This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A14-0695
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Richard Handsome Carter, Appellant.
Filed March 9, 2015 Affirmed Toussaint, Judge*
Ramsey County District Court File No. 62-CR-13-6406
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
John J. Choi, Ramsey County Attorney, Kaarin Long, Assistant County Attorney, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Suzanne M. Senecal-Hill, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Rodenberg, Presiding Judge; Chutich, Judge; and
Toussaint, Judge.
* Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
TOUSSAINT, Judge
Appellant challenges his conviction of felony domestic assault, arguing that the
district court committed reversible error by admitting unobjected-to hearsay evidence of
the complainant’s prior inconsistent statement to police. He also argues that the
prosecutor committed misconduct by referring to that statement at trial and that the
district court erred by requiring him to register as a predatory offender because he was
acquitted of false imprisonment, the charged enumerated predatory offense. We affirm.
DECISION
I.
After police responded to a 911 call of a domestic disturbance involving appellant
Richard Handsome Carter and his girlfriend, J.A.A., the state charged appellant with
felony domestic assault and false imprisonment. Before appellant’s jury trial, J.A.A.
notified the prosecutor that she had spoken to an attorney and intended to “plead the
Fifth” when called to testify. After the prosecutor told the district court that J.A.A. was
not anticipated to be a friendly witness to the state, the district court granted her use
immunity for her testimony.
At trial, a responding St. Paul police officer testified that, at the scene, she
interviewed J.A.A., who appeared hysterical and crying, and that J.A.A. told her, “I’m
scared [appellant is] going to kill me.” According to the officer, J.A.A. stated that
appellant was arguing with her and trying to grab her in the apartment hallway, but
people appeared in the hallway, so he pulled her back into the apartment and threatened
2 her with a weightlifting plate held above his head. But when J.A.A. testified, she denied
that appellant had placed his hands on her in an offensive manner and did not recall
telling police that he had threatened her.
Appellant argues that the district court committed plain error by admitting J.A.A.’s
prior inconsistent hearsay statement to police through the officer’s testimony as
substantive evidence. Generally, failure to object to the admission of evidence at trial
constitutes a waiver of the right to appeal on that basis. State v. Tscheu, 758 N.W.2d 849,
863 (Minn. 2008). “[H]earsay admitted into evidence without, or over, objection,
becomes substantive evidence in a trial.” State v. Jackson, 655 N.W.2d 828, 833 (Minn.
App. 2003) (explaining that when otherwise-inadmissible evidence is admitted without
objection, it must be given probative force because the plaintiff is limited on appeal to
objections raised at trial), review denied (Minn. Apr. 15, 2003). We may, however,
review unobjected-to error in admitting out-of-court hearsay statements by applying the
plain-error standard, which requires a showing that an error occurred, that the error was
plain, and that it affected the defendant’s substantial rights. State v. Manthey, 711
N.W.2d 498, 504 (Minn. 2006).
A prior inconsistent statement is not hearsay if it was made under oath at a
proceeding where the declarant testified and was subject to cross-examination. State v.
Thames, 599 N.W.2d 122, 125 (Minn. 1999); Minn. R. Evid. 801(d)(1)(A). Even if the
statement was not given under oath, it may be still admitted as impeachment evidence.
Id.; see Minn. R. Evid. 607 (stating that “[t]he credibility of a witness may be attacked by
any party, including the party calling the witness”). But the state “may not misuse Rule
3 607 to expose the jury to hearsay under the guise of impeachment when the sole purpose
in calling the witness is to introduce the witness’ prior statement.” Thames, 599 N.W.2d
at 125; State v. Dexter, 269 N.W.2d 721, 721 (Minn. 1978). Nonetheless, if the statement
is otherwise admissible as nonhearsay or an exception to the hearsay rule, it does not
create a “Dexter problem.” Oliver v. State, 502 N.W.2d 775, 778 (Minn. 1993).
Appellant maintains that, because the state and the district court knew that J.A.A.
would not testify favorably to the state, her prior hearsay statement was improperly
admitted, not just for impeachment purposes, but as substantive evidence of appellant’s
guilt. We agree with appellant that J.A.A.’s statement to police does not qualify as
nonhearsay under Minn. R. Evid. 801(d)(1)(A) because it was not given under oath
subject to penalty of perjury, and it was not given at a trial, hearing, deposition, or other
proceeding. See Minn. R. Evid. 801(d)(1)(A) (stating requirements for admissibility of
nonhearsay under that rule). But we conclude that the prior inconsistent statement was
nonetheless admissible under the excited-utterance exception to the hearsay rule, Minn.
R. Evid. 803(2). That rule provides that a statement is not excluded as hearsay if it
“relat[es] to a startling event or condition made while the declarant was under the stress
of excitement caused by the event or condition.” Minn. R. Evid. 803(2). See, e.g., State
v. Edwards, 485 N.W.2d 911, 912-14 (Minn. 1992) (holding that a child’s statements
made to a police officer about five minutes after alleged sexual assault were admissible as
excited utterances). “The rationale [for the excited utterance exception] stems from the
belief that the excitement caused by the event eliminates the possibility of conscious
fabrication, and insures the trustworthiness of the statement.” State v. Daniels, 380
4 N.W.2d 777, 782 (Minn. 1986). Although “no strict temporal guidelines” exist for
admitting an excited utterance, its admission is generally allowed on a determination that
the declarant was under the “aura of excitement” resulting from the condition or event.
State v. Martin, 614 N.W.2d 214, 223-24 (Minn. 2000) (quotations omitted); see, e.g.,
State v. Bauer, 598 N.W.2d 352, 366 (Minn. 1999) (holding that a statement fell within
the excited-utterance exception when a witness testified that the declarant was “very
upset,” “extremely agitated,” and “very afraid”).
Here, the officer spoke to J.A.A. within a few minutes after police responded to
the 911 call. The officer testified that J.A.A.
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This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A14-0695
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Richard Handsome Carter, Appellant.
Filed March 9, 2015 Affirmed Toussaint, Judge*
Ramsey County District Court File No. 62-CR-13-6406
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
John J. Choi, Ramsey County Attorney, Kaarin Long, Assistant County Attorney, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Suzanne M. Senecal-Hill, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Rodenberg, Presiding Judge; Chutich, Judge; and
Toussaint, Judge.
* Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
TOUSSAINT, Judge
Appellant challenges his conviction of felony domestic assault, arguing that the
district court committed reversible error by admitting unobjected-to hearsay evidence of
the complainant’s prior inconsistent statement to police. He also argues that the
prosecutor committed misconduct by referring to that statement at trial and that the
district court erred by requiring him to register as a predatory offender because he was
acquitted of false imprisonment, the charged enumerated predatory offense. We affirm.
DECISION
I.
After police responded to a 911 call of a domestic disturbance involving appellant
Richard Handsome Carter and his girlfriend, J.A.A., the state charged appellant with
felony domestic assault and false imprisonment. Before appellant’s jury trial, J.A.A.
notified the prosecutor that she had spoken to an attorney and intended to “plead the
Fifth” when called to testify. After the prosecutor told the district court that J.A.A. was
not anticipated to be a friendly witness to the state, the district court granted her use
immunity for her testimony.
At trial, a responding St. Paul police officer testified that, at the scene, she
interviewed J.A.A., who appeared hysterical and crying, and that J.A.A. told her, “I’m
scared [appellant is] going to kill me.” According to the officer, J.A.A. stated that
appellant was arguing with her and trying to grab her in the apartment hallway, but
people appeared in the hallway, so he pulled her back into the apartment and threatened
2 her with a weightlifting plate held above his head. But when J.A.A. testified, she denied
that appellant had placed his hands on her in an offensive manner and did not recall
telling police that he had threatened her.
Appellant argues that the district court committed plain error by admitting J.A.A.’s
prior inconsistent hearsay statement to police through the officer’s testimony as
substantive evidence. Generally, failure to object to the admission of evidence at trial
constitutes a waiver of the right to appeal on that basis. State v. Tscheu, 758 N.W.2d 849,
863 (Minn. 2008). “[H]earsay admitted into evidence without, or over, objection,
becomes substantive evidence in a trial.” State v. Jackson, 655 N.W.2d 828, 833 (Minn.
App. 2003) (explaining that when otherwise-inadmissible evidence is admitted without
objection, it must be given probative force because the plaintiff is limited on appeal to
objections raised at trial), review denied (Minn. Apr. 15, 2003). We may, however,
review unobjected-to error in admitting out-of-court hearsay statements by applying the
plain-error standard, which requires a showing that an error occurred, that the error was
plain, and that it affected the defendant’s substantial rights. State v. Manthey, 711
N.W.2d 498, 504 (Minn. 2006).
A prior inconsistent statement is not hearsay if it was made under oath at a
proceeding where the declarant testified and was subject to cross-examination. State v.
Thames, 599 N.W.2d 122, 125 (Minn. 1999); Minn. R. Evid. 801(d)(1)(A). Even if the
statement was not given under oath, it may be still admitted as impeachment evidence.
Id.; see Minn. R. Evid. 607 (stating that “[t]he credibility of a witness may be attacked by
any party, including the party calling the witness”). But the state “may not misuse Rule
3 607 to expose the jury to hearsay under the guise of impeachment when the sole purpose
in calling the witness is to introduce the witness’ prior statement.” Thames, 599 N.W.2d
at 125; State v. Dexter, 269 N.W.2d 721, 721 (Minn. 1978). Nonetheless, if the statement
is otherwise admissible as nonhearsay or an exception to the hearsay rule, it does not
create a “Dexter problem.” Oliver v. State, 502 N.W.2d 775, 778 (Minn. 1993).
Appellant maintains that, because the state and the district court knew that J.A.A.
would not testify favorably to the state, her prior hearsay statement was improperly
admitted, not just for impeachment purposes, but as substantive evidence of appellant’s
guilt. We agree with appellant that J.A.A.’s statement to police does not qualify as
nonhearsay under Minn. R. Evid. 801(d)(1)(A) because it was not given under oath
subject to penalty of perjury, and it was not given at a trial, hearing, deposition, or other
proceeding. See Minn. R. Evid. 801(d)(1)(A) (stating requirements for admissibility of
nonhearsay under that rule). But we conclude that the prior inconsistent statement was
nonetheless admissible under the excited-utterance exception to the hearsay rule, Minn.
R. Evid. 803(2). That rule provides that a statement is not excluded as hearsay if it
“relat[es] to a startling event or condition made while the declarant was under the stress
of excitement caused by the event or condition.” Minn. R. Evid. 803(2). See, e.g., State
v. Edwards, 485 N.W.2d 911, 912-14 (Minn. 1992) (holding that a child’s statements
made to a police officer about five minutes after alleged sexual assault were admissible as
excited utterances). “The rationale [for the excited utterance exception] stems from the
belief that the excitement caused by the event eliminates the possibility of conscious
fabrication, and insures the trustworthiness of the statement.” State v. Daniels, 380
4 N.W.2d 777, 782 (Minn. 1986). Although “no strict temporal guidelines” exist for
admitting an excited utterance, its admission is generally allowed on a determination that
the declarant was under the “aura of excitement” resulting from the condition or event.
State v. Martin, 614 N.W.2d 214, 223-24 (Minn. 2000) (quotations omitted); see, e.g.,
State v. Bauer, 598 N.W.2d 352, 366 (Minn. 1999) (holding that a statement fell within
the excited-utterance exception when a witness testified that the declarant was “very
upset,” “extremely agitated,” and “very afraid”).
Here, the officer spoke to J.A.A. within a few minutes after police responded to
the 911 call. The officer testified that J.A.A. was hysterical and crying through their
entire fifteen-minute conversation, stating that she was afraid that appellant would kill
her. Thus, J.A.A.’s statement to police related to a startling event, appellant’s threats,
and it was made while she was under the stress of excitement caused by that event. See
Minn. R. Evid. 803(2). Therefore, her prior inconsistent statement met the criteria for an
excited-utterance exception to the hearsay rule under Minn. R. Evid. 803(2), and its
admission as substantive evidence did not constitute plain error. See State v. Reed, 737
N.W.2d 572, 583 (Minn. 2007) (stating that an error is plain if it “contravenes case law, a
rule, or a standard of conduct”). Because we have concluded that no plain error occurred,
we need not address appellant’s alternative argument that the statement did not qualify
for admission under the residual exception to the hearsay rule, Minn. R. Evid. 807, or the
state’s argument that the statement was also admissible as a description of J.A.A.’s then-
existing state of mind under Minn. R. Evid. 803(3).
5 We further note that, in any event, appellant has failed to establish the third
element of the plain-error test: that any error in admitting the statement affected his
substantial rights. See State v. Young, 710 N.W.2d 272, 280 (Minn. 2006) (stating that an
error affects substantial rights if there is a reasonable likelihood that it had a significant
effect on the jury’s verdict). Appellant was convicted after two witnesses testified that
they saw him hit J.A.A. in the apartment hallway and drag her back into the apartment.
And the jury had the opportunity to hear appellant’s version of events when he testified in
his own defense, denying that he assaulted J.A.A. Under these circumstances, we cannot
conclude that a reasonable likelihood exists that the admission of J.A.A.’s statement to
police had a significant effect on the jury’s verdict. See id.
Appellant also argues that the prosecutor committed misconduct by misusing the
statement as substantive evidence in questioning the officer and at closing argument. We
consider a claim of unobjected-to prosecutorial misconduct under a modified plain-error
standard. State v. Radke, 821 N.W.2d 316, 329 (Minn. 2012). Under that standard,
appellant must first demonstrate that an error occurred and that the error was plain. Id.
The burden then shifts to the state to show that the error did not prejudice appellant’s
substantial rights. Id. If the state fails to meet that burden, this court considers whether
the error seriously affected the integrity and fairness of the judicial proceedings. Id.
Because we have concluded that appellant cannot establish that admission of the
statement constituted plain error, we reject appellant’s claim that the prosecutor’s use of
the statement amounted to misconduct. See id.
6 Finally, appellant argues that he is not “a person required to register” as a
predatory offender because he was acquitted of false imprisonment, the only enumerated
predatory offense with which he was charged. By statute, a person “shall register” as a
predatory offender if that person “was charged with . . . a violation of or attempt to
violate, or aiding, abetting, or conspiracy to commit” one of certain enumerated offenses,
“and convicted of or adjudicated delinquent for that offense or another offense arising out
of the same set of circumstances.” Minn. Stat. § 243.166, subd. 1b(a)(1) (2012). False
imprisonment is listed as an enumerated offense. See id., subd. 1(b)(2). Appellant
maintains that because he was not found guilty of the enumerated false-imprisonment
offense, he was not a “true” predatory offender and should not be required to register.
This court reviews interpretation of statutes de novo. Boutin v. LaFleur, 591 N.W.2d
711, 714 (Minn. 1999).
The Minnesota Supreme Court has held that while an offender need not be
convicted in order to trigger the registration requirements, the charged predatory offense
must be supported by probable cause. State v. Lopez, 778 N.W.2d 700, 703 (Minn.
2010). In State v. Haukos, we reviewed the use of acquitted charges in requiring an
offender to register and clarified that “it is the judiciary’s determination of probable
cause, not the prosecutor’s bringing of a charge, that triggers the statutory basis for sex-
offender registration.” 847 N.W.2d 270, 272-73 (Minn. App. 2014). We reiterated that
“a qualifying charge may trigger the registration requirement . . . only if it is supported by
probable cause.” Id. at 274.
7 Appellant has not challenged the district court’s finding of probable cause for the
false-imprisonment charge. But he argues that it is “illogical” to rely on a finding of
probable cause to support an enumerated offense as a basis for registration when a person
is later acquitted of that offense. The argument, however, is inconsistent with Lopez and
Haukos. “The doctrine of stare decisis directs that we adhere to former decisions in
order that there might be stability in the law.” State v. DeShay, 645 N.W.2d 185, 189
(Minn. App. 2002) (quotation omitted), aff’d, 669 N.W.2d 878 (Minn. 2003). “Although
stare decisis is not an inflexible rule of law, departure from precedent is rare,” unless
societal conditions or other reasons for a common-law rule cease to exist. GME
Consultants, Inc. v. Oak Grove Dev., Inc., 515 N.W.2d 74, 76 (Minn. App. 1994). We
decline to revisit this issue, and we conclude that the district court did not err by requiring
appellant to register as a predatory offender.
Affirmed.