This opinion is nonprecedential except as provided by Minn. R. Civ. App. P. 136.01, subd. 1(c).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A23-0296
State of Minnesota, Respondent,
vs.
Gavin Patrick Meany, Appellant.
Filed March 4, 2024 Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded Johnson, Judge
Dakota County District Court File No. 19HA-CR-19-2414
Keith Ellison, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and
Kathryn M. Keena, Dakota County Attorney, Jessica A. Bierwerth, Assistant County Attorney, Hastings, Minnesota (for respondent)
Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Max Brady Kittel, Assistant Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Frisch, Presiding Judge; Johnson, Judge; and Larkin,
Judge.
NONPRECEDENTIAL OPINION
JOHNSON, Judge
Gavin Patrick Meany pleaded guilty to four counts of third-degree criminal sexual
conduct. The district court imposed concurrent prison sentences of 48, 76, 117, and 153
months. Meany challenges his sentences in four ways. We conclude that the district court erred by imposing prison sentences that are longer than the prison sentences previously
imposed on Meany for the same offenses before he was successful in a prior appeal. But
we conclude that the district court did not err by denying Meany’s motion for a downward
dispositional departure, by not imposing concurrent prison sentences with an aggregate
duration of less than 90 months, or by ordering lifetime conditional release. Therefore, we
affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand for resentencing, with an instruction that the
district court shall not impose prison sentences that, in the aggregate, exceed 90 months.
FACTS
In 2019, the state charged Meany with seven counts of third-degree criminal sexual
conduct, in violation of Minn. Stat. § 609.344, subd. 1(h)(i)-(ii) (2018). The state alleged
that Meany, a psychiatrist, engaged in sexual penetration of a patient on seven occasions,
six times during psychotherapy sessions at his office and once at his home. The state
further alleged that the patient, who sought treatment for mental-health diagnoses,
“suffered from past trauma that involved prior sexual assaults from her youth, as well as
domestic violence from a prior partner.”
In 2020, the state and Meany entered into a plea agreement. Meany agreed to plead
guilty to counts 4, 5, 6, and 7, in which the state alleged that he engaged in sexual
penetration of the patient during four psychotherapy sessions in August 2019. Meany
admitted that, at each of the four psychotherapy sessions associated with counts 4, 5, 6, and
7, he inserted his finger into the patient’s vagina with a sexual purpose. The state agreed
to dismiss the remaining counts. There was no agreement concerning Meany’s sentences.
2 The district court ordered a pre-sentence investigation (PSI). The probation officer
who prepared the PSI report recommended that the district court sentence Meany “in
accordance with the sentencing guidelines.” Specifically, the probation officer
recommended that the district court apply the Hernandez method of imposing sentences on
multiple counts; that the district court impose concurrent, middle-of-the-box prison
sentences of 48, 76, and 117 months on counts 4, 5, and 6; and that the district court impose
a concurrent, bottom-of-the-box prison sentence of 153 months (in contrast to a middle-
and top-of-the-box sentence of 180 months) on count 7.
Before the sentencing hearing, Meany moved for a downward dispositional
departure on the ground that he is particularly amenable to probation. He also argued that
the district court should not apply the Hernandez method on the ground that it would result
in punishment that is disproportionate to his criminal conduct. He requested either
probation or, in the alternative, a single prison sentence of 48 months. The state argued
that the district court should apply the Hernandez method; should impose the sentences
recommended by the probation officer on counts 4, 5, and 6; and should impose a
concurrent sentence of either 153 months or 180 months on count 7.
The district court did not adopt the argument of either party. The district court
imposed a middle-of-the-box prison sentence of 48 months on count 4, a concurrent prison
sentence of 90 months on count 5 (which was slightly less than the top-of-the-box duration
of 91 months), a concurrent prison sentence of 90 months on count 6 (which was a
downward durational departure from the presumptive range of 100 to 140 months), and a
concurrent sentence of 90 months on count 7 (which was a downward durational departure
3 from the presumptive range of 153 to 180 months). The district court stated that a
downward durational departure on counts 6 and 7 was appropriate because Meany had
accepted responsibility and had shown remorse. The district court also ordered that, with
respect to counts 5, 6, and 7, Meany should be on conditional release for the remainder of
his life after his release from prison.
Meany appealed. This court resolved his primary argument by concluding that his
guilty pleas were invalid because he had been informed that he could be on conditional
release for only ten years after his release from prison, not for the remainder of his life.
Accordingly, we reversed and remanded with directions that the district court allow Meany
to withdraw his guilty pleas. State v. Meany, A20-1531, 2022 WL 589262, at *4 (Minn.
App. Feb. 28, 2022), rev. denied (Minn. May 17, 2022).
Shortly thereafter, the parties again engaged in plea negotiations. The record
reflects that the state offered Meany a plea agreement in which he would serve 90 months
in prison, would be on conditional release for ten years, and would benefit from the
dismissal of a then-pending Hennepin County case, which was set for a jury trial less than
three weeks in the future, at which the state would seek to prove “similar conduct with the
same victim.” Meany rejected the state’s offer.
In September 2022, the parties entered into a second plea agreement. Meany again
agreed to plead guilty to counts 4, 5, 6, and 7. The state again agreed to dismiss the
remaining counts. Again there was no agreement concerning Meany’s sentences. Meany
appeared before the district court for a plea hearing. He elected to withdraw his earlier
guilty pleas, and the district court vacated the convictions based on those pleas. Meany
4 then entered new guilty pleas to the same charges pursuant to the second plea agreement.
Meany’s attorney questioned him to confirm that he had received no promises with respect
to the new sentences that would be imposed on him, to confirm his understanding that the
state might ask the district court to impose a sentence of 180 months of imprisonment, and
to confirm his understanding that the district court might order lifetime conditional release.
The district court ordered another PSI. The same probation officer again
recommended that the district court impose concurrent, middle-of-the-box prison sentences
of 48, 76, and 117 months on counts 4, 5, and 6 and a concurrent, bottom-of-the-box prison
sentence of 153 months on count 7.
Before the second sentencing hearing, Meany again moved for a downward
dispositional departure on the ground that he is particularly amenable to probation. He
again argued that the district court should not apply the Hernandez method, and he also
argued that the district court should adjudicate his four offenses simultaneously rather than
sequentially. The state again urged the district court to apply the Hernandez method and
to impose the concurrent sentences recommended by the author of the PSI report, including
a bottom-of-the-box prison sentence of 153 months on count 7.
A different district court judge presided at the second sentencing hearing. The
district court stated that it was “not bound by” the sentence imposed at the earlier
sentencing hearing. The district court stated that Meany had committed a serious offense
that required punishment and that he had not taken responsibility for his actions. The
district court adopted the state’s argument by imposing concurrent, presumptive prison
sentences of 48, 76, 117, and 153 months. The district court also ordered that, after Meany
5 is released from prison, he be placed on conditional release for ten years with respect to
count 4 and for the remainder of his life with respect to counts 5, 6, and 7. Meany appeals
and raises four issues.
DECISION
I. Longer Sentence After Successful Appeal
Meany first argues that the district court erred by imposing concurrent prison
sentences of a longer aggregate duration than the sentences that were imposed on him at
his first sentencing hearing, before his successful appeal. His argument has two parts, one
based on federal law and one based on state law. First, he argues that, under the Due
Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, he has a
right to not be subjected to a longer sentence for a vindictive motive because of his prior
successful appeal. See North Carolina v. Pearce, 395 U.S. 711, 723-26 (1969). Second,
he argues that, under state law, he has a right to not be subjected to longer sentences than
were imposed on him for the same offenses before his successful appeal.
We begin by considering Meany’s state-law argument, which is based on State v.
Holmes, 161 N.W.2d 650 (Minn. 1968). In that case, the supreme court held that, if a
defendant pursues a direct appeal from a conviction and is successful in obtaining a new
trial, the district court may not, upon a second conviction, impose a more onerous sentence
on the defendant for the same crime than it imposed before the successful appeal. Id. at
652-57. The court stated that “any increase in penalty upon a retrial inevitably discourages
a convicted defendant from exercising his legal rights and is contrary to public policy.” Id.
at 653. The court was persuaded by the views of the American Bar Association that, on
6 re-sentencing following a successful appeal or postconviction proceeding, “the sentencing
court should not be empowered to impose a more severe penalty than that originally
imposed.” Id. at 655-56. The court further reasoned that it “must be presumed that the
original trial judge gave full consideration to all the surrounding circumstances and reached
a considered judgment concerning the appropriate punishment.” Id. at 656.
In response, the state argues that this court should not apply Holmes to the facts of
this case. The state relies on State v. Vang, 847 N.W.2d 248 (Minn. 2014), in which a
defendant was convicted based on a guilty plea, was successful on appeal in invalidating
the plea, was convicted a second time after a jury trial, and received a more onerous
sentence than he previously had received. Id. at 254-57. The supreme court did not apply
the Holmes rule in Vang for two reasons. First, the supreme court reasoned, “There are
significant justifications for a sentencing judge to impose a more onerous sentence after
trial than that received pursuant to a plea agreement” because “the more lenient sentence
upon a plea of guilty may have been a result of the prosecutor recommending a lower
sentence in return for the defendant’s plea.” Id. at 265. Second, the supreme court
reasoned, “The district court will likely have far more information after trial and pre-
sentencing about the offenses and the defendant, including the severity of the offenses, the
impact on any victims, and the defendant’s suitability for rehabilitation.” Id. In support
of this reasoning, the supreme court cited an opinion of the United States Supreme Court
with similar facts and similar reasoning. Id. (citing Alabama v. Smith, 490 U.S. 794,
801-02 (1989)). The supreme court recognized that the Holmes rule is based on “public
7 policy, not on constitutional grounds,” id. at 264, but, in essence, referred to federal
constitutional law to inform its policy-based decision, see id. at 264-65.
The supreme court’s rationale in Vang does not apply to this case. Whereas Vang
was initially convicted based on a guilty plea and later was convicted by a jury, Meany was
twice convicted based on guilty pleas. Accordingly, the second proceeding did not give
the district court “far more information . . . about the offenses and the defendant, including
the severity of the offenses, the impact on any victims, and the defendant’s suitability for
rehabilitation.” Id. at 265. Furthermore, Meany twice pleaded guilty pursuant to a plea
agreement, and the terms of the plea agreements were identical. Accordingly, the second
plea agreement did not provide the district court with any additional reasons to impose a
harsher sentence.
The Holmes rule is a broad rule. It is prophylactic in nature so as to avoid inquiry
into the motives of the sentencing judge. See Holmes, 161 N.W.2d at 653, 656. We have
considered whether Minnesota law should be further informed by any other opinion of the
United States Supreme Court. We note that, in Texas v. McCullough, 475 U.S. 134 (1986),
the Court stated that the federal constitutional caselaw, which prohibits vindictive
sentencing after a successful appeal, does not apply if the decisionmaker in the second
sentencing proceeding is different from the decisionmaker in the first sentencing
proceeding. Id. at 140 n.3. But it appears that there were two different sentencing judges
in Holmes as well. Compare Holmes, 161 N.W.2d at 650, with State v. Holmes, 140
N.W.2d 610, 610 (Minn. 1966). Consequently, we cannot say that the Holmes rule does
not apply if two different judges imposed two different sentences.
8 Thus, we are compelled to conclude that the district court erred by imposing four
concurrent prison sentences resulting in an aggregate duration of 153 months, which is
more onerous than the concurrent prison sentences that were imposed on Meany before his
successful appeal, which had an aggregate duration of 90 months. Therefore, we reverse
the four sentences and remand for resentencing. On remand, the district court shall not
impose prison sentences with an aggregate duration of more than 90 months. See State v.
Prudhomme, 228 N.W.2d 243, 246 (Minn. 1975) (instructing district court with respect to
resentencing on remand pursuant to Holmes).
In light of that conclusion, we need not consider the second part of Meany’s
argument, which is based on federal constitutional law. But we will proceed to consider
Meany’s three other arguments, each of which would, if meritorious, provide him with
additional relief.
II. Denial of Dispositional Departure
Meany also argues that the district court erred by denying his motion for a
downward dispositional departure.
The Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines prescribe presumptive sentences for felony
offenses. Minn. Sent’g Guidelines 2.C (2022). For any particular offense, the presumptive
sentence is “presumed to be appropriate for all typical cases sharing criminal history and
offense severity characteristics.” Minn. Sent’g Guidelines 1.B.13 (2022). Accordingly, a
district court “must pronounce a sentence . . . within the applicable [presumptive] range
. . . unless there exist identifiable, substantial, and compelling circumstances to support a
departure.” Minn. Sent’g Guidelines 2.D.1 (2022). “Substantial and compelling
9 circumstances are those demonstrating that the defendant’s conduct in the offense of
conviction was significantly more or less serious than that typically involved in the
commission of the crime in question.” State v. Hicks, 864 N.W.2d 153, 157 (Minn. 2015)
(quotations omitted).
If a defendant requests a downward departure, a district court first must determine
whether “‘mitigating circumstances are present’” and, if so, whether “those circumstances
provide a ‘substantial[] and compelling’ reason not to impose a guidelines sentence.” State
v. Soto, 855 N.W.2d 303, 308 (Minn. 2014) (quoting State v. Best, 449 N.W.2d 426, 427
(Minn. 1989), and Minn. Sent’g Guidelines 2.D.1 (2012)). If substantial and compelling
reasons exist, the district court has discretion to order a downward departure. Id.; Best,
449 N.W.2d at 427.
If a district court departs from the presumptive sentence, the district court is required
to state the reason or reasons for the departure. Minn. Sent’g Guidelines 2.D.1.c (2022).
But if the district court does not depart, the district court is not required to state reasons for
imposing a presumptive sentence. State v. Johnson, 831 N.W.2d 917, 925 (Minn. App.
2013), rev. denied (Minn. Sept. 17, 2013); State v. Van Ruler, 378 N.W.2d 77, 80 (Minn.
App. 1985). This court applies an abuse-of-discretion standard of review to a district
court’s denial of a downward departure. Soto, 855 N.W.2d at 307-08; State v. Bertsch, 707
N.W.2d 660, 668 (Minn. 2006). Only in a “rare case” will a reviewing court reverse a
district court’s imposition of the presumptive sentence. Bertsch, 707 N.W.2d at 668; State
v. Kindem, 313 N.W.2d 6, 7 (Minn. 1981).
10 In this case, Meany contends that the district court should have ordered a downward
dispositional departure on the ground that he is particularly amenable to probation.
Specifically, he asserts that (1) he is particularly amenable to community-based sex-
offender treatment; (2) his age and lack of criminal history support a departure; (3) he has
demonstrated remorse, acceptance of responsibility, and cooperation; and (4) he has
community support.
The record reflects that the district court appropriately considered the factors that it
considered relevant. The district court stated, “I’ve studied this case.” The district court
expressed appreciation for Meany’s apology and acknowledged that Meany was amenable
to treatment and probation, though not particularly amenable. But the district court
believed that Meany had not taken responsibility for his criminal conduct. The district
court expressed concern about the harm Meany had caused his victim. The district court
concluded by stating that “the fact of the matter is . . . the incidents are egregious, and
they’re terrible, and this is all about punishment.” The district court did not specifically
comment on each of the factors identified by Meany, but a district court is not required to
do so. Rather, a district court need not give any reasons for imposing a presumptive
sentence. Johnson, 831 N.W.2d at 925; State v. Pegel, 795 N.W.2d 251, 254 (Minn. App.
2011); Van Ruler, 378 N.W.2d at 80.
Thus, the district court did not err by denying Meany’s motion for a downward
dispositional departure.
11 III. Duration of Sentences
Meany also argues that the district court erred by imposing prison sentences that are
disproportionately long given the offense of which he was convicted and the nature of his
criminal conduct. He relies on a statute providing that an appellate court may review a
sentence “to determine whether the sentence is inconsistent with statutory requirements,
unreasonable, inappropriate, excessive, unjustifiably disparate, or not warranted by the
findings of fact issued by the district court.” Minn. Stat. § 244.11, subd. 2(b) (2022).
Meany cites only three appellate opinions, each of which resulted in affirmance of
the appellant’s sentence. See State v. Freyer, 328 N.W.2d 140, 142 (Minn. 1982); State v.
Kraft, 326 N.W.2d 840, 842 (Minn. 1982); State v. Delk, 781 N.W.2d 426, 428 (Minn.
App. 2010). We note that appellate courts occasionally have reversed or modified
consecutive sentences or sentences imposed based on upward departures on the ground that
they are unreasonable, disproportionate, or exaggerated. See, e.g., Neal v. State, 658
N.W.2d 536, 546-49 (Minn. 2003) (reversing more-than-double upward departure of 480
months on kidnapping conviction and remanding for imposition of sentence of between
216 and 240 months); State v. Norris, 428 N.W.2d 61, 70-71 (Minn. 1988) (modifying life
sentence on first-degree murder and five consecutive 60-month sentences for second-
degree assault by ordering three assault sentences to run concurrently).
In this case, the district court imposed concurrent presumptive sentences. The
district court applied the Hernandez method of concurrent sentencing, which is appropriate
under the sentencing guidelines because Meany’s four convictions do not arise from a
single course of conduct. See Minn. Sent’g Guidelines 2.B.1.e (2022). Meany received
12 the shortest possible presumptive sentence on count 7 because the district court imposed a
bottom-of-the-box sentence on that count. In addition, we have concluded that the district
court did not misapply the sentencing guidelines by denying Meany’s motion for a
downward dispositional departure and imposing presumptive guidelines sentences. See
supra part II. These circumstances do not foreclose appellate relief on the grounds urged,
but they provide context for Meany’s argument.
In reviewing the reasonableness of a sentence pursuant to section 244.11,
subdivision 2(b), we are “guided by past sentences imposed on other offenders.” State v.
McLaughlin, 725 N.W.2d 703, 715 (Minn. 2007) (quotation omitted). Our analysis is
“based on our collective, collegial experience in reviewing a large number of criminal
appeals from all the judicial districts.” Rairdon v. State, 557 N.W.2d 318, 327 (Minn.
1996) (quotation omitted). In comparing this case to past cases, we focus on cases with
similarly situated offenders, i.e., appellants who were convicted of third-degree criminal
sexual conduct by a psychotherapist. See Vickla v. State, 793 N.W.2d 265, 270 (Minn.
2011).
Meany argued to the district court that his sentences should be similar to the
sentences imposed in ten other cases in the Minnesota trial courts in which psychotherapists
received lesser sentences, between a stayed sentence and a 48-month prison sentence.
Meany refers to the same ten cases on appeal. But the supreme court has stated that an
appellate court’s analysis of the reasonableness of a sentence should be based on cases that
were subjected to appellate review. See Rairdon, 557 N.W.2d at 327 (citing State v.
13 Norton, 328 N.W.2d 142, 146-47 (Minn. 1982)). Accordingly, we confine our review to
such cases.
It appears that only one of the cases identified by Meany was reviewed by an
appellate court. In State v. Leong, A14-0587, 2015 WL 2184368 (Minn. App. May 11,
2015), rev. denied (Minn. Aug. 11, 2015), the defendant was charged with and convicted
of one count of third-degree criminal sexual conduct by a psychotherapist against a patient
based on a single incident of sexual penetration. Id. at *1-3. He was sentenced to 48
months of imprisonment. Id. at *4. Meany also was sentenced to 48 months of
imprisonment on his first conviction. Because Meany was convicted of engaging in sexual
penetration on four occasions, he will receive four concurrent sentences with an aggregate
duration of no more than 90 months of imprisonment, which is not dramatically longer than
the sentence in Leong.
The state has identified one additional case that more closely resembles this case in
that the defendant was convicted of multiple counts of criminal sexual conduct. In State v.
Tong, A16-1472, 2017 WL 4341771 (Minn. App. Oct. 2, 2017), rev. denied (Minn. Dec.
27, 2017), a psychotherapist was convicted of four counts of third-degree criminal sexual
conduct by a psychotherapist against a patient (as well as one count of criminal sexual
conduct unrelated to psychotherapy) based on evidence of multiple sexual acts on multiple
dates with the same patient. Id. at *1-4. The state represents (based on its review of the
district court file) that the district court in Tong applied the Hernandez method and imposed
concurrent prison sentences with an aggregate duration of 180 months of imprisonment.
We have confirmed that the district court in Tong imposed concurrent presumptive
14 sentences of 62, 90, 153, and 180 months of imprisonment on the psychotherapy-related
sex offenses. Meany’s concurrent sentences, which will have an aggregate duration of no
more than 90 months of imprisonment, will be, at most, only half of the aggregate duration
of the sentences in Tong.
Thus, based on our collective experience in reviewing criminal-sexual-conduct
convictions, we conclude that an aggregate prison sentence of no more than 90 months is
not “unreasonable, inappropriate, excessive, [or] unjustifiably disparate.” See Minn. Stat.
§ 244.11, subd. 2(b) (2022).
IV. Duration of Conditional Release
Meany last argues that the district court erred by ordering conditional release for the
remainder of his life rather than for only ten years.
If a defendant has been convicted of criminal sexual conduct for the first time, the
district court must order that the defendant be placed on conditional release for ten years
after his release from prison. Minn. Stat. § 609.3455, subd. 6 (2022). But if the defendant
has “a previous or prior sex offense conviction,” the defendant must be on conditional
release “for the remainder of the offender’s life.” Minn. Stat. § 609.3455, subd. 7(b)
(2022). For these purposes, another criminal-sexual-conduct conviction in the same case
may constitute a “previous or prior sex offense conviction,” so long as the multiple
convictions occur sequentially. State v. Nodes, 863 N.W.2d 77, 79, 82 (Minn. 2015). But
if a defendant’s multiple convictions occur simultaneously, there are no previous or prior
convictions for purposes of section 609.3455, subdivision 7(b). State v. Brown, 937
15 N.W.2d 146, 155-57 (Minn. App. 2019). A conviction occurs when a district court accepts
a guilty plea and adjudicates the defendant guilty on the record. Nodes, 863 N.W.2d at 81.
At the plea hearing in this case, the district court initially stated, “the court will
accept Mr. Meany’s pleas to all counts four, five, six, and seven.” The prosecutor
interjected to clarify that the parties had agreed that the court should wait until sentencing
to decide whether to record Meany’s convictions sequentially or simultaneously. Based
on the prosecutor’s statement, the court changed its approach and stated, “to be clear, I’ll
hold off on accepting counts four, five, six, and seven.” Meany’s attorney did not object.
At the subsequent sentencing hearing, the district court sequentially recorded Meany’s four
convictions and ordered lifetime conditional release.
On appeal, Meany does not argue that, at the sentencing hearing, the district court
accepted his four guilty pleas and recorded his four convictions in a simultaneous manner.
Rather, Meany contends that, at the plea hearing, the district court accepted his four guilty
pleas in a simultaneous manner and “had no authority to rescind its simultaneous
adjudications.” Meany relies on State v. Jeffries, 806 N.W.2d 56 (Minn. 2011), in which
the supreme court held that a district court erred by accepting a guilty plea at a plea hearing
and by withdrawing its acceptance at the sentencing hearing. Id. at 62. The Jeffries opinion
is distinguishable because the district court in this case did not wait until sentencing to
withdraw its acceptance of Meany’s guilty pleas. Rather, the district court changed its
ruling at the plea hearing immediately after stating that it would accept the guilty pleas,
based on information provided by the prosecutor concerning the parties’ agreement.
Meany does not cite any caselaw for the proposition that a district court may not reconsider
16 and change a decision immediately after it was orally stated on the record, before the
hearing is adjourned. We are unaware of any such authority. It is not uncommon for a
district court to correct or revise an oral statement during a hearing and for the parties to
recognize the latter statement as the decision of the court. In this case, we construe the
record to reflect that the district court did not accept Meany’s guilty pleas at the plea
hearing. Rather, the district court accepted Meany’s guilty pleas at the sentencing hearing
and recorded his convictions sequentially.
Thus, the district court did not err by ordering lifetime conditional release.
Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.