 2019, she went to sleep in her room after watching television.
A-2746-23 8 She had stayed up past her bedtime and fell asleep at about 11:00 p.m. Her
bedroom was on the second floor of the home she lived in with A.M., defendant,
and N.A. N.A.'s bedroom was on the second floor near hers. A.M. and
defendant had a bedroom in the basement.
C.C. slept alone in her room with the covers pulled up above her head.
She woke up to see defendant "kneeling down" next to her and "touching" her
in "a circular motion . . . around the top part of [her] private part." She explained
that her "private part" was her vagina. She was wearing pajama bottoms and
felt a sensation that "was[ not] soft, but it did[ not] hurt." Defendant "stopped
when [they] made eye contact." C.C. stated defendant "did[ not] go in" to her
vagina, but she saw his hand and felt his "finger, but . . . [did not] remember
seeing the finger." While his hand was on "the private area" it was always "[o]n
top" of her "pajama bottoms."
C.C. described feeling "like a smooth pebble, just like rolling on my
vagina." She did not know how long it occurred while she was asleep but
believed it lasted for "less than a second" after she woke up. Once she made
"eye contact" with defendant, "[h]e picked up [her] pink sloth that fell off [her]
bed, . . . threw it at [her] face[,] and then ran out of the room." As he left her
bedroom, C.C. saw defendant had "no pants on" and "us[ed] his black boxers to
A-2746-23 9 cover hi[m]self." She could see his "green shirt" and naked "butt" "when he
started running [toward] the hallway."
After the incident, C.C. "cried" and felt "scared because [she] did[ not]
want to . . . break up the family." Minutes later, she went to tell N.A. what
happened. While talking to her stepbrother, defendant "came into the room
and . . . asked [C.C.] why [she] was crying." Because she "did[ not] want
[defendant] to know that [she] knew what had happened, [she] told him [she]
had a dream about [her] dad dying." C.C. recalled telling N.A. defendant
"touched" her, she did not "know what to do," and was "scared."
C.C. explained they went "downstairs to" see her mom to tell "her what
happened." After revealing what happened, C.C. recalled that A.M. told her "to
go upstairs" to her "room and to lock [her] door." C.C. "went upstairs" and,
because there was "no lock on [the] door," hid in her "closet and . . . held [the
door] shut." After defendant left the house, she came out of the closet. C.C.
recalled visiting a doctor but could not remember what happened at the
examination. She recounted "l[]ying down on the table" and the doctor "talking
to [her] mom."
On cross-examination, C.C. admitted the events were "a blur." When
asked whether she waited in her room for a "few minutes" after the incident, she
A-2746-23 10 stated, "Yes." She also recalled hearing her mother and defendant "yelling at
each other" while she was in the closet.
The State called Rachel Silliman-Cohen, M.D., with the consent of
defense counsel, to testify in place of Dr. Finkel. While Dr. Finkel had
conducted the CARES evaluation, he had retired and was in Scotland. Dr.
Silliman-Cohen was the Director of the CARES Institute and testified about
C.C.'s statements to Dr. Finkel. She explained that the CARES Institute is a
multi-discipline institute of mental health providers that focuses on services and
evaluations for children suspected of abuse or neglect. As a pediatrician, she
conducted evaluations. Dr. Silliman-Cohen also explained the standard
protocols and procedures for conducting a medical evaluation of a child. Dr.
Silliman-Cohen had reviewed Dr. Finkel's medical records before testifying. Dr.
Silliman-Cohen, under N.J.R.E. 803(c)(4), read portions of Dr. Finkel's medical
report, which was partially "redacted or blocked out," with "no objection" by
defendant.
Dr. Silliman-Cohen initially noted Dr. Finkel created the report "to
diagnose and treat" C.C. based on "the concern that she may have been touched
inappropriately." Dr. Silliman-Cohen read the pertinent part of the medical
record regarding the initial "[h]istory obtained from [C.C.]" as follows:
A-2746-23 11 I asked her if she knew why she was here to see me today, and she said 'to check if I am healthy.' I explained to her that one of [the] things I do that is a little different tha[n] most kids' doctors is every day I talk to kids like her when they have been able to tell about something that happened that could be confusing or difficult to understand by someone they know and they trust. I said that happens to a lot of kids. I asked if anything like that had ever happened to her. She said, 'Yes.' I asked if she found it hard to tell like a lot of kids do, and she said, 'Yes.' I asked her to explain to me why it was difficult for her to tell, and she said, 'I was scared if I told my mom right away he was just standing right there. I waited until my mom went upstairs to tell.' I asked if it was hard for her to tell for any other reason, and she said, 'I thought he would start yelling and make up lies.' I asked if he said anything to her about telling, and she said, 'No. He just walked away like nothing happened.' I asked her how she felt after she told. She said, 'I felt brave and confident and kind of nervous.'
Dr. Silliman-Cohen then read the following portion of Dr. Finkel's
medical record as to C.C.'s statement regarding "what happened":
. . . . she said, 'I told my brother first. He said I[ am] safe and wait until mom comes upstairs.' I asked whose fault she thought it was what happened to her, and she said, 'It was his fault.' I confirmed that. I asked if she could say something to [defendant], her stepdad, what she would want to tell him. She said that she would tell him to get off. I asked if there is anything else she might want to tell him, and she said, 'If I was 80 years old I would curse at him.' I asked why would she wait to do that, and she said, 'Because I'm not allowed to curse.' I asked if there[ is] anything she is worried about. She said, 'If he tries to break in and tries to do
A-2746-23 12 something to my mom and me.' I then explained that when she has not felt well and gone to the doctor the doctor asks all kinds of questions, such as does your tummy hurt, your head hurt, or do you have a temperature. The reason the doctor asks those questions is the doctor is trying to understand what is bothering her so the doctor can decide what to take a look at and see if she needs any tests or medicine to get her better. I explained I would be asking her some questions about what had happened, not to make it difficult but just to do the same. I asked if it is important to tell the doctor the truth, and she said, 'Yes.' I asked, 'Why is that?' and she said, 'If you lie they are going to give you the wrong medicine.' I explained it is always important to tell the truth, but particularly important to tell the doctor the truth. I asked if she told me her toe hurt when it was really her thumb that hurt would that make it harder or easier for the doctor to help, and she said, 'Harder.' I explained that one of the things that is special about doctors is you can tell doctors anything, anything that worries you, upsets you, confuses you, or frightens you, and the more you share with the doctor the better the doctor understands because doctors and patients work together to solve problems. I asked what had happened, and she said, 'He was touching my peachy.' I asked where this happened. She said, 'In my bed. I was sleeping and [defendant] woke me up. I could feel his thumb rubbing on my private area.' I asked, 'Which private area?' and she said, 'The one where you go pee.' I asked what she was wearing. She said, 'I wore a blue sweatshirt, a pink belt, and gray pants with white spots on it.' I asked if the touching was on top and she said, 'Yes, on top. My clothes were still on.' Utilizing an anatomic model I showed her the different kinds of touching. She demonstrated the touching was on top between the labia and a sense if it had been underneath the underwear. I asked, 'What did that feel like?' And she said, 'Very
A-2746-23 13 uncomfortable. That[ is] all I could think about.' I asked if he touched her in any other way, and she said, 'No.' I asked how often this had happened to her and she said, 'This was the first time.' I asked if it was [un]comfortable just [during] or afterwards. She said, 'After[,] I felt unsafe.' I asked if there is anything else that happened. She said, 'No.' I asked what he was wearing and she said, 'Just the shirt. No pants, no underwear.' I asked if she had to do anything to him and she said, 'No.'
Dr. Silliman-Cohen also recited Dr. Finkel's "[d]iagnostic [a]ssessment"
of C.C., which stated:
The historical information that has been provided clearly reflects this young girl experiencing a one-time episode of genital touching over her clothing after her stepdad walked into the room without his pants on. Fortunately, [C.C.] was able to extricate herself from that situation and disclosed immediately to her stepbrother and then to her mother. Her mother has responded in an appropriate and protective manner. Fortunately[,] this appears to have been a one-time incident and [C.C.] not only told right away, but she was believed by her mom, and mom did all the appropriate things that would be expected. Her physical examination does not demonstrate any residual to the contact, nor would we anticipate it to in light of the history that has been provided. The primary impact of her experience is psychological. She would benefit from trauma informed care.
On cross-examination, defense counsel asked Dr. Silliman-Cohen whether
the CARES Institute's policy was to assume children are being truthful and she
responded, they "assume that children are being truthful."
A-2746-23 14 N.A. testified defendant was his father. He was about nine years old at
the time of the incident and staying with defendant, A.M., and C.C., his
stepsister, for the weekend. He recalled staying awake playing video games in
the living room until 5:00 a.m. on September 15, 2019. At about 4:30 a.m., N.A.
watched his dad get "a drink." After N.A. went to sleep, C.C. woke him up at
about 7:00 a.m. N.A. recalled C.C. was crying and had stated, "Last night I
think I saw your dad standing in my doorway naked." N.A. "called [his] mom"
because he did not "know what to do." He explained that C.C. had said, "I do
[ not] know if it was a dream. I do[ not] know if . . . , I was just imagining it. I
do[ not] know if it was real." N.A. explained his father came into his room and
asked why C.C. was crying and she answered, "I had a dream that my dad has
died." N.A. relayed defendant then rubbed C.C.'s back, asked her if she was
okay, and kissed her head. After defendant left, N.A. asked C.C. why she
mentioned having a bad dream, and C.C. explained "she made it up." After C.C.
told her mother, N.A. heard A.M. "yelling" and "throwing stuff" at defendant.
N.A. left the house with defendant that morning.
After defense counsel asked N.A. about C.C.'s disclosure, N.A. denied she
"mention[ed] anything . . . about touching when she came to [N.A.] that
morning." He also did not recall hearing defendant "come upstairs" at any
A-2746-23 15 earlier point. After the testimony, the court inquired about giving "the fresh
[-]complaint instruction to the jury" and counsel agreed.
N.A.'s mother testified she received a call from her son in the early
morning of September 15, 2019. She explained that during the phone call she
heard N.A. and C.C. both "sobbing."
A.M. testified that in September 2019, she had been married to defendant
for one year and they were together for almost four years. She recalled on the
night of September 14, 2019, they had hosted "an end of summer party" and the
adults were drinking. She had "four or five drinks," defendant was drinking,
and he appeared intoxicated.
She went to sleep after everyone left, but recalled "[defendant] woke [her]
up several times throughout the evening" to have sexual relations, but she
refused. A.M. stated, "[defendant] kept coming back into my bedroom, into the
bed, and touching [her] sexually, rubbing on [her] vagina, and wanting [her] to
wake up to have sex. [She] kept denying him" and defendant "would leave the
room . . . and then come back down and try again." She maintained this
happened "five or six times throughout . . . the night." After she declined
defendant's advances, A.M. perceived he was "angry" and "upset" because he
"storm[ed]" away and "pouted." She recalled his last attempt was at about 6:00
A-2746-23 16 a.m. A.M. woke up at about 8:30 a.m. and observed defendant sleeping "naked"
from the waist down next to her wearing "[j]ust a shirt" that was "neon yellow
or green."
After she went upstairs, A.M. "met" C.C. and N.A. coming down the
stairs. C.C. revealed to A.M. that defendant had "touched her inappropriately
and . . . she was scared." A.M. went to her bedroom and confronted defendant.
After she again confirmed with C.C. what had happened, she spoke to defendant
a second time. A.M. testified that defendant said C.C. "was lying" and "had a
dream." A.M. forced defendant to leave the house and called the police.
A.M. testified that after the incident C.C. "developed anxiety," became
"timid," and "feels scared or nervous," especially around men she does not
know. A.M. explained she divorced defendant. On cross-examination, A.M.
admitted calling defendant "foul names." Additionally, she conceded pushing
defendant to get him "out of the residence."
During the trial, Worth explained that he was a detective with GTPD and
had conducted a recorded forensic interview of C.C. on September 17, 2019.
Worth authenticated the video interview of C.C., which was played for the jury.
On cross-examination, after Worth was asked if he assumes "children tell the
truth about sex abuse," he stated that he keeps an open mind.
A-2746-23 17 Defendant testified he had lived with A.M. and C.C. for almost three and
a half years. At the time of trial, he was forty-four years old. He recalled that
on September 14, 2019, they had a party, and he consumed four or five alcoholic
beverages. He recalled being in bed at about 11:30 p.m., A.M. went to bed after
him, and he woke up at about 7:30 a.m. He testified to remaining in bed the
whole night. After waking up, he went upstairs to see if N.A. and C.C. wanted
breakfast and saw "they seemed upset." C.C. indicated "she had a bad dream,"
so he "patted her on [the] head" and "kissed her cheek." He recalled A.M.
accused him of "these bad" acts and "smacked [him] on the head."
Defendant denied ever going into C.C.'s room and touching her. He
stated, "[He was] a protector of kids" and "[it is] just preposterous." He
explained there had been "problems in the past with [C.C.] with counselors and
. . . being untruthful." On cross-examination, he maintained that he went back
to bed after offering the children breakfast on September 15, 2019. He denied
ever getting a drink during the middle of the night and having any sexual contact
with A.M.
The jury convicted defendant of all the charges except lewdness. The
State moved for defendant to be sentenced to an extended term as a persistent
offender, N.J.S.A. 2C:44-3, because he had three prior criminal convictions.
A-2746-23 18 At defendant's sentencing on February 29, 2024, defense counsel
requested the court impose a lesser sentence "in the third-degree range."
Defense counsel asked the court to apply mitigating factors: seven (defendant
led a law-abiding life for a substantial period of time), N.J.S.A. 2:44-1(b)(7);
eight (defendant's conduct was the result of circumstances unlikely to recur),
N.J.S.A. 2:44-1(b)(8); nine (the character and attitude of defendant indicate he
is unlikely to commit another offense), N.J.S.A. 2:44-1(b)(9); ten (defendant is
particularly likely to respond affirmatively to probationary treatment ), N.J.S.A.
2:44-1(b)(10); and eleven (imprisonment of defendant would entail excessive
hardship to defendant or defendant's dependents), N.J.S.A. 2:44-1(b)(11). In
addressing the court, defendant apologized to "all parties involved" and stated
that he was sorry "for wasting all their time" and "this whole situation." Defense
counsel argued against an extended term because the State had failed under Rule
3:21-4(e) to timely serve the extended term motion within "[fourteen] days of
the . . . verdict."
The State requested the court find aggravating factors: two (the gravity
and seriousness of harm inflicted on the victim, including whether or not
defendant knew . . . the victim of the offense was particularly vulnerable ),
N.J.S.A. 2:44-1(a)(2); three (risk of reoffending), N.J.S.A. 2:44-1(a)(3); six
A-2746-23 19 (defendant's prior criminal record and the seriousness of the offenses) , N.J.S.A.
2:44-1(a)(6); and nine (need for deterrence), N.J.S.A. 2:44-1(a)(9). Regarding
the extended term, the State requested the court sentence defendant to a term of
sixteen years as a persistent offender.
In sentencing defendant, the court noted he was forty-five years old and
was "a union electrician" with "a bachelor's degree." Additionally, the court
emphasized defendant admitted in the presentence investigation report that at
the "time of this incident" he was "under the influence of alcohol and heroin."
The court noted defendant had three prior criminal convictions, which included
drug offenses and a bad check offense, but declined to impose an extended term
because the convictions were older. The court found no mitigating factors but
determined aggravating factors two, three, six, and nine applied.
After balancing the factors and assessing "their quality and nature," the
court found "the aggravating factors preponderate over the lack of any
mitigating factors." The court sentenced defendant on the second-degree sexual
assault conviction (count one) to a nine-year term of imprisonment subject to an
eighty-five percent period of parole ineligibility under the No Early Release Act
(NERA), N.J.S.A. 2C:43-7.2. The court also ordered defendant to comply with
all provisions of Megan's Law, N.J.S.A. 2C:7-2, and parole supervision for life,
A-2746-23 20 N.J.S.A. 2C:43-6.4. On the second-degree endangering the welfare of a minor
conviction (count three), N.J.S.A. 2C:24-4(a)(1), the court imposed a concurrent
eight-year term of imprisonment. The court merged counts three and four.
On appeal, defendant raises the following arguments:
POINT I
TESTIMONY REGARDING DEFENDANT'S PURPORTEDLY UNWANTED SEXUAL ADVANCES TOWARD HIS WIFE WAS INADMISSIBLE AND DEFENDANT WAS DENIED THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL DUE TO THE IMPROPER ADMISSION OF THIS EVIDENCE CONTRARY TO N.J.R.E. 403.
POINT II
DEFENDANT WAS DENIED THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL DUE TO FRESH[-]COMPLAINT TESTIMONY THAT WENT BEYOND WHAT WAS NECESSARY TO DISPEL ANY SUGGESTION OF RECENT FABRICATION AND WAS CUMULATIVE.
POINT III
DEFENDANT WAS DENIED THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL DUE TO THE ADMISSION OF IRRELEVANT AND/OR UNDULY PREJUDICIAL EVIDENCE FROM DR. FINKEL'S REPORT WHICH CONTAINED STATEMENTS MADE TO HIM BY THE VICTIM AND DR. FINKEL'S DIAGNOSIS AND OPINIONS REGARDING FUTURE TREATMENT.
A-2746-23 21 POINT IV
DEFENDANT WAS DENIED THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL DUE TO THE ADMISSION OF THE VICTIM'S OUT-OF-COURT STATEMENT TO THE DETECTIVE ADMITTED INTO EVIDENCE PURSUANT TO THE TENDER[-]YEARS EXCEPTION TO THE HEARSAY RULE BECAUSE THEY WERE UNTRUSTWORTHY.
POINT V
A SENTENCE OF NINE YEARS IN PRISON FOR THE SECOND-DEGREE SEXUAL ASSAULT CONVICTION WAS EXCESSIVE.
A) THE COURT ERRONEOUSLY COUNTED AGGRAVATING FACTOR TWO WHICH CONSTITUTED DOUBLE COUNTING.
B) THE COURT ERRONEOUSLY COUNTED AGGRAVATING FACTOR THREE.
C) THE COURT FAILED TO STATE THE IMPACT THE PAROLE INELIGIBILITY PERIOD HAD ON THE SENTENCE, AND THEREFORE THE SENTENCE SHOULD BE VACATED AND THE MATTER REMANDED FOR RE-SENTENCING.
II.
Before addressing defendant's evidence contentions, we address the
applicable standard of review. Appellate courts "typically review evidentiary
rulings under a deferential standard and will 'uphold [the trial court's]
determinations absent a showing of an abuse of discretion.'" State v. Trinidad,
A-2746-23 22 241 N.J. 425, 448 (2020) (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Scott, 229 N.J.
469, 479 (2017)). We defer to the court's evidentiary rulings unless they were
"so wide of the mark that a manifest denial of justice resulted." State v.
Gonzalez, 249 N.J. 612, 633 (2022) (quoting State v. Singh, 245 N.J. 1, 13
(2021)). If we determine the court mistakenly exercised its discretion, "we must
then determine whether any error found is harmless or requires reversal." Ibid.
(quoting State v. Prall, 231 N.J. 567, 581 (2018)). We review a trial court's legal
conclusions de novo. State v. Hubbard, 222 N.J. 249, 263 (2015).
A. A.M.'s Testimony Regarding Defendant's Sexual Advances.
We first address defendant's contention that the court erroneously
admitted A.M.'s testimony regarding defendant's attempts "to have sex with
her . . . several times" during the night, and that he "touched her sexually."
Defendant further argues A.M. improperly testified that he became angry, had
attempted to have sex at 6:00 a.m. before leaving to go upstairs, and had returned
to the bedroom "at some point" before 8:30 a.m. making no further sexual
advances. He asserts A.M.'s testimony on these issues was "irrelevant
evidence." After our review of the record, we are unpersuaded.
For evidence to be admissible, it must be relevant. Relevant evidence
must have a "tendency in reason to prove or disprove any fact of consequence
A-2746-23 23 to the determination of the action." State v. Garcia, 245 N.J. 412, 430 (2021)
(quoting N.J.R.E. 401). Evidence is probative under N.J.R.E. 401 "when it has
a tendency 'to establish the proposition that it is offered to prove.'" State v. Burr,
195 N.J. 119, 127 (2008) (quoting State v. Allison, 208 N.J. Super. 9, 17 (App.
Div. 1985)).
Under N.J.R.E. 403, "relevant evidence may be excluded if its probative
value is substantially outweighed by risk of: (a) [u]ndue prejudice, confusion
of issues, or misleading the jury; or (b) [u]ndue delay, waste of time, or needless
presentation of cumulative evidence." "In determining whether the admission
of certain evidence would be unduly prejudicial" the court must consider
"whether the evidence's probative value 'is so significantly outweighed by [its]
inherently inflammatory potential as to have a probable capacity to divert
the minds of the jurors from a reasonable and fair evaluation of the basic issue
of guilt or innocence.'" Trinidad, 241 N.J. at 449 (alteration in original) (quoting
State v. Thompson, 59 N.J. 396, 421 (1971)).
We initially recognize that A.M.'s testimony—regarding defendant's
sexual advances, "storming upstairs" and "pouting" after she rebuffed his
advances, location during the relevant time period, and state of undress—were
firsthand observations made close in time to defendant's assault of C.C.
A-2746-23 24 Defendant maintained C.C. fabricated the assault and must have dreamt it
occurred. Defendant testified that he slept next to A.M. the entire night after
going to sleep at about 11:30 p.m.
After defendant objected to A.M.'s testimony, the court appropriately
balanced the relevant factors. It found A.M.'s testimony was relevant and
material to the charged events. The court properly limited A.M.'s testimony to
what occurred between the late evening of September 14, 2019 and the morning
of September 15, 2019.
A review of A.M.'s testimony does not support defendant's argument that
the probative value of the testimony was substantially outweighed by its
inflammatory potential. Her testimony did not have a probability of diverting
the jurors' minds from a fair and reasonable evaluation of the facts.
Additionally, his assertion that A.M.'s sexual relations testimony was
"[u]ncorroborated" does not negate its admissibility. Defendant had the
opportunity to cross-examine A.M. regarding her observations, and we "trust
jurors to evaluate a witness's credibility." State v. Cole, 229 N.J. 430, 466
(2017); see State v. Mahoney, 444 N.J. Super. 253, 259 (App. Div. 2016)
("[Jurors] determine the credibility of witnesses[ and] the weight to attach to
the[ir] testimony . . . . by weighing the evidence calmly, without passion,
A-2746-23 25 prejudice or sympathy."). We conclude defendant has failed to show "that the
trial court palpably abused its discretion, that is, that its finding was so wide of
the mark that a manifest denial of justice resulted." Cole, 229 N.J. at 449
(quoting State v. Carter, 91 N.J. 86, 106 (1982)). We, therefore, discern no error
in the admission of A.M.'s firsthand testimony.
B. Fresh-Complaint Statements.
Defendant next argues that the "fresh[-]complaint testimony of A.M.[,]
regarding what C.C. told her . . . occurred that morning," was inadmissible. He
contends reversal is warranted because the admitted fresh[-]complaint testimony
"went beyond what was necessary [to] prove that C.C. had complained about the
touching shortly after it occurred, was cumulative, and . . . unduly prejudicial."
After reviewing the testimony and the court's well-stated reasons for admission,
we disagree.
Hearsay is "a statement, other than one made by the declarant while
testifying at the trial or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the
matter asserted." State v. Medina, 242 N.J. 397, 421-22 (2020) (emphasis
omitted) (quoting N.J.R.E. 801(c)). "Hearsay is generally inadmissible 'except
as provided by [the Rules of Evidence] or by other law.'" Prall, 231 N.J. at 585
(alteration in original) (quoting N.J.R.E. 802). "Ordinarily, a third party's
A-2746-23 26 testimony about a victim's out-of-court description of an alleged sexual assault
is inadmissible hearsay evidence." State v. C.W.H., 465 N.J. Super. 574, 599
(App. Div. 2021). "However, the fresh-complaint doctrine is a common law
exception to this rule that 'allows witnesses in a criminal trial to testify to a
victim's complaint of sexual assault.'" Ibid. (quoting State v. Hill, 121 N.J. 150,
151 (1990)).
The fresh-complaint doctrine's purpose is to permit "the admission of
evidence of a victim's complaint of sexual abuse, otherwise inadmissible as
hearsay, to negate the inference that the victim's initial silence or delay indicates
that the charge is fabricated." Ibid. (quoting State v. R.K., 220 N.J. 444, 455
(2015)). "[F]resh-complaint evidence serves a narrow purpose" of permitting
"the State to negate the inference that the victim was not sexually assaulted
because of [his or her] silence." Hill, 121 N.J. at 163. "[T]o qualify as fresh-
complaint evidence, the victim's statement must have been made spontaneously
and voluntarily, within a reasonable time after the alleged assault, to a person
the victim would ordinarily turn to for support." C.W.H., 465 N.J. Super. at 599
(alteration in original) (quoting R.K., 220 N.J. at 455). "Flexible application of
the doctrine to children's complaints is recognized as a necessity since children
are especially vulnerable to being cajoled or coerced by their abusers into
A-2746-23 27 remaining silent; they may be too frightened or embarrassed to reveal the abuse."
State v. Pillar, 359 N.J. Super. 249, 282 (App. Div. 2003); see also State v. L.P.,
352 N.J. Super. 369, 384 (App. Div. 2002) (relying on the "continuing aura of
intimidation" in determining statements were made within a reasonable time).
Defendant does not contest that C.C. made her disclosure to A.M.
"spontaneously and voluntarily" about an hour after the sexual assault occurred
and that C.C. would ordinarily turn to her mother for support. C.C. was eight
years old and defendant was about forty years old. It is also undisputed that on
the morning of September 15, 2019 everyone in the home observed that C.C.
was crying and upset. Further, defendant argued in defense that C.C. fabricated
the assault.
Defendant's assertion that A.M.'s fresh-complaint testimony "went
beyond what was necessary" regarding C.C.'s disclosed touching is unsupported.
The court correctly limited A.M.'s testimony to the first disclosure C.C. made
on the morning of the incident. We are unpersuaded by defendant's argument
that the fresh-complaint testimony should have been precluded and "the jury
[permitted to] decide the case on the facts . . . of he-said/she-said." Here, the
court admitted the fresh-complaint evidence after conducting a fact-sensitive
analysis, noting it was admitted to negate an inference of delay and fabrication.
A-2746-23 28 Further, the court charged the jury on the limited use of the fresh-complaint
testimony.2 While fresh-complaint evidence may not be offered to bolster the
victim's credibility and courts may "exclude cumulative fresh-complaint
testimony that is prejudicial," Hill, 121 N.J. at 170, after our review of the
record, we discern no error in the court's exercise of its discretion. Thus, we
conclude the court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the limited fresh-
complaint evidence.
C. Statement for Medical Diagnosis or Treatment.
Defendant next contends the court erred in admitting C.C.'s statements to
Dr. Finkel. He contends the entire statement should have been barred because
it was irrelevant, unduly prejudicial, and cumulative. He also asserts the court
committed plain error by permitting Dr. Silliman-Cohen to testify to Dr. Finkel's
medical record in violation of the Confrontation Clause. Lastly, he argues Dr.
Finkel's report was a net opinion and improperly admitted because the
"diagnosis and treatment [evaluation] of C.C." was unsupported by any
medically accepted foundation, demonstrating its reliability.
2 We note defendant does not appeal from N.A.'s fresh-complaint testimony that was arguably favorable to defendant. A-2746-23 29 N.J.R.E. 803(c)(4) permits the admission of hearsay statements made for
the purpose of medical diagnosis or treatment. The Rule requires the statements
be "made in good faith for purposes of . . . medical diagnosis or treatment" and
describe "past or present symptoms or sensations," "or their general cause."
N.J.R.E. 803(c)(4)(A) to (B). It has long been recognized that a patient's
statements given "for the purpose of diagnosis" are admissible based on the
premise of reliability. Palmisano v. Pear, 306 N.J. Super. 395, 400 (App. Div.
1997). "The hearsay exception for statements made for purposes of medical
diagnosis or treatment, N.J.R.E. 803(c)(4), is directed at statements made by the
patient not the doctor or therapist." In re Commitment of G.G.N., 372 N.J.
Super. 42, 56-57 (App. Div. 2004).
The Rule generally precludes "statements as to the cause of the symptoms
or conditions" because they are not relevant to the patient's treatment. Cestero
v. Ferrara, 57 N.J. 497, 501 (1971) (emphasis in original). Similarly, our "courts
have held that statements naming alleged perpetrators are inadmissible because
that information is irrelevant to a medical diagnosis and treatment." State v.
E.R., 457 N.J. Super. 377, 383-84 (App. Div. 2016). However, hearsay
statements "made for the purposes of determining the possible cause of" a
A-2746-23 30 patient's diagnosis are admissible. See Marino v. Abex Corp., 471 N.J. Super.
263, 295-96 (App. Div. 2022).
As we have already explained, evidence should be excluded "if its
probative value is substantially outweighed by the risk of (a) undue prejudice,
confusion of issues, or misleading the jury or (b) undue delay, waste of time, or
needless presentation of cumulative evidence." Cole, 229 N.J. at 448 (quoting
N.J.R.E. 403). In addressing the probative value of evidence against undue
prejudice, the court is also charged to serve a "gatekeeping function and
assess[es] whether the evidence was cumulative and should have been limited."
State v. Santamaria, 236 N.J. 390, 409 (2019).
The court permitted the admission of redacted portions of C.C.'s statement
to Dr. Finkel and his opinion related to his diagnosis and treatment evaluation.
In considering N.J.R.E. 803(c)(4), the court noted Dr. Finkel's evaluation was
conducted to diagnose and treat C.C. for any residual psychological effects
related to the sexual assault. To reach a medical diagnosis, Dr. Finkel had to be
informed as to C.C.'s account of what occurred. Dr. Finkel ultimately opined
the physical exam revealed no evidence but that there was a residual
psychological effect from the incident. He recommended trauma informed care.
A-2746-23 31 Defense counsel did not refute that C.C.'s statements to Dr. Finkel were for
diagnosis and treatment.
While defendant argues C.C.'s entire statement should have been
precluded, he specifically argues the following statements were highly
prejudicial and cumulative: she "was scared if [she] told [her] mom right
away[,] he was just standing right there"; she "waited until [her] mom went
upstairs to tell"; and she "thought [defendant] would start yelling and make up
lies." He further argues that the court improperly admitted C.C.'s double hearsay
statement that "[N.A.] said [she was] safe," her identification of defendant as
the perpetrator, comment she "would tell [defendant] to get off. . . . [and] would
curse at him," and fear defendant might "tr[y] to break in and . . . do something
to . . . [A.M.] and [her]."
While we disagree with defendant's contention that all of C.C.'s good faith
statements to Dr. Finkel were inadmissible, we do agree that the court
erroneously admitted irrelevant and cumulative portions of the medical record.
The context and purpose of the medical evaluation record is important. It is
undisputed that Dr. Finkel's examination was for C.C.'s medical diagnosis and
treatment. While our review of the court's evidence rulings is deferential, we
conclude the court should have precluded the imbedded double-hearsay
A-2746-23 32 statements regarding N.A.'s statements after C.C. reported the incident.
Additionally, it should have ordered the redaction of C.C.'s statements regarding
how and when she reported the incident to her mother, C.C.'s recitation of what
she would tell defendant in the future, and her fear of defendant committing
future acts. The State failed to establish the relevance of these statements and
portions of the statements were cumulative. Further, C.C.'s statements
identifying defendant and portions of Dr. Finkel's statements not related to
diagnoses, were admitted in error.
Nevertheless, in viewing the inadmissible statements of Dr. Finkel's
medical record in the context of the trial evidence and against C.C.'s good faith
statements provided for the purposes of medical diagnosis or treatment, we
conclude the "error 'is [not] of such a nature as to have been clearly capable of
producing an unjust result.'" State v. Hedgespeth, 249 N.J. 234, 252 (2021)
(quoting State v. Kuchera, 198 N.J. 482, 501 (2009)). Defendant conceded to
the admissibility under the exception but had objected based on prejudice. In
reviewing the totality of the evidence presented at trial, we do not discern that
the error was clearly capable of producing an unjust result. R. 2:10-2.
Defendant next argues he was "denied the right to confront" Dr. Finkel
because he "did not testify at trial." "The Sixth Amendment to the United States
A-2746-23 33 Constitution and Article 1, Paragraph 10 of the New Jersey Constitution
guarantee a criminal defendant the right to confront 'the witnesses against him.'"
State v. Branch, 182 N.J. 338, 348 (2005) (first quoting U.S. Const. amend. VI;
and then citing N.J. Const. art. I, ¶ 10). The Confrontation Clause provides a
defendant with "the opportunity to cross-examine and impeach the State's
witnesses." State v. Williams, 184 N.J. 432, 443 (2005); see also State v. Budis,
125 N.J. 519, 530-31 (1991) ("Among the primary interests protected by the
right of confrontation are the opportunity for defendants to face their accusers
and to cross-examine the [S]tate's witnesses."). "The right to confront and cross-
examine accusing witnesses is 'among the minimum essentials of a fair trial.'"
Budis, 125 N.J. at 531 (quoting Chambers v. Mississippi, 410 U.S. 284, 294-95
(1973)).
The Confrontation Clause prohibits a party from introducing testimonial
hearsay "as a substitute for in-court testimony when a defendant has never been
given the opportunity to cross-examine the witness." State v. Cabbell, 207 N.J.
311, 329 (2011); Crawford v. Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 51 (2004). The
Supreme Court, in State v. Michaels, explained that Confrontation Clause issues
arise when a court admits a non-testifying expert's forensic report through a
testifying expert witness who did not independently review the underlying data
A-2746-23 34 before offering an opinion. 219 N.J. 1, 42-45 (2014) (permitting the State to
present a substitute expert's "signed and certified report, based on [their]
independent review of machine-generated data, through [their] live testimony,
did not violate defendant's confrontation rights").
In the present case, the record demonstrates the court addressed with
counsel multiple times throughout the trial whether Dr. Finkel would testify
from Scotland. The court was prepared to accommodate and arrange for
"FaceTime or [an] equivalent" "platform" for the "doctor . . . in Scotland."
Defense counsel consented to Dr. Silliman-Cohen testifying in lieu of Dr.
Finkel, stating to the court "that [it was] fine" for the court to "call off Scotland."
See State v. Williams, 219 N.J. 89, 93 (2014) (noting a defendant "may waive
his right of confrontation and choose not to object to testimony"). The trial court
provided defendant the opportunity to object "and then properly deferred to each
party's strategic and tactical decisions in allowing each party to try the case as
it saw fit." Santamaria, 236 N.J. at 408. "[G]enerally, a defendant must attempt
to exercise his confrontation right and object when necessary, if he wishes later
to claim that he was denied that right." Williams, 219 N.J. at 93. We may infer
from defense counsel's failure to object, and evident consent, to Dr. Silliman-
A-2746-23 35 Cohen's testimony in lieu of Dr. Finkel, that she did not perceive the substitution
was prejudicial. State v. Irving, 114 N.J. 427, 444 (1989).
Again, defense counsel acknowledged that C.C.'s statements fell within
N.J.R.E. 803(c)(4)'s hearsay exception. However, defense counsel specifically
argued in opposition that the statements were inadmissible, cumulative, and
overly prejudicial evidence, which demonstrated that the consent to Dr.
Silliman-Cohen's testimony was an informed decision. Defendant's failure to
object deprived the court of an opportunity to take curative action. State v.
Timmendequas, 161 N.J. 515, 576 (1999) (stating that "[g]enerally, if no
objection was made to . . . improper remarks, the remarks will not be deemed
prejudicial" because the "failure to make a timely objection indicates that
defense counsel did not believe the remarks were prejudicial" and the court was
"deprived of the opportunity to take curative action").
A party's "failure to 'object or otherwise preserve an issue for appeal at
the trial court level' limits appellate review to a plain error inquiry." State v.
G.E.P., 243 N.J. 362, 389 (2020) (quoting Santamaria, 236 N.J. at 404). Our
Supreme Court has stated that "[p]lain error has intentionally been created as a
high bar for parties to meet in order to encourage litigants to raise any objections
to evidence at the trial level where the court can best 'forestall or correct a
A-2746-23 36 potential error,' in a timely manner." Santamaria, 236 N.J. at 409 (quoting State
v. Bueso, 225 N.J. 193, 203 (2016)). "The mere possibility of an unjust result
is not enough." State v. Canfield, 470 N.J. Super. 234, 273 (App. Div. 2022).
In addition to defendant affirmatively waiving his right of confrontation by
agreeing to Dr. Silliman-Cohen's testimony, we conclude the admission of her
testimony does not constitute plain error, resulting in an unjust result.
Regarding defendant's net opinion argument, he also never objected to Dr.
Finkel's medical evaluation and treatment recommendation based on a lack of
foundation. Defendant now posits "Dr. Finkel's diagnosis and treatment of C.C.
provided no principles and methods, nor any research, analysis, or industry
standard, against which the reliability of his opinions regarding the diagnosis
and treatment of C.C." may be reviewed.
The Supreme court has explained that "the net opinion rule 'requires an
expert to give the why and wherefore of his or her opinion, rather than a mere
conclusion.'" State v. Townsend, 186 N.J. 473, 494 (2006); Rosenberg v.
Tavorath, 352 N.J. Super. 385, 401 (App. Div. 2002). It is recognized that "[t]he
net opinion rule is a 'corollary of [N.J.R.E. 703] . . . which forbids the admission
into evidence of an expert's conclusions that are not supported by factual
evidence or other data.'" Townsend v. Pierre, 221 N.J. 36, 53-54 (2015)
A-2746-23 37 (alteration in original) (quoting Polzo v. County of Essex, 196 N.J. 569, 583
(2008)).
Defendant's failure to assert a net opinion objection deprived the court of
the opportunity to address the underlying medical foundation for Dr. Finkel's
treatment and diagnosis opinions.3 It is again important to note that defendant
consented to Dr. Silliman-Cohen's testimony in lieu of Dr. Finkel's and had
ample opportunity to raise an objection under N.J.R.E. 703.
Further, Dr. Silliman-Cohen testified that, as a pediatrician and the
director of the CARES Institute, she was familiar with the protocols regarding
the medical examinations and diagnoses of children that have suffered abuse or
neglect. The record demonstrates defendant did not cross-examine her regarding
the accepted medical evaluation standards. We, therefore, are convinced
defendant waived his net opinion objection and has failed to demonstrate that
the admission of the testimony rises to the level of plain error. R. 2:10-2 (stating
3 We note defendant failed to submit Dr. Finkel's medical records, depriving us of a meaningful review of the net opinion argument. R. 2:6-1(a)(1)(I). "We are not 'obliged to attempt review of an issue when the relevant portions of the record are not included.'" State v. D.F.W., 468 N.J. Super. 422, 447 (App. Div. 2021) (quoting Cmty. Hosp. Grp., Inc. v. Blume Goldfaden Berkowitz Donnelly Fried & Forte, P.C., 381 N.J. Super. 119, 127 (App. Div. 2005)). A-2746-23 38 plain error "is of such a nature as to have been clearly capable of producing an
unjust result").
D. C.C.'s Video-Recorded Hearsay Statement.
Defendant next asserts the court erred in admitting C.C.'s video-recorded
hearsay statement under the tender-years exception, N.J.R.E. 803(c)(27). He
contends C.C.'s statement that "thousands of people . . . [told] me what
happened" demonstrates the statement is untrustworthy. Defendant argues
reversal is warranted because C.C.'s statement was not "her own recollection"
but rather it was based on facts others "told to her about . . . what happened."
N.J.R.E. 803(c)(27) provides:
A statement made by a child under the age of [twelve] relating to sexual misconduct committed with or against that child is admissible in a criminal, juvenile, or civil case if (a) the proponent of the statement makes known to the adverse party an intention to offer the statement and the particulars of the statement at such time as to provide the adverse party with a fair opportunity to prepare to meet it; (b) the court finds, in a hearing conducted pursuant to Rule 104(a), that on the basis of the time, content and circumstances of the statement there is a probability that the statement is trustworthy; and (c) either (i) the child testifies at the proceeding, or (ii) the child is unavailable as a witness and there is offered admissible evidence corroborating the act of sexual abuse; provided that no child whose statement is to be offered in evidence pursuant to this rule shall be disqualified to be a witness in such proceeding by virtue of the requirements of Rule 601.
A-2746-23 39 The State bears the burden of proving the probability that the statement is
trustworthy by a preponderance of the evidence. State v. James, 346 N.J. Super.
441, 457 (App. Div. 2002).
In determining whether a statement is sufficiently trustworthy to warrant
its admission under the tender-years exception, a court must consider "the
totality of the circumstances." State v. P.S., 202 N.J. 232, 249 (2010). The
Supreme Court has identified the following "non-exclusive list of factors
relevant to evaluating the reliability of out-of-court statements made by child
victims of sexual abuse": (1) the spontaneity of the statement, whether it was
made without prompting or suggestive questioning; (2) whether the account
provided by the declarant is consistently repeated; (3) the "mental state of the
declarant"; (4) the "use of terminology unexpected of a child of similar age";
and (5) the declarant's "lack of motive to fabricate." Ibid. (citing Idaho v.
Wright, 497 U.S. 805, 821-22 (1990)); see also State in the Int. of A.R., 234 N.J.
82, 103-04 (2018).
Our Supreme Court has recognized that the spontaneity of a child's
statement can be undermined by "prior interrogation, prompting, or
manipulation by adults." State v. D.G., 157 N.J. 112, 133 (1999) (quoting
Wright, 497 U.S. at 826-27) (concerning the involvement of actors outside law
A-2746-23 40 enforcement, such as family members). Other factors to consider include the
partisanship of the questioner and the questioner's ability to observe and recall
the statement. State v. R.M., 245 N.J. Super. 504, 516-17 (App. Div. 1991).
A court's determination on whether to admit a child's statement under the
tender-years exception may also be guided by the relevant factors identified by
our Supreme Court in State v. Michaels: (1) "a lack of investigatory
independence"; (2) "the pursuit by the interviewer of a preconceived notion of
what has happened to the child"; (3) "the use of leading questions"; (4) "a lack
of control for outside influences on the child's statements, such as previous
conversations with parents or peers"; (5) "[t]he use of incessantly repeated
questions"; (6) "[t]he explicit vilification or criticism of the person charged with
wrongdoing"; and (7) "the interviewer's tone of voice, mild threats, praise,
cajoling, bribes and rewards, as well as resort to peer pressure." 136 N.J. 299,
309-10 (1994).
"[C]ourts have considerable leeway in their consideration of appropriate
factors" so long as the factors relate to "whether the child declarant was
particularly likely to be telling the truth when the statement was made." D.G.,
157 N.J. at 125 (quoting Wright, 497 U.S. at 822). Further, our Supreme Court
has emphasized "the importance of videotaping child interviews and [has] held
A-2746-23 41 that such videotapes should be considered in any trustworthiness analysis." P.S.,
202 N.J. at 250.
In admitting C.C.'s statement to Worth, the court considered the relevant
factors under the tender-years exception and found the statement was
trustworthy. C.C. was eight years old when she gave Worth the statement about
defendant's sexual assault. Worth testified to his substantial training and
experience, having conducted over eighty interviews. After the court had the
opportunity to assess Worth's testimony and watch the video-recorded
statement, it found C.C. was "calm" during the interview and materially
responded to Worth's questions, which were not "suggestive or misleading."
Further, after considering C.C.'s interview comment about talking to
"thousands of people," the court noted the interview was only two days after the
incident. In reviewing the context of the comment relative to the entire recorded
statement, the court properly found her comment was an age-commensurate
response. We reject defendant's argument that the statement was inadmissible
because it was inherently untrustworthy "due to the taint of what numerous
people told" C.C. Defendant's bare assertion is unsupported by the facts in the
record. He has failed to assert any genuine issue undermining the neutrality of
Worth's interview of C.C. and to demonstrate there was any undue
A-2746-23 42 suggestiveness. The court's admission of C.C.'s statement is "supported by
sufficient credible evidence in the record." A.R., 234 N.J. at 104 (quoting P.S.,
202 N.J. at 249). Thus, we are convinced the court committed no error in
admitting C.C.'s tender-years statement.
III.
Finally, defendant contends resentencing is required because the court
committed three sentencing errors. After recognizing our standard of review,
we address each argument in turn.
"We use a limited scope of review when considering a court's sentencing
determinations on appeal and apply an abuse of discretion standard." State v.
R.A.M., 482 N.J. Super. 439 (App. Div. 2025). Generally, appellate courts defer
to the sentencing court's factual findings and should not "second-guess" them.
State v. Case, 220 N.J. 49, 65 (2014).
Our Supreme Court has stated:
The appellate court must affirm the sentence unless (1) the sentencing guidelines were violated; (2) the aggravating and mitigating factors found by the sentencing court were not based upon competent and credible evidence in the record; or (3) "the application of the guidelines to the facts of [the] case makes the sentence clearly unreasonable so as to shock the judicial conscience."
A-2746-23 43 [State v. Fuentes, 217 N.J. 57, 70 (2014) (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Roth, 95 N.J. 334, 364-65 (1984)).]
"At sentencing, the 'court should identify the relevant aggravating and
mitigating factors, determine which factors are supported by a preponderance of
evidence, balance the relevant factors, and explain how it arrives at the
appropriate sentence.'" R.A.M., 482 N.J. Super. at 460 (quoting State v. M.A.,
402 N.J. Super. 353, 370 (App. Div. 2008)). Once a sentencing court has
balanced the aggravating and mitigating factors set forth in N.J.S.A. 2C:44-1(a)
and (b), it "may impose a term within the permissible range for the offense."
State v. Morente-Dubon, 474 N.J. Super. 197, 208 (App. Div. 2022) (quoting
State v. Bieniek, 200 N.J. 601, 608 (2010)); see also Case, 220 N.J. at 65
(instructing that appellate courts may not substitute their judgment for that of
the sentencing court, provided that the "aggravating and mitigating factors are
identified [and] supported by competent, credible evidence in the record").
A. Aggravating Factor Two.
Defendant first contends "the court engaged in improper double-counting
of aggravating . . . factor two and misapplied the facts of the case in finding the
victim particularly vulnerable due to [her] relationship [with] defendant."
Specifically, he argues the court erroneously double-counted C.C.'s "age" under
A-2746-23 44 aggravating factor two because he was convicted of N.J.S.A. 2C:14-2(b), which
includes as an element that "the age of the victim . . . is less than [thirteen] years
old and the actor is at least four years older than the victim."
In finding aggravating factor two, the court described the family dynamic
and noted C.C. was an "eight-year-old," was defendant's "stepdaughter," and
"was particularly vulnerable by his empowered position in the family as her
stepfather." The State had argued under factor two that after the incident C.C.
required counseling, the "event . . . changed her entire life," and defendant's
sexual assault caused her to "suffer[] every day with interacting with individuals
and trusting adults." While the court mentioned C.C.'s age in the context of the
family dynamic, it did so highlighting that she was defendant's "stepdaughter"
and "particularly vulnerable." We note the court mentioned earlier in its
sentencing findings the incident occurred after "a family party." Specifically,
the court stated, "[T]he specific facts attendant to these crimes" and defendant's
"position" directly caused "the harm to this child." We conclude, the court did
not commit impermissible double counting and sufficiently "state[d] [its]
reasons" and "the factual basis supporting [its] finding of [the] particular
aggravating . . . factor[]." R. 3:21-4(h).
A-2746-23 45 B. Aggravating Factor Three.
Defendant next argues the court erred in finding a risk of re-offense under
aggravating factor three. In finding the aggravating factor, the court considered
the presentence report, noted defendant's use of alcohol and heroin at the time
of the incident, and acknowledged his "long history of substance abuse
challenges." The record demonstrates the court focused on defendant's criminal
convictions in reciting his complete history. Therefore, his contention that the
court based its findings on the "prior arrest history" is without merit.
Defendant's additional argument that the court failed to consider relevant
facts under factor three, including his steps toward "rehabilitation" and "whether
he [was] . . . gainfully employed," is also misplaced. The record shows the court
considered that defendant was an "employed . . . electrician." The court also
recognized his two prior convictions for drug related offenses were "older than
ten years." It weighed the relevant facts in finding his risk of re-offense. We,
therefore, reject his assertion that the court's "only explanation for . . .
finding . . . aggravating factor three was based on . . . impermissible
considerations."
A-2746-23 46 C. Parole Ineligibility.
Defendant's third sentencing contention is that the court "failed [to] set
forth the impact of the [eighty-five percent period of] parole ineligibility." The
court found the imposed parole ineligibility period was "sufficient to satisfy the
interest of justice and deter this type of conduct." Defendant's argument ignores
that the court considered the totality of facts, including his health status and
substance abuse, and the need to protect "this victim and the public from this
recidivist." It also addressed the full impact of defendant's sentence in denying
the State's persistent offender extended term request. We conclude the court
weighed the relevant facts in finding defendant's sentence above the mid-range
was supported and warranted.
Finally, we observe the court found no mitigating factors and gave
substantial weight to the aggravating factors. The Supreme Court has noted
"'reason suggests that . . . when the aggravating factors preponderate, sentences
will tend toward the higher end of the range.'" State v. Kiriakakis, 235 N.J. 420,
436 (2018) (quoting State v. Natale, 184 N.J. 458, 488 (2005)). While the court
ordered "a nine-year . . . state prison term subject to NERA" on count one, the
court stated it had given "due consideration [to] the real-time consequences of
A-2746-23 47 the sentence to be imposed under [NERA]." We, therefore, discern no reason to
disturb the court's sentence of defendant.
Affirmed.
A-2746-23 48
Related
Cite This Page — Counsel Stack
State of New Jersey v. A.N.A., Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/state-of-new-jersey-v-ana-njsuperctappdiv-2026.