IN THE MISSOURI COURT OF APPEALS WESTERN DISTRICT
STATE OF MISSOURI, ) ) Respondent, ) WD84548 v. ) ) OPINION FILED: ) September 27, 2022 RONNIE DALE SUMMERS, ) ) Appellant. )
Appeal from the Circuit Court of Lafayette County, Missouri The Honorable Dennis A. Rolf, Judge
Before Division One: Janet Sutton, Presiding Judge, and Alok Ahuja and Karen King Mitchell, Judges
Ronnie Summers appeals, following a bench trial, his convictions of second-degree assault,
§ 565.052,1 resisting arrest, § 575.150, and possession of a controlled substance, § 579.015, for
which he was sentenced, as a persistent offender, to concurrent terms of ten years for assault and
seven years for resisting arrest and a consecutive term of ten years for possession of a controlled
substance for an aggregate sentence of twenty years’ imprisonment. Summers raises four points
on appeal. In Points I and II, he challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction
1 All statutory references are to the Revised Statutes of Missouri, as updated through the 2018 supplement, unless otherwise noted. of second-degree assault. In Point III, he challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his
conviction of resisting arrest. And, in Point IV, he argues that the court erred in refusing to dismiss
the charges due to alleged violations of both the Uniform Mandatory Disposition of Detainers Law
(UMDDL) and the Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial. Finding no error, we affirm.
Background
On February 6, 2020, Officer Andrew Maxwell of the Higginsville Police Department
responded to a dispatch at Cypress and 22nd Street, where he observed Summers standing in the
street, holding various items. Officer Maxwell, who was in uniform and driving a marked patrol
vehicle, approached Summers on foot and explained why he was there. Summers was behaving
in a way that suggested to Officer Maxwell that Summers might be under the influence of
stimulants. Officer Maxwell knew that Summers was on parole at the time, so Officer Maxwell
requested consent to search Summers’s person, which Summers granted.
While searching Summers’s pockets, Officer Maxwell discovered a small baggie that
contained a crystal substance, which Officer Maxwell believed to be methamphetamine.
Officer Maxwell returned the substance to Summers’s pockets to free up his own hands in order
to place Summers under arrest. Officer Maxwell advised Summers to turn around and said he was
placing Summers under arrest for possession of a controlled substance. Officer Maxwell then felt
Summers pulling away as if to flee; Officer Maxwell advised Summers not to run, but Summers
pulled free of Officer Maxwell’s grasp and fled south. At the time, Officer Maxwell had a hold of
Summers’s coat with his left hand, and the force from Summers pulling away caused Officer
Maxwell to fall forward, strike his wrist on the ground, and break it.
Sergeant Chris Johnson also responded to the dispatch but arrived shortly after Officer
Maxwell. Sergeant Johnson saw Officer Maxwell fall when Summers fled. Officer Maxwell stood
2 back up and pursued Summers on foot, yelling for Summers to stop, and warning Summers that
he would release his police dog. Summers eventually stopped running, lay on his back, and waited
for Sergeant Johnson to handcuff him. Summers was taken into custody and charged, as a
persistent offender, with second-degree assault, resisting arrest, and possession of a controlled
substance.
Summers waived his right to a jury and was tried before the court on April 23, 2021. At
the trial, the court received testimony from Officer Maxwell and Sergeant Johnson, as well as
video footage from Officer Maxwell’s body camera. Summers conceded guilt on the possession
of a controlled substance count and conceded that Officer Maxwell’s broken wrist constituted a
serious physical injury. After reviewing the evidence, the court found Summers guilty on all
counts.
At sentencing the State outlined Summers’s extensive criminal history and sought an
aggregate sentence of twenty-four years’ imprisonment. Summers’s counsel requested a
maximum of ten years’ imprisonment with all counts to run concurrently. The court sentenced
Summers to concurrent terms of ten years’ imprisonment for second-degree assault and seven
years’ imprisonment for resisting arrest, and a consecutive term of ten years’ imprisonment for
possession of a controlled substance. Summers appeals.
Analysis
Summers raises four points on appeal. The first two points challenge the sufficiency of the
evidence to support his second-degree assault conviction; specifically, Summers argues that the
evidence was insufficient to establish that his conduct was the proximate cause of
Officer Maxwell’s injury in that (1) the evidence did not show that Summers consciously
disregarded a substantial and unjustifiable risk that Officer Maxwell would fall while chasing
3 Summers and (2) the evidence did not show that Summers’s actions constituted a gross deviation
from the standard of care a reasonable person would exercise in the situation. Summers’s third
point challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his resisting arrest conviction insofar
as he claims the evidence did not support a finding that he used violence or physical force. And,
in his final point, Summers argues that the court should have dismissed the charges due to alleged
violations of both the UMDDL and the Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial. For ease of
analysis, we address his points out of order.
I. Summers was not entitled to dismissal of the charges under either the UMDDL or the Sixth Amendment.
“Whether a criminal case should be dismissed based on the UMDDL is a question of law
[that] this court reviews de novo.” State v. James, 552 S.W.3d 590, 595 (Mo. App. W.D. 2018)
(quoting State v. Brown, 377 S.W.3d 619, 621 (Mo. App. W.D. 2012)). Likewise, “[w]hether a
defendant’s Sixth Amendment right to a speedy trial was violated is also a question of law, which
we review de novo.” Id. (citing State v. Sisco, 458 S.W.3d 304, 312-13 (Mo. banc 2015)).
A. Summers failed to properly invoke the protection of the UMDDL.
“The UMDDL provides for the prompt disposition of detainers based on untried state
charges pending against a prisoner held within the state’s correctional system.” State v. Pugh, 357
S.W.3d 310, 313 (Mo. App. W.D. 2012) (quoting Burnes v. State, 92 S.W.3d 342, 345 (Mo. App.
S.D. 2003)); see §§ 217.450, 217.460. “The statutory protections of the inmate’s right to a speedy
trial by allowing dismissal of any charges not prosecuted within 180 days of the request for
disposition are triggered by the lodging of the detainer.” State v. James, 552 S.W.3d 590, 597
(Mo. App. W.D. 2018). A criminal defendant bears the “initial burden of proving the application
of the UMDDL.” State v. Lucas, 559 S.W.3d 434, 445 (Mo. App. W.D. 2018); see also State v.
Merrick, 219 S.W.3d 281, 285 (Mo. App. S.D. 2007) (holding that defendant bore the burden of
4 proving compliance with the mandatory procedures for invoking the protection of the UMDDL).
Here, the State argues that Summers failed to invoke the protection of the UMDDL by failing to
prove the existence of a detainer lodged against him.
“A detainer is ‘a request filed by a criminal justice agency with the institution in which a
prisoner is incarcerated, asking the institution either to hold the prisoner for the agency or to notify
the agency when release of the prisoner is imminent.’” Pugh, 357 S.W.3d at 313 (quoting Burnes,
92 S.W.3d at 346)). “The purpose of a detainer is to put prison officials on notice that the inmate
is wanted to face pending charges in another jurisdiction upon the inmate’s release from prison.”
Id. “[T]he mere knowledge by the DOC of pending charges against [an inmate, however, is]
insufficient to trigger the UMDDL. Notice of the warrant, by itself, [does] not constitute a
detainer.” Greene v. State, 332 S.W.3d 239, 245 (Mo. App. W.D. 2010).
The record below establishes that Summers first filed a request for disposition of detainers
under the UMDDL on April 2, 2020. But nothing in the record reflects that either an actual or a
de facto detainer had been lodged against him at that time. Summers subsequently sought
dismissal of the charges under the UMDDL on October 16, 2020, but the record was still silent as
to the existence of any detainer. The prosecutor filed a writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum
on October 26, 2020, and again on both November 5, 2020, and November 13, 2020. But “a
prosecutor’s filing of a writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum does not, standing alone, constitute
the lodging of a detainer sufficient to trigger the provisions of the UMDDL.” State v. Branstetter,
107 S.W.3d 465, 477 (Mo. App. W.D. 2003).2
2 “When coupled with a proper showing of prejudice in some aspect of the prisoner’s incarceration (i.e., additional facts and circumstances demonstrating that he has been treated by prison officials as if a formal detainer had been lodged against him, such as being assigned to administrative segregation or being given a higher security level, being declared ineligible for educational, treatment, or rehabilitation programs or parole, etc.), the filing of a writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum may be considered a de facto detainer entitling the prisoner to the protections of the UMDDL.” State v. Branstetter, 107 S.W.3d 465, 477 (Mo. App. W.D. 2003).
5 In short, Summers failed to properly invoke the protection of the UMDDL below. Thus,
the trial court did not err in refusing to dismiss the charges on that basis. But, even if Summers
had satisfied his burden, the UMDDL does not mandate dismissal unless the offender also
establishes that his “constitutional right to a speedy trial has been denied.” James, 552 S.W.3d at
597 (quoting State v. McKay, 411 S.W.3d 295, 302 (Mo. App. E.D. 2013)). See also § 217.460,
RSMo (“If the indictment, information or complaint is not brought to trial within the period and if
the court finds that the offender’s constitutional right to a speedy trial has been denied, no court
of this state shall have jurisdiction of such indictment, information or complaint . . . .” (emphasis
added)).
B. Summers failed to establish a Sixth Amendment speedy trial violation.
“To assess whether the constitutional right to a speedy trial has been respected or denied,
the Court must balance four factors: (1) the length of delay; (2) the reason for the delay; (3) the
defendant’s assertion of his right; and (4) prejudice to the defendant.” State ex rel. McKee v. Riley,
240 S.W.3d 720, 729 (Mo. banc 2007). None of these factors are “either a necessary or sufficient
condition to the finding of a deprivation of the right of speedy trial.” Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S.
514, 533 (1972). “Rather, they are related factors and must be considered together with such other
circumstances as may be relevant.” Id.
The following is a timeline of relevant events in this matter:
2/26/20 – Summers is arrested
3/4/20 – Summers requests a one-week continuance to 3/11/20
3/11/20 – Summers requests a two-week continuance to 3/25/20
3/25/20 – hearing postponed because Summers was in the department of corrections on an unrelated matter
4/2/20 – Summers files a request for speedy trial under the UMDDL
6 4/3/20 – Summers files a second request for speedy trial under the UMDDL
10/16/20 – Summers files a pro se motion to dismiss for violation of his rights to speedy trial under the UMDDL and the Sixth Amendment
10/26/20 – Prosecutor files a writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum for DOC to make Summers available for court proceedings
11/4/20 – Summers requests a continuance until 11/30/20
1/19/21 – Summers requests a continuance until 2/1/21
2/1/21 – Summers requests a continuance until 2/16/21
2/16/21 – Due to inclement weather, the matter is continued to 2/18/21
2/18/21 – Summers requests a continuance until 3/1/21
4/23/21 – Summers is tried before the court
“[T]he length of the delay triggers the [Sixth Amendment] analysis: until there is a delay
that is presumptively prejudicial, there is no need to inquire into the other factors.” State v. Howell,
628 S.W.3d 750, 758 (Mo. App. E.D. 2021). “In Missouri, a delay of more than eight months is
generally considered presumptively prejudicial.” Id. “The delay in bringing a defendant to trial
is measured from the time of the formal indictment or when actual restraints are imposed by an
arrest.” Id. “However, ‘any delay attributable to the defendant’s continuances, motions, or other
actions must first be subtracted from the total delay.’” Id. (quoting State v. Allen, 954 S.W.2d 414,
417 (Mo. App. E.D. 1997)).
Here, Summers was arrested on 2/26/20 and tried on 4/23/21; thus, the overall delay was
approximately fourteen months. After subtracting the 86 days attributable to continuances
requested by Summers, the overall delay was approximately eleven months, which is sufficient to
trigger a full speedy trial analysis.
7 “Closely related to length of delay is the reason the government assigns to justify the
delay.” Barker, 407 U.S. at 531. “Here, too, different weights should be assigned to different
reasons.” Id. “A deliberate attempt to delay the trial in order to hamper the defense should be
weighted heavily against the government.” Id. “A more neutral reason such as negligence or
overcrowded courts should be weighted less heavily but nevertheless should be considered since
the ultimate responsibility for such circumstances must rest with the government rather than with
the defendant.” Id. “Finally, a valid reason, such as a missing witness, should serve to justify
appropriate delay.” Id.
The record here is less than clear as to the reasons for various delays. There was a single
two-day delay attributable to inclement weather in February 2021, but the record is otherwise silent
as to gaps in time other than those attributable to Summers’s requested continuances. We note
that the largest time gap (seven months) appears between March and October of 2020; and during
that time, both State and National emergencies were declared as a result of the COVID-19
pandemic. “Although ‘even in a pandemic, the [c]onstitution cannot be put away and forgotten[,]’
an overwhelming majority of courts have concluded good cause existed to excuse delays resulting
from the COVID-19 pandemic.” State v. Correa, KNL-CR180135304-T, 2022 WL 2132913, *2
(Conn. Super. Ct. June 14, 2022) (quoting Roman Catholic Diocese of Brooklyn v. Cuomo, 141
S. Ct. 63, 68 (2020)) (collecting cases). And, because pandemic-related delay is beyond
government control, other jurisdictions expressly hold that delay due to COVID-19 does not weigh
against the state in a speedy trial analysis. See, e.g., State v. Paige, 977 N.W.2d 829, 840 (Minn.
2022) (“As the emergency prompting the COVID-19 orders was an external factor outside of the
court’s control, we conclude that the second Barker factor does not weigh against the State.”).
8 In any event, there is nothing in the record reflecting either a “deliberate attempt to delay
the trial in order to hamper the defense” or “negligence or overcrowded courts”—the two greatest
concerns expressed by the United States Supreme Court in Barker. Accordingly, we find this
factor to be neutral in the analysis.
“The third factor to be considered is whether and how the defendant asserted his right to a
speedy trial.” Sisco, 458 S.W.3d at 316. “There is no rigid requirement regarding when a
defendant must assert his right to a speedy trial.” Id. “Instead, courts will weigh the timeliness of
the assertion and the frequency and force of a defendant’s objections.” Id.
Here, Summers arguably asserted his right three times by motion (the two motions filed
under the UMDDL and the motion to dismiss filed on 10/26/20)3 and renewed it once orally at his
preliminary hearing on 11/30/20. Yet the bulk of his continuance requests occurred after the
renewed motion to dismiss at the preliminary hearing. These actions “contradict his present claim
that his right to a speedy trial was violated.” State v. Harris, 673 S.W.2d 490, 494 (Mo. App. E.D.
1984). Thus, this factor weighs against Summers.
As to the final factor, “[w]hether defendant was prejudiced by any delay in going to trial is
the most important factor in the speedy trial analysis.” State v. Williams, 34 S.W.3d 440, 447 (Mo.
App. S.D. 2001). “To require reversal, any claimed prejudice resulting from delay must be actual
prejudice apparent on the record or by reasonable inference.” Id. (quoting State v. Darnell, 858
S.W.2d 739, 746 (Mo. App. W.D. 1993)). Prejudice generally consists of oppressive pretrial
incarceration, anxiety and concern of the accused, and/or impairment of the defense. Barker, 407
U.S. at 532.
3 The UMDDL motions did not invoke Summers’s constitutional right to speedy trial, but we note them nonetheless because a UMDDL violation, under certain circumstances, might also support a speedy trial violation under the Sixth Amendment. See Eckert v. State, 633 S.W.3d 435, 445 (Mo. App. W.D. 2021).
9 Summers first argues that he was subjected to oppressive pretrial incarceration and anxiety
and concern. But Summers was incarcerated in DOC on an unrelated matter for all but twenty
days of the time between his arrest and trial. Where a defendant is “incarcerated on other charges
in addition to the present charges, he cannot show oppressiveness of pretrial incarceration.” State
v. Young, 582 S.W.3d 84, 95 (Mo. App. E.D. 2019). Furthermore, it is the defendant’s burden to
establish prejudice from pretrial delay. State v. Howell, 628 S.W.3d 750, 759 (Mo. App. E.D.
2021). And “anxiety and concern exist in every criminal case, but that alone does not establish
prejudice where, as here, the defendant neither asserts nor shows that the delay weighed
particularly heavily on him in specific instances.” Myszka v. State, 16 S.W.3d 652, 659 (Mo. App.
W.D. 2000) (quoting State v. Woodworth, 941 S.W.2d 679, 694 (Mo. App. W.D. 1997)).
With respect to an impaired defense, Summers’s brief argues only that “[t]he factual
matters [Summers] set forth in his motion to dismiss identified how his defense was impaired.”
But there are no factual allegations of prejudice contained within Summers’s motion to dismiss.
And we see no obvious prejudice. There were three people involved in the underlying case:
Officer Maxwell, Sergeant Johnson, and Summers. Both law-enforcement officers testified at
Summers’s trial, and Summers chose not to. The court also received video footage of the incident
from Officer Maxwell’s body cam, and Summers stipulated to the medical records establishing the
existence and seriousness of Officer Maxwell’s injury. It does not appear that any witnesses or
evidence became unavailable as a result of the delay. In the absence of any discernable prejudice,
this factor weighs against Summers.
10 In sum, though the length of the delay was presumptively prejudicial such that it triggered
the full speedy trial analysis, none of the remaining factors weigh in favor of finding a violation.
Accordingly, Point IV is denied.4
II. The evidence was sufficient to support Summers’s convictions.
In Summers’s remaining points, he challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support
his second-degree assault and resisting arrest convictions. “When reviewing the sufficiency of the
evidence, the standard of review on appeal from a bench-tried case is the same as the standard used
on appeal of a case tried to a jury.” State v. Morris, 640 S.W.3d 762, 765 (Mo. App. W.D. 2022)
(quoting State v. Glaze, 611 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Mo. App. W.D. 2020)). “In reviewing the
sufficiency of the evidence, we do not reweigh the evidence, and the test is not whether we believe
the evidence established the defendant’s guilt beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. (quoting Glaze,
611 S.W.3d at 794). “Instead, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict,
disregarding all contrary evidence and reasonable inferences, in order to determine whether any
rational fact-finder could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable
doubt.” Id. at 765-66 (quoting Glaze, 611 S.W.3d at 794)).
A. The evidence supported Summers’s conviction for second-degree assault.
In his first two points, Summers argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his
conviction for second-degree assault insofar as the evidence failed to establish that Summers’s
conduct proximately caused Officer Maxwell’s injury. Summers further argues that the evidence
4 After the State raised the argument in its appellate brief that Summers failed to establish the existence of a detainer and therefore his claim that the case should be dismissed based on the UMDDL failed, Summers sought and received a document from the department of corrections that appears to be a detainer lodged against him in favor of Lafayette County on the underlying charges. Summers filed a motion with this court asking to supplement the record on appeal to include this document. That motion was taken with the case. As noted above, the UMDDL does not mandate dismissal unless the offender also establishes that his constitutional right to a speedy trial has been denied. Because we conclude Summers did not establish a violation of his constitutional right to a speedy trial and thus that even if he had carried his burden to prove that the UMDDL applied his Point IV would be denied, Summers’s motion to supplement the record on appeal is denied as moot.
11 did not establish that he acted recklessly insofar as it failed to show both that he consciously
disregarded a substantial and unjustifiable risk and that his conduct constituted a gross deviation
from the standard of care a reasonable person would exercise in similar circumstances. We
disagree.
“A person commits the offense of assault in the second degree if he . . . [r]ecklessly causes
serious physical injury to another person . . . .” § 565.052.1(3). “A defendant is criminally
responsible for assault in the second degree by whatever means it was accomplished, provided the
resultant injury was proximately caused by his unlawful act.” State v. Toran, 878 S.W.2d 913,
914 (Mo. App. E.D. 1994). “Thus, with crimes—such as [second-degree assault]—defined to
require not merely conduct, but also a specified result of such conduct, the defendant’s conduct
must be the legal, or proximate, cause of the result.” State v. Burton, 370 S.W.3d 926, 931 (Mo.
App. E.D. 2012). In other words, “[t]he defendant’s conduct must constitute the cause in fact of
the result—but for the defendant’s conduct, the result would not have occurred.” Id. “And any
variation between the result hazarded by the defendant’s reckless conduct and the result actually
achieved must not be so extraordinary that it would be unfair to hold the defendant responsible for
the actual result.” Id. Where a defendant flees from a lawful stop, is pursued by an officer, and
the officer sustains a foreseeable injury during the ensuing chase, the defendant’s conduct is both
the actual and proximate cause of the officer’s injuries. Id.
Here, the State charged Summers with recklessly causing serious physical injury to
Officer Maxwell “by pulling away from [Officer] Maxwell and causing [Officer] Maxwell to fall
and break a bone.” When Officer Maxwell was attempting to handcuff Summers, Officer Maxwell
had a hold of Summers’s coat; so, when Summers fled, Officer Maxwell was pulled in the same
direction. This force pulled Officer Maxwell off balance, causing him to fall unexpectedly and
12 land on his wrist on the concrete street where they had been standing. 5 The fall broke Officer
Maxwell’s wrist. Thus, Summers’s conduct of pulling away in the process of fleeing was the
actual cause of Officer Maxwell’s injury. It was also the proximate cause insofar as it is reasonably
foreseeable that suddenly pulling away from a person’s grasp could cause the person to fall and
that a person who unexpectedly falls onto a concrete surface will sustain injury, potentially
including a broken bone.6 Thus, Summers’s conduct was the proximate cause of
Officer Maxwell’s injury.
Summers’s conduct was also reckless. A person acts “recklessly” when he “consciously
disregard[s] a substantial and unjustifiable risk that circumstances exist or that a result will follow,
and such disregard constitutes a gross deviation from the standard of care which a reasonable
person would exercise in the situation.” § 556.061(42).
Fleeing a lawful stop by a law-enforcement officer demonstrates a conscious disregard of
a substantial and unjustifiable risk of physical injury to the officer, grossly deviates from the
standard of care that a reasonable person would exercise, and is thereby reckless. Burton, 370
S.W.3d at 928. In Burton, a highway patrol trooper observed the defendant riding his motorcycle
without a helmet and attempted to pull the defendant over. Id. The defendant pulled into a
driveway but then left the driveway and continued to ride down a hill through the grass. Id. The
defendant lost control of the motorcycle when he hit a patch of mud and was thrown from the
motorcycle. Id. Rather than stop, the defendant continued to flee on foot with the trooper in
pursuit. Id. When the trooper came within an arm’s length of the defendant, the trooper leaped
out to grab the defendant, but the defendant slipped and fell, causing the trooper to do the same.
5 Contrary to Summers’s argument, the evidence did not show that Officer Maxwell fell while running after Summers; it showed that Officer Maxwell fell because he was holding onto Summers when Summers suddenly pulled away. 6 Summers conceded that the broken wrist constituted a serious physical injury.
13 Id. The trooper “landed face first into the bottom rung of [a] fence . . . [and] suffered a broken
nose and a cut to his upper lip.” Id.
The defendant was charged with and convicted of recklessly causing physical injury to a
law-enforcement officer; on appeal, he challenged the sufficiency of the evidence to support the
court’s determination that he acted recklessly. Id. at 929. The Eastern District of this court
determined that “[f]light from an officer effecting a legal stop inherently includes a substantial and
unjustifiable risk of physical injury to the officer.” Id. at 930. And “[a] reasonable person would
not disregard this risk.” Id. By doing so, “the defendant’s disregard constituted a gross deviation
from the standard of care that a reasonable person would exercise.” Id.
The same is true here. Summers’s effort to flee from Officer Maxwell inherently included
a substantial and unjustifiable risk of serious physical injury to Officer Maxwell that a reasonable
person would not disregard. Therefore, it was reckless.7
Summers attempts to distinguish Burton by pointing out that the fields through which the
trooper pursued Burton were slick and muddy, whereas Summers and Officer Maxwell were on a
concrete street. But the surface conditions in Burton were relevant to the court’s determination of
proximate cause and not its determination of recklessness.8 See id. at 931 (“[T]he defendant should
have reasonably foreseen that the trooper might fall and suffer injury while pursuing him . . .
7 Though the Burton court was evaluating recklessness resulting in mere physical injury rather than serious physical injury, we do not believe the result would have differed, as in both cases the resulting injury included a broken bone. Serious physical injury is “physical injury that creates a substantial risk of death or that causes serious disfigurement or protracted loss or impairment of the function of any part of the body.” § 556.061(44). Our courts frequently hold that broken bones constitute serious physical injuries. See, e.g., State v. Briggs, 740 S.W.2d 399, 401 (Mo. App. E.D. 1987) (cracked rib); State v. Mentola, 691 S.W.2d 420, 422 (Mo. App. S.D. 1985) (broken jaw); State v. Emory, 643 S.W.2d 24, 27 (Mo. App. E.D. 1982) (broken arm). The only reason the Burton court was analyzing a mere physical injury rather than a serious physical injury was because of the manner in which the prosecution chose to charge the crime. 8 This distinction might make a difference in our proximate cause analysis if the evidence were as Summers suggests—that Officer Maxwell fell while running, rather than upon being suddenly pulled off-balance—but surface conditions had no effect on Officer Maxwell’s fall; it was entirely the result of Summers’s act of suddenly jerking away from Officer Maxwell, pulling him off balance.
14 [insofar as] [h]is flight from the trooper across a wet, muddy field and across three fences created
a risk of injury to the trooper that materialized.”). As to recklessness, the court held that “a
substantial and unjustifiable risk of physical injury is inherent in any flight from a lawful stop by
law enforcement.” Id. at 930 (emphasis added).
Accordingly, Points I and II are denied.
B. The evidence supported Summers’s conviction for resisting arrest.
In his third point, Summers argues that the evidence was insufficient to support his resisting
arrest conviction insofar as it failed to establish that he either used or threatened to use physical
force or violence. We disagree.
A person commits the offense of resisting . . . arrest . . . if he . . . knows or reasonably should know that a law enforcement officer is making an arrest . . . , and for the purpose of preventing the officer from effecting the arrest, . . . he . . . [r]esists the arrest . . . by using or threatening the use of violence or physical force . . . .
§ 575.150.1(1). Summers does not challenge the facts that Officer Maxwell was a
law-enforcement officer, that Summers knew that Officer Maxwell was a law-enforcement officer,
that Summers knew Officer Maxwell was attempting an arrest, or that Summers resisted. His sole
challenge is that evidence was insufficient to establish that Summers used or threatened to use
violence or physical force to do so.
Much of Summers’s argument is focused on the idea that he did not make threats or use
“violence” against Officer Maxwell. While this is true, making threats and using violence are not
the only ways in which a person can commit the crime of resisting arrest. State v. Caldwell, 352
S.W.3d 378, 383-84 (Mo. App. W.D. 2011) (“Under section 575.150.1, resisting arrest is a crime
if the person being arrested resists by one of five separate means: ‘using violence, threatening to
use violence, using physical force, threatening to use physical force, or by fleeing.’” (quoting State
v. Belton, 108 S.W.3d 171, 175 (Mo. App. W.D. 2003)). And, “[b]y separately listing ‘violence’
15 and ‘physical force,’ the legislature obviously intended for ‘physical force’ to include nonviolent
force. To conclude otherwise would render ‘physical force’ mere surplusage.” Belton, 108 S.W.3d
at 175.
“[T]he General Assembly did not define ‘physical force’ in § 575.150.1.” Id. “When a
term is not defined by statute, [we] will give the term its ‘plain and ordinary meaning as derived
from the dictionary.’” State v. Smith, 595 S.W.3d 143, 146 (Mo. banc 2020) (quoting Mo. Pub.
Serv. Comm’n v. Union Elec. Co., 552 S.W.3d 532, 541 (Mo. banc 2018)). “Force” is “[p]ower,
violence, or pressure directed against a person or thing.” FORCE, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th
ed. 2019). “Physical force” is “[f]orce consisting in a physical act.” Id. “[T]he ‘physical force’
necessary for a conviction under section 575.150.1(1) include[s] nonviolent force in the form of
the defendant’s physical resistance to the officer’s attempts to [control the defendant].” Caldwell,
352 S.W.3d at 384.
Here, Summers engaged in a physical act—pulling away from Officer Maxwell’s grip—
and, in doing so, exerted pressure against both Officer Maxwell’s grip and Summers’s own coat.
Thus, he engaged in physical force. See State v. Reynolds, 723 S.W.2d 400, 404 (Mo. App. W.D.
1986) (holding that there was sufficient evidence of physical force where the defendant “drew his
arm back after [the officer] had hold of it, and upon being told to place his hands on the wall he
yanked his away and then [the officer] was [inadvertently] struck across the face”); State v. Shipp,
125 S.W.3d 358, 360-61 (Mo. App. S.D. 2004) (holding there was sufficient evidence of physical
force where the defendant, while being handcuffed, “pulled his hand away, fought against [the
officer], and continued to struggle to get away”).
Accordingly, Point III is denied.
16 Conclusion
Summers failed to establish violations of either the UMDDL or the Sixth Amendment right
to speedy trial, and the evidence supporting his convictions was sufficient. Thus, his convictions
and sentences are affirmed.
Karen King Mitchell, Judge
Janet Sutton, Presiding Judge, and Alok Ahuja, Judge, concur.