STATE OF LOUISIANA * NO. 2023-KA-0040
VERSUS * COURT OF APPEAL JOSHUA C. RILEY * FOURTH CIRCUIT * STATE OF LOUISIANA *******
APPEAL FROM CRIMINAL DISTRICT COURT ORLEANS PARISH NO. 551-880, SECTION “D” Judge Kimya M. Holmes ****** Judge Paula A. Brown ****** (Court composed of Judge Rosemary Ledet, Judge Paula A. Brown, Judge Dale N. Atkins)
Brad Scott Jason Rogers Williams Thomas Frederick ORLEANS PARISH DISTRICT ATTORNEY’S OFFICE 619 South White Street New Orleans, LA 70119--5045
COUNSEL FOR THE STATE OF LOUISIANA
Jacob K. Weixler WEIXLER LAW LLC PO Box 52197 New Orleans, LA 70152-2197
COUNSEL FOR DEFENDANT/APPELLANT
AUGUST 31, 2023 AFFIRMED RML PAB DMA
In this criminal appeal, Defendant, Joshua C. Riley (“Defendant”), seeks
review of the May 18, 2022 jury’s verdict, which found him guilty of one count of
third degree rape, a violation of La. R.S. 14:43.1 Defendant argues that the district
court committed reversible error by allowing: (1) the victim A.W.2 to testify to lay
opinion evidence; and (2) the State of Louisiana (the “State”) to pose hypothetical
questions to its toxicology expert. Defendant also appeals the district court’s
denial of his motion for new trial based on a Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264, 269,
79 S. Ct. 1173, 1177 (1959) violation—where Defendant showed A.W. falsified
testimony—and ineffective assistance of counsel. After review of the record and
for the reasons set forth below, we find the district court did not commit reversible
error in its evidentiary rulings nor did it err in denying Defendant’s motion for new
1 Louisiana Revised Statute 14:43 provides, in pertinent part:
A. Third degree rape is a rape committed when the anal, oral, or vaginal sexual intercourse is deemed to be without the lawful consent of a victim because it is committed under any one or more of the following circumstances:
(1) When the victim is incapable of resisting or of understanding the nature of the act by reason of a stupor or abnormal condition of mind produced by an intoxicating agent or any cause and the offender knew or should have known of the victim’s incapacity. 2 Because of the nature of the crime, this opinion will refer to the victim by her initials. See La.
R.S. 46:1844(W).
1 trial. Accordingly, we affirm the jury’s verdict and the district court’s judgment
denying the motion for new trial.
FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
Many of the facts of this case are not in dispute. On July 7, 2019, victim
A.W. posted on the social networking app Snapchat that after dinner she was going
to work at Scores Gentleman’s Club (“Scores”) on Bourbon Street. Defendant,
whom A.W. was friends with on Snapchat, walked into the club during her shift,
and the two had a short conversation. After A.W.’s shift, the two of them walked
to a nearby bar, The Three Legged Dog (the “Bar”). Defendant and A.W. arrived at
the Bar around 3:00 a.m. and had drinks together over the span of three hours.
They each took several shots, and, at one point, A.W. left the Bar to buy cocaine.
After A.W. returned to the Bar, the two continued to drink. A.W. became
progressively more intoxicated as the night went on. According to video footage
from the Bar, at approximately 6:20 a.m., A.W.—who appeared to lose
consciousness—fell down to the floor inside of the Bar. The video further showed
that at approximately 6:40 a.m., after A.W. fell to the floor a second time—
Defendant picked her up and carried her out of the Bar towards his car. As
Defendant was carrying A.W., the two fell to the ground, then sat against a brick
wall and smoked marijuana while Defendant caught his breath. A.W. also ingested
cocaine at this time.
Afterward, A.W. fell asleep in Defendant’s car. When she awoke that
afternoon, she was not wearing pants or underwear. She and Defendant’s car seat
were covered with blood. She then asked Defendant to drive her to a drug store.
Defendant drove her to the CVS Pharmacy (“CVS”) located on Elysian Fields
Avenue near the intersection of North Claiborne, where she called 911 at
2 approximately 1:45 p.m. In the 911 call, A.W. reported that she had blacked out
but believed she had been raped. She felt as though she was going to pass out
again. She said she was at a CVS, although she was not sure of the store’s specific
location, and asked for someone to take her to a hospital. About fifteen minutes
later, the police found A.W. walking along North Claiborne and took her to
University Medical Center (“UMC”). At UMC, A.W. underwent a forensic
medical exam at approximately 4:00 p.m.
After the forensic medical exam, A.W. gave a recorded statement to
Detective Brandon McDonald (“Det. McDonald”) of the New Orleans Police
Department (“NOPD”) Sex Crimes Unit, and identified Defendant as her assailant.
Det. McDonald collected the sexual assault examination report and submitted it to
the Louisiana State Police Crime Lab (“LSP Crime Lab”) for testing. He also
collected surveillance video from the Bar. The LSP Crime Lab released the results
of A.W.’s forensic medical examination on October 24, 2019. A.W.’s blood
alcohol concentration was 0.15 percent, and she tested positive for cocaine and
cannabinoids. Based on those results and A.W.’s belief that she had been raped,
Det. McDonald applied for a search warrant to obtain a DNA swab from
Defendant on October 29, 2019. Thereafter, on November 19, 2019, Det.
McDonald obtained an arrest warrant for Defendant. On March 29, 2021, the LSP
Crime Lab released a supplemental report, which confirmed that the DNA
collected from A.W.’s vaginal swabs tested positive for Defendant’s seminal fluid.
The State filed a bill of information on April 14, 2021, charging Defendant with
one count of third degree rape. On May 16, 2022, the case proceeded to a two-day
jury trial. The pertinent testimony elicited at trial is as follows:
A.W.’s Sister
3 A.W.’s Sister testified that on July 7, 2019, she received a call from A.W.,
who was crying and screaming that she had been drugged and raped. A.W.’s Sister
testified that A.W. told her she woke up in a car, without pants on, and that she was
bloody.
Heidi Martin
Heidi Martin (“Ms. Martin”), a forensic nurse at UMC, was qualified as an
expert in sexual assault and forensic examinations. She did not perform the
forensic medical exam on A.W., but she reviewed and testified to the contents of
the documents related to A.W.’s exam. Ms. Martin said the forensic examiner
described A.W.’s appearance as disheveled, glaze-eyed, tired, anxious and tearful.
The forensic medical examiner swabbed A.W.’s genitals and vaginal pool, and
A.W. submitted blood and urine samples. Ms. Martin explained that A.W. removed
a tampon before the examination, but during the examination, the forensic
examiner found another tampon lodged in A.W.’s vaginal vault.
During the exam, A.W. confirmed that she had consumed alcohol within
twelve hours of the assault, and cocaine within ninety-six hours of the assault.
A.W. also had experienced a loss of consciousness and a loss of memory, but she
identified her assailant as Defendant, an acquaintance on social media. A.W. told
the forensic examiner that she woke up in a car with her pants in the backseat and
that there was blood everywhere. She did not remember getting into the car or
leaving the Bar. She said that she and Defendant walked to the Bar and she had
four to five drinks, but not enough to be in the state she was in.
A.W.
A.W. testified that on July 7, 2019, she posted on social media that she was
going to dinner before starting her shift at work at Scores. She testified that
4 Defendant, whom she did not recognize at first, walked into the club during her
shift, and the two had a short conversation. The club’s DJ told Defendant to leave
because the club was nearing closing time, but Defendant answered that he wanted
to finish talking to A.W. After her shift, she changed and walked to the Bar to
meet a friend. She explained that Defendant followed her and kept asking to take
her home, but she declined. A.W. recalled that while at the Bar, Defendant was
very persistent so she sat with him and had drinks. She purchased cocaine from a
friend, and Defendant bought her drinks. She remembered getting very drunk. She
did not remember leaving the Bar with Defendant. Later that morning, she awoke
in Defendant’s car not wearing pants or underwear, blood was everywhere, and she
felt pain in her private area, which she described as having had rough sex. She felt
as if she had been raped. She asked Defendant where she was, and he replied,
“[o]h, you were drunk. I was taking care of you . . . .” A.W. asked Defendant to
drive her to a drug store, and he drove her to a CVS. Once inside the CVS, A.W.
called the police. A.W. said that she started walking away from CVS because she
was scared. A.W. testified that “[she] felt like [there] was still something wrong
with [her]” and that “[i]t was not a hangover feeling . . . . [she’s] been hungover
before.”
A.W. recounted that she met Defendant about three years earlier on her
eighteenth birthday at a dance club on Bourbon Street, where they exchanged their
social media contact information. The next time she saw Defendant was on the
night of the incident. A.W. said that she did not interact with Defendant on social
media that night; the first time they interacted that day was when Defendant came
into Scores.
5 A.W. did not remember ingesting cocaine, but knew she had done so
because her lab results showed cocaine in her system. While there were no other
drugs present in A.W.’s toxicology report besides marijuana and cocaine, she
believed that she had been drugged. A.W. explained that to her understanding, date
rape drugs can get out of your system quickly. On cross-examination, A.W.
confirmed that she had no science degrees and no degree in toxicology and that she
gained her knowledge of date rape drugs from television.
Detective Brandon McDonald
Det. McDonald served as the primary detective on the case. He testified that
he was notified that a female reported that she had been raped and was dropped off
at an unknown location. Det. McDonald instructed the unit to have the victim
undergo a sexual assault examination at UMC. When he arrived at the hospital, he
could tell A.W. had been drinking because her speech was slurred and she did not
remember what happened. Det. McDonald testified that a driver’s legal limit for
blood alcohol concentration is 0.08 percent and that A.W.’s blood alcohol
concentration test results confirmed his suspicions that she was still intoxicated at
the hospital.
Justin Manuel
Justin Manuel (“Mr. Manuel”), a forensic DNA analyst at the LSP Crime
Lab, testified as an expert in the field of forensic DNA analysis. Mr. Manuel
prepared the DNA report in this case and testified that DNA tests conducted on
evidence from A.W.’s rape kit were positive for seminal fluid. Mr. Manuel
confirmed that Defendant’s DNA profile was the same as the DNA profile found
on A.W.’s vaginal swabs.
Hailey Harris
6 Hailey Harris (“Ms. Harris”), a crime lab analyst at the LSP Crime Lab,
testified as an expert in blood alcohol analysis. Ms. Harris testified that the lab
received a blood alcohol kit, which contained blood and urine from A.W. She
confirmed that A.W.’s blood alcohol concentration was 0.15 percent.
Mary Kate Parker
Mary Kate Parker (“Ms. Parker”) testified that she is a crime lab analyst and
performs toxicological analysis on blood and urine samples submitted to the LSP
Crime Lab. Ms. Parker prepared a toxicology report in A.W.’s case, which
reflected that A.W. tested positive for cocaine and cannabinoids. Ms. Parker only
tested for the presence or absence of controlled substances other than alcohol. Ms.
Parker testified that if an individual had a blood alcohol level of 0.15 percent at the
time of testing, their blood alcohol level would have been about 0.3 percent ten
hours prior.
Joshua Riley
Defendant testified on his own behalf. He said that he met A.W. a few years
earlier on the dancefloor at a night club on Bourbon Street. During that meeting,
they kissed at the nightclub and exchanged contact information. Since then, they
stayed in touch on and off with short social media interactions. Defendant testified
that he corresponded with A.W. on social media before meeting with her on July 7,
2019. He asked her what she was doing and she replied that she had to work at
Scores. Defendant asked if he could visit her and she told him that he could. He
arrived at Scores around 2:00 a.m. the following morning. He was there for thirty
to forty-five minutes before the DJ told him to leave. A.W. told the DJ that it was
okay for Defendant to be there because he was with her. A.W. then told Defendant
7 that she had to change, and asked him to wait for her outside. She came out five
minutes later, and the two walked to the Bar together.
They arrived at the Bar at approximately 3:30 a.m. and sat at the bar and
talked. Both Defendant and A.W. had multiple drinks. A.W. left for approximately
ten minutes to purchase cocaine and marijuana. Defendant testified that he carried
A.W. out of the Bar and after walking a block or two from the Bar, the two fell.
Afterwards, they sat against a brick wall for twenty to thirty minutes. While sitting
against the brick wall, they talked and smoked marijuana together, and A.W.
snorted cocaine.
By the time they arrived at Defendant’s car, it was daylight. A.W. got in the
passenger seat and Defendant got in the driver’s seat, where the two talked and
kissed. With Defendant’s assistance, A.W. pulled Defendant’s penis out of his
pants and performed oral sex on him until Defendant ejaculated on A.W.’s hands
and face. She then took her pants off, climbed in the back seat, and asked him to
have intercourse with her. Defendant said that he declined, and A.W. then climbed
into the driver’s seat. Defendant recounted that A.W. placed her hands, which she
had previously used to retrieve Defendant’s penis, on her own vagina. She
continuously asked Defendant to have sexual intercourse with her until she fell
asleep. He nudged her, and she climbed back to the passenger seat. Defendant
then drove to a gas station and purchased cigarettes. When he returned to the car,
A.W. was still sleeping. They slept in the car until Defendant woke up about 9:00
a.m. Defendant said he bought some lunch and then dropped A.W. off at a CVS,
where A.W. said she would have someone pick her up.
Defendant testified that: (1) he did nothing without A.W.’s consent; (2) that
the sexual interactions that occurred between them were initiated by A.W.; and (3)
8 the sexual interactions ceased when he withdrew his consent. He denied having
sexual intercourse with A.W. He further testified that he was comfortable with oral
sex, but not vaginal sex because A.W. was on her menstrual cycle.
During the State’s cross-examination, the State introduced a photograph of a
cellphone that showed Snapchat messages from “JRILEY” to “ME.” Defendant
testified that the phone depicted in the photograph was not his; however, the
messages showed his Snapchat username and some messages to A.W. from his
account. A chain of messages from July 7, 2019, read:
ME: [You are] really f[]d up[.] JRILEY: I never did nothing but help you but yea ok I’m f[]d up[.] ME: Did we have sex[?] JRILEY: No[.] ME: Ok[.] JRILEY: We [were] f[]d up last [night][.] ME: I think I was [m]ore f[]d up th[a]n [you][.] JRILEY: [I know] I carried your ass[.] I’m sorry if you feel disrespected but [I] didn’t[.]
Following the trial, on May 18, 2022, the jury returned a verdict finding
Defendant guilty as charged. On September 23, 2022, Defendant, represented by a
new attorney, filed a motion for new trial. The district court denied Defendant’s
motion on October 7, 2022, and sentenced him to twelve years at hard labor
without benefit of parole, probation or suspension. This timely appeal followed.
ERRORS PATENT
Appellate courts review all criminal appeal records for the existence of a
patent error. See La. C.Cr.P. art. 920(2).3 A review of the record revealed one error
3 Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure art. 920(2) provides that the scope of appellate review
includes: “An error that is discoverable by a mere inspection of the pleadings and proceedings and without inspection of the evidence.”
9 patent: the district court failed to observe the twenty-four hour delay before
sentencing the defendant after denying his motion for a new trial.
Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure art. 873 provides that “[i]f a motion
for a new trial, or in arrest of judgment, is filed, sentence shall not be imposed until
at least twenty-four hours after the motion is overruled.” “If the defendant
expressly waives a delay provided for in this article or pleads guilty, sentence may
be imposed immediately.” Id. As such, if a defendant expressly waives the twenty-
four hour sentencing delay, the district court’s failure to observe the delay after a
motion for new trial is harmless error. State v. Robinson, 21-0254, p. 21 (La. App.
4 Cir. 2/18/22), 336 So.3d 567, 580 (citations omitted), writ denied, 22-00437 (La.
5/24/22), 338 So.3d 1185, application for reconsideration not considered, 22-
00437 (La. 9/7/22), 345 So.3d 430.
The Louisiana Supreme Court has held that a defendant’s pronouncement of
his readiness for sentencing may operate as an express waiver of the twenty-four
hour sentencing delay, but a defendant’s mere participation in the sentencing
hearing is insufficient to constitute an express waiver required by La. C.Cr.P. art.
873. State v. Kisack, 16-0797, p. 7 (La. 10/18/17), 236 So.3d 1201, 1205. The
Court has further observed that, nevertheless, “an error in failing to observe the
statutory sentencing delay may still be found harmless.” Kisack, 16-0797, p. 7, 236
So.3d at 1205-06.
In the case sub judice, Defendant was convicted by a jury on May 18, 2022.
On September 23, 2022, Defendant filed a motion for new trial, which the district
court denied at a hearing held on October 7, 2022. Immediately following the
denial of the motion for new trial, the district court began Defendant’s sentencing
hearing. The State presented a victim impact statement from A.W., and Defendant
10 presented testimony from his girlfriend. Defendant also filed into evidence three
affidavits and his medical records. After testimony, Defendant presented a lengthy
argument, at the conclusion of which he asked for probation and no jail time, and
he submitted a sentencing memorandum. The State requested a twenty-year
sentence. The district court sentenced Defendant to twelve years, less than half the
maximum sentence of twenty-five years. See La. R.S. 14:43(B).
Defendant neither expressly stated that he waived sentencing delays, nor did
he expressly announce his readiness for sentencing. However, he did not object to
immediate sentencing, and he was seemingly prepared for sentencing, as reflected
by the presence in court of a witness who testified on his behalf and his
introduction of prepared affidavits and a sentencing memorandum. Moreover, he
did not raise the district court’s failure to observe the delay as an error, did not file
a motion to reconsider his sentence, and did not raise a sentencing issue on appeal.
Accordingly, although the district court erred in failing to observe the
twenty-four hour delay required by La. C.Cr.P. art. 873, we conclude the error was
harmless.
DISCUSSION
Defendant raises five assignments of error:
1. The trial court erred by failing to rule on the merits of Mr. Riley’s motion for new trial under La. Code Crim. Proc. art. 851.
2. The trial court erred by denying Mr. Riley’s motion for new trial under Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264, 269, 79 S.Ct. 1173, 1177, 3 L.Ed. 2d 1217 (1959) where Mr. Riley showed that A.W. falsely testified regarding significant portions of her allegations.
3. The trial court erred by denying Mr. Riley’s motion for new trial under La. Code Crim. Proc. art. 851 because trial counsel’s failure to impeach or effectively cross-examine the alleged victim, A.W., was objectively unreasonable and prejudicial to Mr. Riley.
11 4. The trial court erred by permitting A.W. to speculate and offer her lay opinion testimony that she had been drugged on the night of her alleged assault, and that the drugs were not detected by toxicology testing because those drugs are “not going to stay in your system long.”
5. The trial court erred by permitting the state to ask hypothetical questions with no basis in the evidentiary record of an expert witness to establish A.W.’s level of intoxication at the time of her sexual encounter with Mr. Riley.
The first three alleged errors relate to the district court’s denial of Defendant’s
motion for new trial, while the latter two relate to alleged errors committed by the
district court during the jury trial of this matter. In order to maintain continuity of
the opinion, we will first address Defendant’s assignments of error numbers four
and five, respectively, followed by a discussion of assignments of error numbers
one, two and three, collectively. Although not specifically assigned as an error and
before addressing the merits of the errors assigned, we review the sufficiency of
the evidence.
Sufficiency of the Evidence
Appellate courts review the sufficiency of evidence used to support a
conviction under the Jackson standard. See Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99
S. Ct. 2781 (1979). Under Jackson “the relevant question is whether, after viewing
the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact
could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.”
Id. at 319. “The principal criteria of a Jackson . . . review is rationality.” State v.
Dukes, 19-0172, p. 7 (La. App. 4 Cir. 10/2/19), 281 So.3d 745, 752 (citing State v.
Mussall, 523 So.2d 1305, 1310 (La. 1988)). As such, “irrational decisions to
convict will be overturned, rational decisions to convict will be upheld, and the
actual fact finder’s discretion will be impinged upon only to the extent necessary to
12 guarantee the fundamental protection of due process of law.” State v. Alexis, 14-
0327, p. 6 (La. App. 4 Cir. 12/3/14), 157 So.3d 775, 778 (quoting Mussall, 523
So.2d at 1310 (La. 1988)).
Defendant was convicted of third degree rape, pursuant to La. R.S. 14:43.
To support a conviction of third degree rape under La. R.S. 14:43(A)(1), the
prosecution must prove that the oral sexual intercourse occurred without the lawful
consent of the victim because “the victim [was] incapable of resisting or of
understanding the nature of the act by reason of a stupor or abnormal condition of
mind produced by an intoxicating agent or any cause and the offender knew or
should have known of the victim’s incapacity.” Id. The evidence adduced at trial
showed: (1) Defendant and A.W. engaged in oral sexual intercourse; (2) A.W.
tested positive for marijuana and cocaine and had a blood alcohol level of 0.15
percent—almost twice the legal limit—approximately ten hours after consuming
her last alcoholic beverage; and (3) Defendant knew or should have known that
A.W. was under the influence of an intoxicating agent when he carried her out of
the Bar after she had twice fallen off a bar stool onto the floor. We find that based
on the evidence, a rational jury could have found Defendant guilty of third degree
rape beyond a reasonable doubt.
Now we turn to the merits of Defendant’s assigned errors.
Assignment of Error Number 4 – The district court erred in permitting lay opinion testimony
Defendant argues in his fourth assignment of error that the district court
abused its discretion by permitting A.W. to speculate, over Defendant’s objection,
that she was drugged despite the results of her toxicology report showing that there
were no date rape drugs in her system. Defendant insists that as a lay witness A.W.
13 has no scientific training or education to make such a statement. Thus, the
admittance of such testimony amounted to reversible error by the district court.
“As a general rule, a lay witness may draw reasonable inferences from his or
her personal observations.” State v. D.D., 18-0891, p. 67 (La. App. 4 Cir.
12/27/19), 288 So.3d 808, 855. “If the testimony constitutes a natural inference
from what was observed, no prohibition against it as the opinion of a non-expert
exists, as long as the lay witness states the observed facts as well.” Id. (citing State
v. LeBlanc, 05-0885, p. 7 (La. App. 1 Cir. 2/10/06), 928 So.2d 599, 603). “The
[district] court is vested with much discretion in determining which opinion
testimony shall be received into evidence as lay or expert testimony.” State v.
Handy, 16-1071, p. 23 (La. App. 4 Cir. 9/13/17), 226 So.3d 1182, 1198 (citing
State v. Friday, 10-2309, p. 9 (La. App. 1 Cir. 6/17/11), 73 So.3d 913, 922), writ
granted, cause remanded, 17-1823 (La. 12/15/17), 231 So.3d 609. “On appeal, a
reviewing court must ask two pertinent questions to determine whether the district
court properly allowed lay opinion testimony: (1) was the testimony speculative
opinion evidence or simply a recitation of or inferences from fact based upon the
witness’s observations; and (2) if erroneously admitted, was the testimony so
prejudicial to the defense as to constitute reversible error.” D.D., 18-0891, p. 67,
288 So.3d at 855 (citing Leblanc, 05-0885, pp. 7-8, 928 So.2d at 603).
A.W., an admitted partier, testified at trial that she awoke in Defendant’s car
with no pants on—her pants were in the back seat—the seat was laid back, and she
was sore in her private area. She said that she was confused when she awoke
because she did not remember leaving the Bar with Defendant. On cross-
examination, A.W. admitted that her urine and blood test were positive for alcohol,
cocaine and marijuana. When questioned further by defense counsel, she denied
14 that she tested positive for any other drugs, but stated that she “[did] feel like [she]
was drugged” and that “those drugs, they can get out of your system within a
certain amount of time.” Counsel for Defendant then objected to A.W.’s
testimony, which the district court overruled, finding that based on his line of
questioning, the defense “opened the door.” Under further cross-examination,
A.W. testified that she obtained her knowledge about being drugged from her own
personal instinct, from being a partier and from television shows such as Forensic
Files. We find the nature of A.W.’s testimony—that based on how she felt, she
believed that she had been drugged—can reasonably be inferred from her
experience as a frequent substance user, and not merely from speculative opinion
evidence.
In addition, even if the district court committed error in allowing the opinion
testimony, A.W.’s testimony was not so prejudicial to the defense as to constitute
reversible error. Review of the record shows that after defense counsel’s objection
was overruled, he continued to cross-examine A.W. and made certain that the jury
understood that A.W. had no formal education in toxicology and that the basis of
A.W.’s knowledge was from television. Moreover, the jury was clearly aware that
the toxicology results did not show the presence of a date rape drug.
Consequently, we conclude the district court did not commit reversible error
in allowing A.W. to testify that she believed she was drugged. This assignment of
error is unpersuasive.
Assignment of Error Number 5 – The district court erred in permitting hypothetical testimony by an expert
In his fifth assignment of error, Defendant argues that the district court erred
by permitting the State to pose hypothetical questions to Ms. Parker, the State’s
15 toxicology expert, which required her to work backwards to determine how much
alcohol someone had in their system at a prior time.
Louisiana Code of Evidence Article 702(A) provides that:
[a] witness who is qualified as an expert by knowledge, skill, experience, training, or education may testify in the form of an opinion or otherwise if . . . (2) [t]he testimony is based on sufficient facts or data; (3) [t]he testimony is the product of reliable principles and methods; and (4) [t]he expert has reliably applied the principles and methods to the facts of the case.
“An expert may base his opinion on facts or data not admissible or admitted into
evidence if those facts are ‘of a type reasonably relied upon by experts in the
particular field in forming opinions or inferences upon the subject.’” Zimko v. Am.
Cyanamid, 03-0658, p. 37 (La. App. 4 Cir. 6/8/05), 905 So.2d 465, 490-91
(quoting Frank L. Maraist, Opinion Testimony—Eliciting the Expert’s Testimony in
19 Louisiana Civil Law Treatise: Evidence and Proof, § 11.4 n.5 (1999)). The
facts or data underlying the expert witness’s opinion may be based on “facts or
data presented to him at trial, thus approving the use of hypothetical questions.”
La. C.E. art. 703 (cmt. d). The “[a]dmission of erroneous evidence is subject to
harmless error analysis and ‘the test for determining harmless error is []whether the
guilty verdict actually rendered in this trial was surely unattributable to the error.’”
State v. Duckett, 19-0319, p. 9 (La. App. 4 Cir. 12/18/19), 288 So.3d 167, 174
(quoting State v. Hugle, 11-1121, p. 19 (La. App. 4 Cir. 11/7/12) 104 So.3d 598,
613).4 “[T]rial error occurs during the presentation of the case to the [jury] and
may be quantitatively assessed in context of the other evidence to determine
whether its admission at trial is harmless beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id.
4 See Duckett, 19-0319, p. 9, 288 So.3d at 174, where this Court observed that the admission of
potentially impermissible testimony was harmless error because the evidence of the defendant’s guilt was overwhelming.
16 (alteration in original) (quoting State v. Johnson, 94-1379, p. 14 (La. 11/27/95),
664 So.2d 94, 100-01).
Defendant contends that the State was allowed to impermissibly use
“unsubstantiated hypothetical questions” to prove that A.W. was in a stupor or
abnormal condition of mind produced by an intoxicating agent as required under
La. R.S. 14:43(A)(1) to prove third degree rape. In support of his argument,
Defendant cites State v. Rovira, 483 So.2d 1093, 1096 (La. App. 4 Cir. 1986) for
the proposition that where the record does not support the facts assumed by an
expert in a hypothetical question, the hypothetical question is impermissible.
Defendant, relying on Meany v. Meany, urges that because the district court
permitted an impermissible question to be posed, this Court should reverse where
the other evidence in the record does not fairly prove the matter addressed by the
improper hypothetical. Meany, 94-0251, p. 10 (La. 7/5/94), 639 So.2d 229, 236.
At trial, Ms. Parker—who was qualified as an expert in toxicological
analysis, including blood alcohol and urine analysis—testified that a person usually
metabolizes alcohol at an average of 0.015 percent per hour; however, the rate
could vary based on the person’s height, weight and sex, or what a person had
eaten. Ms. Parker explained that if one knew the time a subject stopped drinking
alcohol, one could use the metabolism rate to estimate the subject’s earlier blood
alcohol level. The State then presented a hypothetical to Ms. Parker and asked her
if she could determine someone’s blood alcohol level ten hours prior to a blood
alcohol content test. Over defense counsel’s objection, the district court allowed
Ms. Parker to testify to the hypothetical. Ms. Parker stated that, hypothetically, if
an individual had a blood alcohol level of 0.15 percent and ten hours have passed
since the person’s last drink, their blood alcohol level would have been about 0.3
17 percent. On cross-examination, Ms. Parker testified that she had never worked
backwards to determine how much alcohol someone had in their system at a prior
time.
Our review of the record shows that the hypothetical presented to Ms. Parker
assumed facts that the evidence sufficiently supported. As previously discussed,
the video surveillance from the Bar reflects that A.W. and Defendant finished
drinking at approximately 6:00 a.m. At approximately 6:20 a.m. A.W., with her
head and eyes rolling backwards, fell off the stool onto the floor, and almost
twenty minutes later she fell a second time. Shortly after the second fall, Defendant
carried A.W. out of the Bar. The evidence established that Defendant drove to
CVS, and A.W. called 911 at approximately 1:45 p.m. The evidence further
established that the first NOPD officer arrived on the scene approximately fifteen
minutes later and took her to UMC, where she underwent a forensic medical exam
around 4:00 p.m. She appeared disheveled and glaze-eyed, her speech was slurred,
and her blood alcohol level was 0.15 percent. Additionally, Defendant confirmed
that he and A.W. had multiple drinks at the Bar to the point where he had to carry
A.W. out of the Bar. Defendant further testified that he and A.W. sat on a brick
wall for twenty to thirty minutes, smoked marijuana together, and A.W. ingested
cocaine. There was no testimony elicited from Defendant, A.W. or any other
witness that A.W. continued to drink alcohol after leaving the Bar.
Based on our review, we find the record evidence is sufficient to support the
facts assumed by an expert in the hypothetical question—that there was a ten-hour
window between A.W.’s last drink and the time she submitted to a forensic exam.
This assignment of error lacks merit.
18 Assignments of Error Number 1, 2, and 3 – The district court erred in failing to rule on the motion for new trial, and Defendant is entitled to a new trial based on false testimony and ineffective assistance of counsel
In his first assignment of error, Defendant argues that the district court
abused its discretion in failing to consider the merits of his well-pleaded motion for
new trial brought under La. C.Cr.P. art. 851(B)(5), wherein he argued that A.W.
repeatedly testified untruthfully in violation of Napue5 and Defendant’s trial
counsel was ineffective.6 Defendant contends the district court denied his motion
for new trial without addressing his Napue claims and erroneously relegated his
ineffective assistance of counsel claims to post-conviction relief when it stated:
Because I think there are other avenues in which you can plea ineffective assistance of counsel and I believe the Motion for New Trial is the improper avenue for that. I believe that would be more of a [post-conviction relief] application.
We disagree.
Louisiana Code of Criminal Procedure art. 851 provides in pertinent part:
A. The motion for a new trial is based on the supposition that injustice has been done the defendant, and, unless such is shown to have been the case the motion shall be denied, no matter upon what allegations it is grounded.
B. The court, on motion of the defendant, shall grant a new trial whenever any of the following occur:
*** (4) The defendant has discovered, since the verdict or judgment of guilty, a prejudicial error or defect in the proceedings that, notwithstanding the exercise of reasonable diligence by the defendant, was not discovered before the verdict or judgment.
5 Napue will be discussed more fully infra.
6 Defendant’s motion for new trial filed in the district court was also brought under La. C.Cr.P.
art. 851(B)(4), which will be more fully discussed infra.
19 (5) The court is of the opinion that the ends of justice would be served by the granting of a new trial, although the defendant may not be entitled to a new trial as a matter of strict legal right.
“Neither the appellate nor supervisory jurisdiction of the supreme court may
be invoked to review the granting or the refusal to grant a new trial, except for
error of law.” La. C.Cr.P. art. 858. “[T]he trial judge has much discretion in ruling
on a motion for a new trial and, upon review, an appellate court may only set aside
the judgment upon a finding that the trial judge exercised his discretion in an
arbitrary manner.” State v. Williams, 17-0544, p. 29 (La. App. 4 Cir. 3/14/18), 240
So.3d 355, 371 (quoting State v. Chambers, 16-0712, p. 12 (La. App. 4 Cir.
2/15/17), 212 So.3d 643, 650). Thus, legal determinations such as the denial of a
motion for new trial, are reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. State v.
Guillory, 10-1231, p. 4 (La. 10/8/10), 45 So.3d 612, 615. “A defendant bears the
burden of proof when seeking a new trial as a result of his conviction, previously
obtained by the prosecution.” State v. Armstead, 14-0036, p. 25 (La. App. 4 Cir.
1/28/15), 159 So.3d 502, 519. “When the allegations of a motion for new trial are
not supported by proof, a [district] judge properly overrules the motion.” State v.
McKinnies, 13-1412, p. 11 (La. 10/15/14), 171 So.3d 861, 870 (citing State v.
Bueche, 243 La. 160, 186, 142 So.2d 381, 390 (La. 1962); State v. Slack, 227 La.
598, 602, 80 So.2d 89, 90 (La. 1955); State v. Roberson, 159 La. 562, 568, 105 So.
621, 623 (La. 1925)). “Allegations raised in the motion alone are not sufficient, as
a defendant has the burden to show that an injustice has been done to him.” Id.
(citing La. C.Cr.P. art. 851).
In the case sub judice, Defendant brought a motion for new trial under both
La. C.Cr.P. art 851(B)(4) and (B)(5). In support of his Article 851(B)(4) Napue
claim, Defendant offered into evidence the audio recording of the statement by
20 A.W.—which was produced by the State in discovery and could have been used to
impeach A.W. at trial—to show that A.W.’s testimony was false. After hearing
argument of counsel, the district court denied the claim and stated:
Again, the grounds for a new trial, there are five. . . . The Defense had discovered since the verdict a prejudicial error or defect in that proceeding which would be something that, a prejudicial defect or error by the Court, not by counsel. So I don’t think that lies here.
In his Article 851(B)(5) claim, Defendant argued ineffective assistance of
counsel based on his trial counsel’s failure to impeach A.W. The district court
denied the claim, finding that the motion for new trial was an improper avenue,
and ineffective assistance of counsel was better reserved for post-conviction
proceedings. The district court, responding to defense counsel’s argument stated,
“[s]o because you call his performance an error, he may say that that was just trial
strategy.” The district court, reciting La. C.Cr.P. art. 851(B)(5), reasoned:
And then five, the Court is of the opinion the ends of justice would be served by granting a new trial although the defendant may not be entitled as a matter of legal right. What I am saying to you is I am denying the Motion for a New Trial. . . . As we stand here today, your Motion for a New Trial based on Article 851 and the grounds for a new trial, I’m denying that and I note your objection.
Thus, our review of the record shows that the district court reviewed
Defendant’s motion for new trial, presided over the hearing on the motion,
considered the merits and expressly denied the motion under both La. C.Cr.P. art.
851(B)(4) and (B)(5). Having found the district court did consider Defendant’s
motion for new trial, we will now turn to the merits of his motion.
Defendant posits in his second and third assignments of error that he is
entitled to a new trial based on two grounds: (1) under a Napue claim, where he
showed that A.W. falsified testimony; and (2) ineffective assistance of counsel.
Napue violation
21 The granting of a new trial based upon a Napue violation is proper only if:
(1) the statements at issue are shown to be actually false; (2) the prosecution knew
they were false; and (3) the statements were material. 360 U.S. at 269, 79 S. Ct. at
1177. “Furthermore, fundamental fairness, i.e., due process, is offended ‘when the
State, although not soliciting false evidence, allows it to go uncorrected when it
appears.’” State v. Reel, 10-1737, p. 16 (La. App. 4 Cir. 10/3/12), 126 So.3d 506,
517 (quoting Napue, 360 U.S. 264 at 269, 79 S. Ct. at 1177). Thus, “if a
prosecutor allows a State witness to give false testimony without correction, a
reviewing court must reverse the conviction gained as a result of that perjured
testimony, even though the testimony goes only to the credibility of the witness.”
Williams, 17-0544, pp. 26-27, 240 So.3d at 370 (quoting State v. Reed, 14-1980, p.
41 (La. 9/7/16), 200 So.3d 291, 321, reh’g granted in part, 14-1980 (La. 10/19/16),
213 So.3d 384).
In his motion for new trial, Defendant argued that under Napue he is entitled
to a new trial because of inconsistencies between A.W.’s trial testimony and the
recorded statement to Det. McDonald, and that the State failed to correct her
testimony. Specifically, Defendant points to inconsistencies concerning: (1)
whether A.W. communicated with him prior to his visit to her workplace; (2)
whether he showed up uninvited to her workplace; and (3) whether he followed her
to the Bar without her consent. Defendant urged that A.W.’s false testimony
wrongfully painted him as stalker, causing his testimony that A.W. consented and
initiated the encounter to be discredited. Defendant further argued that this false
testimony unfairly prejudiced him and was reasonably likely to have affected the
outcome of the trial.
The district court rejected this argument and stated:
22 So wait, I’m kind of confused as to what you’re saying there. You’re saying she remembers it -- correct me if I’m wrong. You would agree if something happens to you, you could possibly remember it in the hours after it happened, but the trial a year before, you may not recall what happened then. You can recall it right it right after it happened, but that doesn’t necessarily, [. . . ] you not recalling it a year after the fact doesn’t mean that you’re lying. It simply means I don’t remember.
The district court further espoused:
What it boils down to is she never got up there and said I said no. She said she was drunk, she said she didn’t remember, she said she passed out, there was some talk about cocaine, and then he got up there and said there was oral sex. She was bleeding and then he was turned off. At that point he admitted to a third degree rape.
The district court found that any inconsistencies in A.W.’s statements, which
concerned events prior to the alleged crime, were immaterial and did not refute any
evidence that tended to show that the defendant committed third degree rape. We
agree.
In State v. Everett, 11-0714, pp. 45-47 (La. App. 4 Cir. 6/13/12), 96 So.3d
605, 635-636, this Court found that a witness did not perjure themselves when their
trial testimony differed from a State memorandum. This Court explained that the
discrepancies in the witness’s testimony were not proof of perjury, but were proof
that the witness remembered facts more clearly immediately after the incident
versus two and half years later at trial. The Everett Court concluded that the
discrepancies were immaterial and that it could not presume that the State had
knowledge that the witness’s trial testimony was false because of minor differences
in a prior statement.
In the case sub judice, our review of the record, including the audio
recordings, does not indicate the State suborned perjury testimony. As in Everett,
we cannot presume that the State had knowledge that A.W.’s trial testimony was
23 false because of minor differences in a prior statement regarding events that
occurred before the alleged rape. We find the district court did not abuse its
discretion in denying Defendant’s motion for new trial based on a Napue violation.
Ineffective assistance of counsel
“As a general rule, claims of ineffective assistance of counsel are more
properly raised by application for post-conviction relief in the trial court where a
full evidentiary hearing may be conducted if warranted.” Williams, 17-0544, p. 23,
240 So.3d at 368 (quoting State v. Quezada, 13-1318, p. 10 (La. App. 4 Cir.
5/21/14), 141 So.3d 906, 914). “However, where the record is sufficient, the
claims may be addressed on appeal.” Id. An ineffective assistance of counsel claim
is assessed by the two prong test established in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S.
668, 669, 104 S. Ct. 2052, 2055 (1984). “In order to prevail, the defendant must
show both that: (1) counsel’s performance was deficient; and (2) he was prejudiced
by the deficiency.” Williams, 17-0544, p. 23, 240 So.3d at 368 (quoting Quezada,
13-1318, p. 11, 141 So.3d at 915). “Counsel’s deficient performance will have
prejudiced the defendant if he shows that the errors were so serious as to deprive
him of a fair trial.” Id. “Decisions relating to investigation, preparation, and
strategy cannot possibly be reviewed on appeal.” State v. Dantin, 19-0407, p. 5
(La. App. 1 Cir. 12/17/19), 291 So.3d 1096, 1102 (citing State v. Robinson, 18-
1005, p. 11 (La. App. 1 Cir. 4/10/19), 275 So.3d 938, 94). As such, “[a] trial
strategy, even if it proves unsuccessful, does not give rise to an ineffective counsel
claim.” State v. Lewis, 00-1897, p. 11 (La. App. 4 Cir. 10/31/01), 800 So.2d 1077,
1083 (citing State v. Brooks, 505 So.2d 714, 724 (La. 1987)).
24 Defendant contends that his counsel was constitutionally ineffective for
failing to impeach or effectively cross-examine A.W. with her recorded statement
to Det. McDonald: (1) regarding familiarity with Defendant, (2) her willingness to
go out with Defendant, (3) her level of intoxication, (4) her tolerance and use of
drugs and alcohol and (5) Defendant’s conduct. Our review of the record reflects
that the district court, after hearing argument of counsel, indicated that a full
evidentiary hearing where trial counsel could be given the opportunity to explain
his motives or omissions was necessary for the ineffective assistance of counsel
claim. We agree.
In State v. Dominick, 13-0121, p. 12 (La. App. 4 Cir. 11/20/13), 129 So.3d
782, 790, this Court held that there was insufficient evidence to resolve the
defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim on appeal. The record in
Dominick contained two affidavits executed by the defendant attesting to his trial
counsel’s alleged failure to investigate the case. This Court found that the
affidavits did not address the defendant’s contention that his prior counsel was
ineffective for providing the defendant with misinformation regarding prison
programs and sex offender registration. This Court concluded that the record
lacked evidence from the defendant’s previous counsel refuting his claims of
ineffective assistance of counsel. The Dominick Court reserved the defendant’s
right to raise his claims on post-conviction relief where he would have the
opportunity to present evidence in support of his claims to the district court. An
application for post-conviction relief would allow the district court to hold a full
evidentiary hearing on the matter, review the facts and determine the merits of the
defendant’s claims.
25 Similar to Dominick, in the case sub judice, the record is insufficient to
evaluate and resolve Defendant’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim on appeal.
The veracity of Defendant’s allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel cannot
be sufficiently determined from an inspection of the record alone because the
record is devoid of any evidence of trial counsel’s intentions, i.e., whether the
alleged deficiencies were strategy or the ineffective assistance of counsel.
We find that Defendant’s allegations of ineffective assistance of counsel are
more appropriate for an application for post-conviction relief. Thus, the district
court did not err in deferring the matter. This assignment of error lacks merit.
CONCLUSION
For the foregoing reasons, we affirm Defendant’s conviction and sentence.
AFFIRMED