This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2016).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-1601
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
William Henderson, Sr., Appellant.
Filed January 9, 2017 Affirmed Hooten, Judge
Hennepin County District Court File No. 27-CR-14-6433
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Jean Burdorf, Assistant County Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent)
Ryan C. Young, Fredrikson & Byron, P.A., Minneapolis, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Larkin, Presiding Judge; Hooten, Judge; and Smith,
John, Judge.
Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
HOOTEN, Judge
On appeal from his conviction of being a prohibited person in possession of a
firearm, appellant argues that the district court erred in holding that he did not have standing
to challenge the warrantless search of his fiancée’s apartment. Because appellant had been
issued a notice of trespass by an apartment complex with authority under the lease to
exclude him and therefore did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in his fiancée’s
apartment, we affirm.
FACTS
In March 2014, off-duty police officers working as uniformed security personnel at
a housing complex (the complex) found appellant William Henderson, Sr., to be in
possession of Methadone without a prescription in violation of the complex’s policies
prohibiting drug possession. The officers subsequently issued Henderson a notice of
trespass prohibiting him from returning to the complex for one year.
Seven days later, off-duty police officers working as security personnel for the
complex, while watching security cameras, observed a man whom they believed to be
Henderson enter an apartment in the complex. The officers were aware that Henderson,
who was not a leaseholder, had been staying at his fiancée’s apartment in the complex.
The officers went to Henderson’s fiancée’s apartment, and knocked and kicked her door
until Henderson answered. When Henderson attempted to close the door on the officers,
the officers forced the door open and arrested Henderson inside. The officers recovered a
handgun in the apartment, and Henderson subsequently admitted the handgun was his.
2 Henderson was prohibited from possessing a firearm due to a prior conviction.
Henderson moved to suppress the firearm and his statements, but the district court
denied the motion. After a stipulated facts trial, the district court found Henderson guilty
of being a prohibited person in possession of a firearm. This appeal follows.
DECISION
The only issue before us is the district court’s determination that Henderson had no
standing to contest the warrantless entry and search of his fiancée’s apartment because he
did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in his fiancée’s apartment based on a
privately-issued notice of trespass. While we disagree with the district court’s analysis of
the issue, we need not decide whether the privately-issued trespass notice by itself deprived
Henderson of a reasonable expectation of privacy because, under the unique circumstances
here, the complex had authority pursuant to its lease agreement with Henderson’s fiancée
to exclude Henderson from his fiancée’s apartment.
“When reviewing a district court’s pretrial order on a motion to suppress evidence,
[appellate courts] review the district court’s factual findings under a clearly erroneous
standard and the district court’s legal determinations de novo.” State v. Gauster, 752
N.W.2d 496, 502 (Minn. 2008) (quotation omitted). Where the facts are stipulated, our
review is “entirely de novo.” See State v. Burbach, 706 N.W.2d 484, 487 (Minn. 2005).
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 10
of the Minnesota Constitution guarantee the “right of the people to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures.” A search
does not violate a person’s constitutional rights unless he or she has a legitimate
3 expectation of privacy in the area searched. Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 143, 99 S. Ct.
421, 430 (1978). “To establish a protected interest, a defendant must demonstrate (1) a
subjective expectation of privacy and (2) that this expectation was reasonable in light of
longstanding social customs that serve functions recognized as valuable by society.” State
v. Stephenson, 760 N.W.2d 22, 25 (Minn. App. 2009) (quotations omitted), review denied
(Minn. Apr. 21, 2009); see also Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 361, 88 S. Ct. 507,
516 (1967) (Harlan, J., concurring).
Henderson argues that he had a subjective expectation of privacy in his fiancée’s
apartment because he lived there for approximately five years prior to receiving the notice
of trespass, listed his fiancée’s address on his driver’s license, received mail at the
apartment, kept personal items in the apartment, and answered the door when the officers
knocked just like a resident would. The district court agreed and determined that
Henderson displayed a subjective expectation of privacy in his fiancée’s apartment. The
state does not dispute that Henderson had a subjective expectation of privacy, but
challenges the reasonableness of Henderson’s expectation of privacy in light of the notice
of trespass.
Henderson argues that the district court erred in concluding that he did not have an
expectation of privacy “that society objectively recognizes as reasonable due to [his]
unlawful presence.” Whether a subjective expectation of privacy is objectively reasonable
is determined by examining the totality of the facts and circumstances of each case. Rakas,
439 U.S. at 152, 99 S. Ct. at 435 (Powell, J., concurring).
4 We begin by acknowledging that “[i]t is well-settled law that individuals have a
reasonable expectation of privacy in their own homes.” In re Welfare of B.R.K., 658
N.W.2d 565, 572 (Minn. 2003). Overnight guests enjoy the same protections as residents
under the Fourth Amendment. Minnesota v. Olson, 495 U.S. 91, 96–97, 110 S. Ct. 1684,
1688 (1990). In Minnesota, even short-term social guests enjoy Fourth Amendment
protection. B.R.K., 658 N.W.2d at 576.
The record indicates that prior to the events in question, at a minimum, Henderson
was a regular overnight guest. Therefore, we assume Henderson had a reasonable
expectation of privacy in his fiancée’s apartment prior to the issuance of the trespass notice.
For Henderson to have lost that expectation, the trespass notice must have operated to
remove it.
The district court determined that after the complex issued the trespass order to
Henderson, he was “prohibited from his partner’s residence.” Relying on our reasoning in
Stephenson, the district court determined that once Henderson was prohibited from being
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This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2016).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A15-1601
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
William Henderson, Sr., Appellant.
Filed January 9, 2017 Affirmed Hooten, Judge
Hennepin County District Court File No. 27-CR-14-6433
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Michael O. Freeman, Hennepin County Attorney, Jean Burdorf, Assistant County Attorney, Minneapolis, Minnesota (for respondent)
Ryan C. Young, Fredrikson & Byron, P.A., Minneapolis, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Larkin, Presiding Judge; Hooten, Judge; and Smith,
John, Judge.
Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
HOOTEN, Judge
On appeal from his conviction of being a prohibited person in possession of a
firearm, appellant argues that the district court erred in holding that he did not have standing
to challenge the warrantless search of his fiancée’s apartment. Because appellant had been
issued a notice of trespass by an apartment complex with authority under the lease to
exclude him and therefore did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in his fiancée’s
apartment, we affirm.
FACTS
In March 2014, off-duty police officers working as uniformed security personnel at
a housing complex (the complex) found appellant William Henderson, Sr., to be in
possession of Methadone without a prescription in violation of the complex’s policies
prohibiting drug possession. The officers subsequently issued Henderson a notice of
trespass prohibiting him from returning to the complex for one year.
Seven days later, off-duty police officers working as security personnel for the
complex, while watching security cameras, observed a man whom they believed to be
Henderson enter an apartment in the complex. The officers were aware that Henderson,
who was not a leaseholder, had been staying at his fiancée’s apartment in the complex.
The officers went to Henderson’s fiancée’s apartment, and knocked and kicked her door
until Henderson answered. When Henderson attempted to close the door on the officers,
the officers forced the door open and arrested Henderson inside. The officers recovered a
handgun in the apartment, and Henderson subsequently admitted the handgun was his.
2 Henderson was prohibited from possessing a firearm due to a prior conviction.
Henderson moved to suppress the firearm and his statements, but the district court
denied the motion. After a stipulated facts trial, the district court found Henderson guilty
of being a prohibited person in possession of a firearm. This appeal follows.
DECISION
The only issue before us is the district court’s determination that Henderson had no
standing to contest the warrantless entry and search of his fiancée’s apartment because he
did not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in his fiancée’s apartment based on a
privately-issued notice of trespass. While we disagree with the district court’s analysis of
the issue, we need not decide whether the privately-issued trespass notice by itself deprived
Henderson of a reasonable expectation of privacy because, under the unique circumstances
here, the complex had authority pursuant to its lease agreement with Henderson’s fiancée
to exclude Henderson from his fiancée’s apartment.
“When reviewing a district court’s pretrial order on a motion to suppress evidence,
[appellate courts] review the district court’s factual findings under a clearly erroneous
standard and the district court’s legal determinations de novo.” State v. Gauster, 752
N.W.2d 496, 502 (Minn. 2008) (quotation omitted). Where the facts are stipulated, our
review is “entirely de novo.” See State v. Burbach, 706 N.W.2d 484, 487 (Minn. 2005).
The Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 10
of the Minnesota Constitution guarantee the “right of the people to be secure in their
persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures.” A search
does not violate a person’s constitutional rights unless he or she has a legitimate
3 expectation of privacy in the area searched. Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 143, 99 S. Ct.
421, 430 (1978). “To establish a protected interest, a defendant must demonstrate (1) a
subjective expectation of privacy and (2) that this expectation was reasonable in light of
longstanding social customs that serve functions recognized as valuable by society.” State
v. Stephenson, 760 N.W.2d 22, 25 (Minn. App. 2009) (quotations omitted), review denied
(Minn. Apr. 21, 2009); see also Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 361, 88 S. Ct. 507,
516 (1967) (Harlan, J., concurring).
Henderson argues that he had a subjective expectation of privacy in his fiancée’s
apartment because he lived there for approximately five years prior to receiving the notice
of trespass, listed his fiancée’s address on his driver’s license, received mail at the
apartment, kept personal items in the apartment, and answered the door when the officers
knocked just like a resident would. The district court agreed and determined that
Henderson displayed a subjective expectation of privacy in his fiancée’s apartment. The
state does not dispute that Henderson had a subjective expectation of privacy, but
challenges the reasonableness of Henderson’s expectation of privacy in light of the notice
of trespass.
Henderson argues that the district court erred in concluding that he did not have an
expectation of privacy “that society objectively recognizes as reasonable due to [his]
unlawful presence.” Whether a subjective expectation of privacy is objectively reasonable
is determined by examining the totality of the facts and circumstances of each case. Rakas,
439 U.S. at 152, 99 S. Ct. at 435 (Powell, J., concurring).
4 We begin by acknowledging that “[i]t is well-settled law that individuals have a
reasonable expectation of privacy in their own homes.” In re Welfare of B.R.K., 658
N.W.2d 565, 572 (Minn. 2003). Overnight guests enjoy the same protections as residents
under the Fourth Amendment. Minnesota v. Olson, 495 U.S. 91, 96–97, 110 S. Ct. 1684,
1688 (1990). In Minnesota, even short-term social guests enjoy Fourth Amendment
protection. B.R.K., 658 N.W.2d at 576.
The record indicates that prior to the events in question, at a minimum, Henderson
was a regular overnight guest. Therefore, we assume Henderson had a reasonable
expectation of privacy in his fiancée’s apartment prior to the issuance of the trespass notice.
For Henderson to have lost that expectation, the trespass notice must have operated to
remove it.
The district court determined that after the complex issued the trespass order to
Henderson, he was “prohibited from his partner’s residence.” Relying on our reasoning in
Stephenson, the district court determined that once Henderson was prohibited from being
present on the complex premises, society no longer “objectively recognize[s] [his]
expectation of privacy in [his fiancée’s] apartment.”
In Stephenson, we affirmed the district court’s denial of the defendant’s motion to
suppress and held that the order for protection (OFP) barring defendant from a residence
eliminated any reasonable expectation of privacy at the residence. 760 N.W.2d at 26–27.
Stephenson was subject to an OFP prohibiting his presence at his wife’s residence for a
period of two years, and an officer discovered Stephenson hiding in his wife’s residence in
violation of the OFP. Id. at 23–24. After being charged with misdemeanor violation of
5 the OFP, Stephenson challenged the constitutionality of the warrantless search. Id. at 24.
Although Stephenson owned the residence, we determined that he failed to demonstrate
that he had a subjective expectation of privacy, and even if he did have a subjective
expectation of privacy, he did not have “a reasonable expectation of privacy in a home
from which he . . . [was] excluded.” Id. at 23. Although the holding in Stephenson is
explicitly limited to situations where a defendant challenges a warrantless search
performed “in a [location] from which [the defendant] was excluded by a valid court
order,” the state argues that Stephenson authorizes this search. Id. (emphasis added).
Henderson argues that the district court’s reliance on Stephenson was improper
because that case is distinguishable. Specifically, Henderson argues that because he was
given consent by his fiancée to be in her apartment, he was not trespassing in the apartment,
his presence was not unlawful, and therefore his expectation of privacy within his fiancée’s
apartment was not affected by the trespass notice. Henderson suggests that a decision from
this court concluding that this trespass notice has the effect of a court order would
eviscerate the Fourth Amendment protections afforded overnight guests in rental
properties, effectively turning a trespass notice into a search warrant.
Our decision in Stephenson flows from the general principle that “one wrongfully
on the premises could not move to suppress evidence obtained as a result of searching
them.” Rakas, 439 U.S. at 141, 99 S. Ct. at 429. However, the careful wording used in
Stephenson suggests that we were very conscious of the significance of the court order
barring Stephenson from the residence on the Fourth Amendment analysis in that case.
760 N.W.2d at 23 (“Because there was a specific and valid legal order prohibiting
6 [Stephenson’s] presence at the home at the time the police officer conducted the search,
[Stephenson] had no reasonable expectation of privacy. . . .”). In Stephenson, we
specifically determined that Stephenson “had no right to be at the residence.” Id. at 26–
27. Because of the OFP, we determined that Stephenson’s presence at his residence was
“unlawful.” Id. at 27. For Stephenson to apply here, Henderson’s presence in his fiancée’s
apartment at the time of his arrest must also have been “unlawful.”
The trespass notice in this case was issued pursuant to Minn. Stat. § 609.605 and
Minneapolis, Minn., Code of Ordinances (MCO) § 385.380 (2013). Both the statute and
the ordinance require that two separate activities occur before a defendant is guilty of
criminal trespass: (1) a prohibited entry onto property accompanied by a notice to leave
and not return, and (2) a return to the property without valid permission.1 Therefore, in
order to determine whether Henderson’s presence in his fiancée’s apartment was lawful,
and thus that he had an expectation of privacy that society would recognize, we must
consider whether there is evidence that Henderson, after being told to leave and not return,
returned to the complex without valid permission.
Here, the parties do not dispute that the complex issued a trespass notice barring
Henderson from the complex. The more complicated issue is whether Henderson returned
to his fiancée’s apartment without valid permission. The issue then becomes whether
1 The statute requires that a person must be “told to leave the property and not to return,” and subsequently “return[] to the property . . . without claim of right to the property or consent of one with authority to consent” before his activity is criminal. Minn. Stat. § 609.605. Similarly, the ordinance requires a person be given a “demand to depart” by the lawful possessor, and the same person must “reenter. . . without . . . permission” before his activity is wrongful. MCO § 385.380.
7 Henderson’s fiancée had the authority to permit Henderson to be in her apartment
notwithstanding the trespass notice.
Generally, a tenant under a valid lease has possessory rights in the leased property
superior to those of a lessor. See, e.g., Neilan v. Braun, 354 N.W.2d 856, 859 (Minn. App.
1984). It follows then, that absent a provision in the lease to the contrary, under both Minn.
Stat. § 609.605, subd. 1(b)(8) (“consent of one with authority to consent”) and MCO
§ 385.380 (“permission of a lawful possessor”), the permission Henderson needed to enter
his fiancée’s apartment was his fiancée’s, not the complex’s.
Although the lease is not in the record, Henderson’s fiancée conceded at the
suppression hearing that she had forfeited her right to invite guests to her apartment who
had been issued trespass notices by the complex. Also, at oral argument before this court,
Henderson conceded this point. Based upon this record, Henderson is unable to show that
at the time the apartment was searched, his fiancée was authorized under the terms of the
lease to consent to his presence in her apartment.
Henderson bears the burden of demonstrating that his expectation of privacy was
objectively reasonable. See Stephenson, 760 N.W.2d at 25. Given both Henderson’s and
his fiancée’s concessions that the complex had the authority to prohibit Henderson’s
presence under the terms of her lease, and the absence of any evidence in the record to the
contrary, we cannot say that Henderson has met his burden here.
Affirmed.