This opinion is nonprecedential except as provided by Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 136.01, subd. 1(c).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A23-0832
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Shanell Jane Patience Gofan, Appellant.
Filed May 20, 2024 Affirmed Cochran, Judge
Ramsey County District Court File No. 62-CR-22-2772
Keith Ellison, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
John J. Choi, Ramsey County Attorney, Alexandra Meyer, Assistant County Attorney, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Kathryn J. Lockwood, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Johnson, Presiding Judge; Cochran, Judge; and
Kirk, Judge. ∗
∗ Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10. NONPRECEDENTIAL OPINION
COCHRAN, Judge
In this appeal from a judgment of conviction for first-degree assault, appellant
argues that the district court abused its discretion by imposing a sentence in the middle of
the presumptive sentencing range instead of the bottom of the presumptive sentencing
range. We affirm.
FACTS
In May 2022, respondent State of Minnesota charged appellant Shanell Jane
Patience Gofan with one count of attempted second-degree murder in violation of
Minnesota Statutes section 609.19, subdivision 1(1) (2020), and one count of first-degree
assault in violation of Minnesota Statutes section 609.221, subdivision 1 (Supp. 2021),
based on allegations that Gofan intentionally ran over B.M. with her vehicle. The
complaint alleged that Gofan and B.M. both had children with M.C. and that Gofan ran
over B.M. following a dispute with M.C. The complaint further alleged that Gofan fled
the scene and almost hit a toddler as she was driving away. As a result of the incident,
B.M. punctured a lung, broke several bones, and required surgery.
On February 3, 2023, Gofan pleaded guilty to first-degree assault pursuant to a plea
agreement with the state. In exchange for Gofan’s guilty plea, the state dismissed the
second-degree attempted-murder charge and agreed that the “parties [would] argue [for a]
sentence [within the] guidelines range.” During the plea hearing, the district court asked
the parties if they knew what the guidelines range would be, and the parties indicated that
they believed that Gofan had a criminal-history score of zero, meaning that Gofan’s
2 sentence “would fall within the 74 to 103 month range, with the middle of the box [at] 86
[months].” The district court clarified: “If it turns out to be a little higher . . . or lower than
that, still same deal, still same arguments?” The parties responded affirmatively. The
district court deferred acceptance of Gofan’s guilty plea, ordered a presentence
investigation report (PSI), and scheduled the matter for sentencing.
The PSI showed that Gofan had a criminal-history score of one, not zero, as a result
of her juvenile convictions of simple robbery and “possession of burglary or theft tools.”
Based on a criminal-history score of one and the severity level of first-degree assault, the
PSI determined that Gofan’s presumptive sentencing range under the sentencing guidelines
was 84 to 117 months in prison.
The parties appeared for sentencing in April 2023. The parties’ attorneys began by
acknowledging that the presumptive sentencing range was higher than they initially
anticipated due to the fact that the attorneys were not aware of Gofan’s juvenile criminal
history. But neither party disputed that the higher sentencing range represented Gofan’s
presumptive sentence. The state asked the district court to impose a 98-month, middle-of-
the-box sentence, based on the severity of the offense and the harm Gofan had caused the
victim. Gofan argued that a bottom-of-the-box sentence would be more appropriate, in
light of her traumatic childhood and her willingness to accept responsibility for her actions.
Gofan also asked the district court not to consider her juvenile convictions, as they were
“quite old” and “not especially serious.”
The district court sentenced Gofan to 98 months in prison, with credit for time
served. The district court acknowledged Gofan’s struggles but emphasized that Gofan’s
3 conduct during the assault was “intentional,” caused “very serious injuries” to the victim,
and put a child “in harm’s way.” The district court also explained that Gofan’s juvenile
convictions were properly included in her criminal-history score under the sentencing
guidelines and that their inclusion did not overstate the seriousness of the juvenile matters.
As a result, the district court determined that the PSI correctly reported the criminal-history
score as one, not zero. The district court further determined that a middle-of-the-box
sentence based on the presumptive sentencing range of 84 to 114 months was appropriate
under the circumstances.
Gofan appeals.
DECISION
Gofan challenges her “middle-of-the-box” sentence for first-degree assault. A
district court has broad discretion in the imposition of sentences, and an appellate court
will not reverse a sentencing decision absent an abuse of that discretion. State v. Soto,
855 N.W.2d 303, 307-08 (Minn. 2014). A district court abuses its discretion when its
decision is contrary to law or against logic and the facts on record. Riley v. State,
792 N.W.2d 831, 833 (Minn. 2011). A district court generally does not abuse its discretion
when it imposes a sentence within the presumptive guidelines range. See State v. Delk,
781 N.W.2d 426, 428-29 (Minn. App. 2010), rev. denied (Minn. July 20, 2010).
The Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines establish presumptive sentences for felony
offenses. Minn. Stat. § 244.09, subd. 5 (2020). To determine an offender’s presumptive
sentence, the district court locates the cell that appears “at the intersection of the
[offender’s] criminal history score and the severity level” of the offense on the applicable
4 sentencing grid. Minn. Sent’g Guidelines 2 (2020); see Minn. Sent’g Guidelines 4.A-C
(2020). When the applicable cell contains three numbers, these numbers represent the
offender’s minimum presumptive sentence (the “bottom of the box”), maximum
presumptive sentence (the “top of the box”), and presumptive fixed sentence (the “middle
of the box”). See Minn. Sent’g Guidelines 4.A; see also State v. Jackson, 749 N.W.2d 353,
359 n.2 (Minn. 2008). “All three numbers in any given cell constitute an acceptable
sentence based solely on the offense at issue and the offender’s criminal history score—
the lowest is not a downward departure, nor is the highest an upward departure.” Jackson,
749 N.W.2d at 359 n.2. In other words, “any sentence within the presumptive range for
the convicted offense constitutes a presumptive sentence.” Delk, 781 N.W.2d at 428.
Gofan argues that the district court abused its discretion by imposing a sentence at
the middle of the presumptive sentencing range rather than the bottom of the presumptive
sentencing range.
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This opinion is nonprecedential except as provided by Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 136.01, subd. 1(c).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A23-0832
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Shanell Jane Patience Gofan, Appellant.
Filed May 20, 2024 Affirmed Cochran, Judge
Ramsey County District Court File No. 62-CR-22-2772
Keith Ellison, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
John J. Choi, Ramsey County Attorney, Alexandra Meyer, Assistant County Attorney, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Kathryn J. Lockwood, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Johnson, Presiding Judge; Cochran, Judge; and
Kirk, Judge. ∗
∗ Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10. NONPRECEDENTIAL OPINION
COCHRAN, Judge
In this appeal from a judgment of conviction for first-degree assault, appellant
argues that the district court abused its discretion by imposing a sentence in the middle of
the presumptive sentencing range instead of the bottom of the presumptive sentencing
range. We affirm.
FACTS
In May 2022, respondent State of Minnesota charged appellant Shanell Jane
Patience Gofan with one count of attempted second-degree murder in violation of
Minnesota Statutes section 609.19, subdivision 1(1) (2020), and one count of first-degree
assault in violation of Minnesota Statutes section 609.221, subdivision 1 (Supp. 2021),
based on allegations that Gofan intentionally ran over B.M. with her vehicle. The
complaint alleged that Gofan and B.M. both had children with M.C. and that Gofan ran
over B.M. following a dispute with M.C. The complaint further alleged that Gofan fled
the scene and almost hit a toddler as she was driving away. As a result of the incident,
B.M. punctured a lung, broke several bones, and required surgery.
On February 3, 2023, Gofan pleaded guilty to first-degree assault pursuant to a plea
agreement with the state. In exchange for Gofan’s guilty plea, the state dismissed the
second-degree attempted-murder charge and agreed that the “parties [would] argue [for a]
sentence [within the] guidelines range.” During the plea hearing, the district court asked
the parties if they knew what the guidelines range would be, and the parties indicated that
they believed that Gofan had a criminal-history score of zero, meaning that Gofan’s
2 sentence “would fall within the 74 to 103 month range, with the middle of the box [at] 86
[months].” The district court clarified: “If it turns out to be a little higher . . . or lower than
that, still same deal, still same arguments?” The parties responded affirmatively. The
district court deferred acceptance of Gofan’s guilty plea, ordered a presentence
investigation report (PSI), and scheduled the matter for sentencing.
The PSI showed that Gofan had a criminal-history score of one, not zero, as a result
of her juvenile convictions of simple robbery and “possession of burglary or theft tools.”
Based on a criminal-history score of one and the severity level of first-degree assault, the
PSI determined that Gofan’s presumptive sentencing range under the sentencing guidelines
was 84 to 117 months in prison.
The parties appeared for sentencing in April 2023. The parties’ attorneys began by
acknowledging that the presumptive sentencing range was higher than they initially
anticipated due to the fact that the attorneys were not aware of Gofan’s juvenile criminal
history. But neither party disputed that the higher sentencing range represented Gofan’s
presumptive sentence. The state asked the district court to impose a 98-month, middle-of-
the-box sentence, based on the severity of the offense and the harm Gofan had caused the
victim. Gofan argued that a bottom-of-the-box sentence would be more appropriate, in
light of her traumatic childhood and her willingness to accept responsibility for her actions.
Gofan also asked the district court not to consider her juvenile convictions, as they were
“quite old” and “not especially serious.”
The district court sentenced Gofan to 98 months in prison, with credit for time
served. The district court acknowledged Gofan’s struggles but emphasized that Gofan’s
3 conduct during the assault was “intentional,” caused “very serious injuries” to the victim,
and put a child “in harm’s way.” The district court also explained that Gofan’s juvenile
convictions were properly included in her criminal-history score under the sentencing
guidelines and that their inclusion did not overstate the seriousness of the juvenile matters.
As a result, the district court determined that the PSI correctly reported the criminal-history
score as one, not zero. The district court further determined that a middle-of-the-box
sentence based on the presumptive sentencing range of 84 to 114 months was appropriate
under the circumstances.
Gofan appeals.
DECISION
Gofan challenges her “middle-of-the-box” sentence for first-degree assault. A
district court has broad discretion in the imposition of sentences, and an appellate court
will not reverse a sentencing decision absent an abuse of that discretion. State v. Soto,
855 N.W.2d 303, 307-08 (Minn. 2014). A district court abuses its discretion when its
decision is contrary to law or against logic and the facts on record. Riley v. State,
792 N.W.2d 831, 833 (Minn. 2011). A district court generally does not abuse its discretion
when it imposes a sentence within the presumptive guidelines range. See State v. Delk,
781 N.W.2d 426, 428-29 (Minn. App. 2010), rev. denied (Minn. July 20, 2010).
The Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines establish presumptive sentences for felony
offenses. Minn. Stat. § 244.09, subd. 5 (2020). To determine an offender’s presumptive
sentence, the district court locates the cell that appears “at the intersection of the
[offender’s] criminal history score and the severity level” of the offense on the applicable
4 sentencing grid. Minn. Sent’g Guidelines 2 (2020); see Minn. Sent’g Guidelines 4.A-C
(2020). When the applicable cell contains three numbers, these numbers represent the
offender’s minimum presumptive sentence (the “bottom of the box”), maximum
presumptive sentence (the “top of the box”), and presumptive fixed sentence (the “middle
of the box”). See Minn. Sent’g Guidelines 4.A; see also State v. Jackson, 749 N.W.2d 353,
359 n.2 (Minn. 2008). “All three numbers in any given cell constitute an acceptable
sentence based solely on the offense at issue and the offender’s criminal history score—
the lowest is not a downward departure, nor is the highest an upward departure.” Jackson,
749 N.W.2d at 359 n.2. In other words, “any sentence within the presumptive range for
the convicted offense constitutes a presumptive sentence.” Delk, 781 N.W.2d at 428.
Gofan argues that the district court abused its discretion by imposing a sentence at
the middle of the presumptive sentencing range rather than the bottom of the presumptive
sentencing range. We will reverse a presumptive sentence only in “rare” cases, when
compelling circumstances are present. Id. at 428 (quoting State v. Kindem, 313 N.W.2d 6,
7 (Minn. 1981)). Compelling circumstances may exist when the defendant’s “sentence is
disproportionate to the offense or unfairly exaggerates the criminality of the defendant’s
conduct.” See State v. Vang, 847 N.W.2d 248, 264 (Minn. 2014).
Gofan contends that there are compelling circumstances to reverse her presumptive
sentence because she pleaded guilty with the understanding that the district court would
sentence her within a range of 74 to 103 months in prison instead of a range of 84 to 117
months in prison. Gofan does not challenge the validity of her guilty plea or the district
court’s authority to sentence her within the presumptive sentencing range. Rather, Gofan
5 asserts that, in light of the parties’ misunderstanding regarding the presumptive sentencing
range, “the fair and just thing to do was [for the district court] to impose a sentence at the
bottom of the newly discovered range because that would be most commensurate with the
parties’ understanding when they entered into the plea agreement.”
Based on our review of the record, we are not persuaded that Gofan has identified
compelling circumstances warranting reversal. First, Gofan’s sentence is consistent with
the parties’ plea agreement. The parties did not agree to a particular sentence. Instead, the
parties agreed that Gofan would receive a presumptive sentence and that each party would
argue for a sentence within the “guidelines range.” Additionally, the district court stated
that it would sentence Gofan within the presumptive sentencing range identified by the
PSI, and the parties agreed to argue for sentences within that range even if it “turn[ed] out
to be a little higher” than the parties anticipated. Thus, contrary to Gofan’s assertion, the
district court did not contravene the parties’ plea agreement by imposing a middle-of-the-
box presumptive sentence based on Gofan’s criminal-history score of one as set forth in
the PSI.
Second, even if the district court had sentenced Gofan using a criminal-history score
of zero, Gofan’s 98-month sentence would have been within the presumptive guidelines
range of 74 to 103 months associated with that criminal-history score. Thus, Gofan’s
98-month sentence was within the parties’ understanding of the guidelines range at the time
of the plea, even though the district court later sentenced Gofan using the guidelines range
associated with her actual criminal-history score of one.
6 Third, a district court is not required to justify its decision to impose a presumptive
sentence. See State v. Van Ruler, 378 N.W.2d 77, 80 (Minn. App. 1985). But even if it
were, the district court’s decision to impose a middle-of-the-box sentence is supported by
the record, which shows that Gofan committed a serious offense that gravely injured one
victim and put a child in harm’s way. Accordingly, the district court did not abuse its
discretion by imposing a middle-of-the-box sentence. See Riley, 792 N.W.2d at 833.
In sum, the district court imposed a sentence that was consistent with the parties’
plea agreement and commensurate with Gofan’s conduct. Accordingly, this is not the
“rare” case requiring reversal of a presumptive sentence, and we decline to do so on appeal.
See Delk, 781 N.W.2d at 428 (quotation omitted); Vang, 847 N.W.2d at 264.
Affirmed.