IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA
No. 17-0729 Filed June 3, 2020
STATE OF IOWA, Plaintiff-Appellee,
vs.
KHAMFAY LOVAN, Defendant-Appellant. ________________________________________________________________
Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Mary Pat Gunderson
(motion to suppress, trial, and sentencing), and David M. Porter (motion to
dismiss), Judges.
A defendant appeals his convictions for possession of methamphetamine
with intent to deliver and possession of a firearm by a felon. AFFIRMED.
Martha J. Lucey, State Appellate Defender, for appellant.
Thomas J. Miller, Attorney General, and Louis S. Sloven, Assistant Attorney
General, for appellee.
Considered by Doyle, P.J., and Tabor and Schumacher, JJ. May, J., takes
no part. 2
SCHUMACHER, Judge.
Khamfay Lovan appeals his convictions for possession of
methamphetamine with intent to deliver and possession of a firearm by a felon.
Lovan was not denied his right to a speedy trial. We conclude the district court
properly denied Lovan’s motion to suppress. Lovan has not shown he received
ineffective assistance of counsel with regard to any alleged breach of the
dispositional agreement. We preserve the remaining ineffective-assistance-of-
counsel claim for a possible future postconviction proceeding. We affirm Lovan’s
convictions.
I. Background Facts & Proceedings
On November 19, 2015, a confidential informant told Officer Benjamin
Carter of the Des Moines Police Department that the informant personally
observed a man named “Silo” sell methamphetamine to the informant’s friend. The
informant stated that Silo was always in possession of at least one ounce of
methamphetamine. According to the informant, Silo drove a silver or gray Ford
Taurus. Officer Carter looked up the informant’s telephone contact information for
Silo and found the number was registered to Lovan. Officer Carter obtained a
photograph of Lovan and the informant confirmed the photograph was of Silo.
Under supervision by officers, the confidential informant called Lovan in an
attempt to set up a purchase of methamphetamine. Lovan stated he could not
meet then because he was taking a friend to Crow Tow to pick up the friend’s
vehicle. Officer Carter drove to Crow Tow in plain clothes and in an unmarked
vehicle. He observed Lovan, who he identified by the photograph, drive up in a 3
silver Ford Taurus and drop off a passenger. The Ford Taurus was registered to
Lovan.
Officer Carter had arranged for Officers Brian Steinkamp and Craig
Vasquez to be nearby in a marked police vehicle in case the opportunity arose to
make a traffic stop. Officer Carter followed Lovan and observed that he drove five
miles per hour over the posted speed limit, that he stopped at a stop light directly
over a pedestrian walkway, and that there was a passenger in the vehicle who did
not have a seat belt on. Officer Carter asked Officers Steinkamp and Vasquez to
stop Lovan’s vehicle and arrest him on traffic charges, which they did.
Officer Steinkamp performed a pat-down search of Lovan and found several
baggies containing methamphetamine and a large amount of cash. Lovan was
told he was under arrest, put in handcuffs, and placed in the patrol car. A search
of Lovan’s vehicle revealed more methamphetamine, a firearm, and marijuana.
On December 22, 2015, Lovan was charged with possession of
methamphetamine with intent to deliver, failure to affix a drug tax stamp,
possession of a firearm as a felon, trafficking stolen weapons, carrying a concealed
weapon, and possession of marijuana. On February 17, 2016, Lovan waived his
right to a speedy trial.
Lovan filed a motion to suppress, claiming (1) he did not voluntarily consent
to a search of his person, (2) the officers exceeded the scope of the traffic stop by
ordering him out of the vehicle, conducting a pat-down search, and questioning
him, (3) the warrantless search of his vehicle was improper, and (4) statements he
made before being advised of his Miranda rights should be suppressed. The State
resisted the motion. 4
At the suppression hearing, the State asserted it did not intend to present
evidence of statements Lovan made before he was informed of his Miranda rights.
On the remaining issues, the district court denied the motion to suppress. The
court found Lovan could properly be searched incident to arrest and the search of
the vehicle came under the automobile exception to the warrant requirement.1
Lovan later filed a motion to dismiss, asking for the suppression of evidence
and stating that officers had engaged in a “pretextual search.” At the hearing on
the motion, Lovan stated “that was an impermissible and pretextual stop done by
[Officer] Carter.” The district court stated it would not relitigate the motion to
suppress and denied the motion to dismiss.
The case proceeded to a jury trial beginning on October 3. The jury was
unable to reach a verdict, and on October 6, the district court declared a mistrial.
In a pro se motion dated February 6, 2017, Lovan alleged his speedy-trial
rights had been violated. Although Lovan previously waived his right to a speedy
trial, he claimed the waiver was ineffective after the mistrial. The State resisted
the motion to dismiss, noting Lovan had not revoked his waiver of the right to a
speedy trial. The district court denied the motion to dismiss. On February 21,
2017, Lovan revoked his waiver of speedy trial.
Lovan stipulated to a bench trial on the minutes of testimony on the charges
of possession of methamphetamine with intent to deliver, in violation of Iowa Code
section 124.401(1)(b)(7) (2015), and possession of a firearm as a felon, in violation
1 Lovan filed an application with the Iowa Supreme Court for discretionary review of the district court’s ruling on the motion to suppress. The court denied the application for discretionary review. 5
of section 724.26. The State agreed to dismiss the remaining four counts and join
in a sentencing recommendation. On May 8, the court found Lovan guilty of these
charges. Lovan was sentenced to terms of imprisonment not to exceed twenty-
five years and five years, to be served consecutively. Lovan appeals his
II. Speedy Trial
A. Lovan asserts the district court erred by denying his motion to
dismiss because his right to a speedy trial was violated. In his motion to dismiss,
Lovan stated he should have been tried on or before February 14, 2016, and
argues that because he did not waive his speedy-trial rights until February 17,
2016, his waiver of his speedy trial rights was not effective.
Under Iowa Rule of Criminal Procedure 2.33(2)(b), a defendant should be
tried within ninety days after an indictment or trial information is filed. State v.
Abrahamson, 746 N.W.2d 270, 274 n.4 (Iowa 2008). The trial information in this
case was filed on December 22, 2015. The ninety-day period expired on
March 21, 2016. We conclude the district court did not err in finding Lovan’s waiver
of his right to a speedy trial on February 17, 2016, was prior to the time his speedy-
trial right expired. Lovan made a valid and effective waiver of his right to a speedy
trial.
B. Lovan also asserts the district court erred by denying his motion to
dismiss on speedy-trial grounds, as he should have been retried within ninety days
after the court declared a mistrial. Rule 2.19(6)(a) provides that after a mistrial
“[t]he case shall be retried within 90 days unless good cause for further delay is
shown.” Lovan claims his original waiver of his right to speedy trial, made on 6
February 17, 2016, did not carry through after the court declared a mistrial. He
asserts his speedy trial rights were reset on October 6, 2016, and he should have
been tried within ninety days of that date. We review a district court’s decision on
a motion to dismiss on speedy trial grounds for the correction of errors at law.
State v. McNeal, 897 N.W.2d 697, 703 (Iowa 2017).
The ninety-day period for a speedy trial is reset following a mistrial. State
v. Zaehringer, 306 N.W.2d 792, 794–95 (Iowa 1981). The mistrial was granted on
October 6, 2016, and Lovan was tried more than ninety days later on May 8, 2017.
Because Lovan was retried more than ninety days after the mistrial was granted,
the State has the burden to show (1) Lovan waived his right to a speedy trial; (2)
delays attributable to Lovan, or (3) good cause for the delay. See State v. Taylor,
881 N.W.2d 72, 76 (Iowa 2016).
The State claims Lovan waived his right to a speedy trial on February 17,
2016, and this waiver remained in effect until he revoked the waiver on
February 21, 2017. In State v. Hamilton, 309 N.W.2d 471, 474 (Iowa 1981), the
defendant waived the right to a speedy trial. He appealed the district court’s ruling
on his motion to suppress, and the district court’s ruling was affirmed. Hamilton,
309 N.W.2d at 474. After procedendo was issued, the case was scheduled for trial
and the defendant claimed his right to speedy trial had been violated. Id. The
Iowa Supreme Court ruled that the original waiver was in effect until it was waived.
Id. at 475.
In State v. Mosley, No. 08-1437, 2009 WL 5125979, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App.
Dec. 30, 2009), we stated a defendant’s “pre-remand speedy trial waiver no longer
applied” following remand. In that case, the defendant “reasserted his right to a 7
speedy trial at the first pretrial conference following remand” and stated that he
was “ready to go to trial.” Mosley, 2009 WL 5125979, at *3; see also In re
Detention of Blaise, 830 N.W.2d 310, 317 (Iowa 2013) (discussing the Mosley
decision).
If we were to apply Hamilton, Lovan’s waiver of his right to a speedy trial
remained in effect until he revoked his waiver on February 21, 2017, and
consequently, Lovan was tried within ninety days after he revoked his previous
waiver. See 309 N.W.2d at 475 (“We therefore hold as a rule of this court that
when a waiver of the right to a speedy trial is withdrawn, the defendant must be
tried within ninety days from the date of withdrawal unless good cause to the
contrary be shown.”). However, under these facts, we find the Zaehringer analysis
to be more applicable to Lovan’s proceedings, as his case involved application of
the speedy-trial rule following a mistrial rather than an appeal during the course of
criminal proceedings.
Our analysis does not conclude, however, even if Lovan’s waiver of his right
to a speedy trial did not remain in effect past the mistrial, as there is evidence to
show he acquiesced in the setting of his second trial date. The court declared a
mistrial on October 6, 2016. In discussing a new trial date, the prosecutor noted
Lovan had waived his right to a speedy trial. Defense counsel did not dispute the
statement and participated in the trial date selection.
A status conference order was filed on October 19, setting the new trial date
for February 27, 2017, which was more than ninety days after the mistrial was
granted. The order stated Lovan had waived his right to a speedy trial. Lovan was
personally served with a copy of this order. Lovan requested the continuance of a 8
status conference scheduled for February 1, 2017. On February 3, Lovan filed a
motion to dismiss, seeking to relitigate the ruling on his motion to suppress. On
February 8, he filed a motion to dismiss on speedy trial grounds. He also
requested the appointment of new counsel. Lovan filed notice of intent to depose
witnesses on February 20.
At a hearing held on February 21, defense counsel stated, “[I]t’s my
understanding that a waiver of speedy trial continues in place even after a mistrial
due to a hung jury.” He stated Lovan could withdraw the waiver of his speedy trial
rights and the ninety-day clock would start from the time of withdrawal. Lovan
revoked the waiver of his speedy-trial rights at that time. After the court informed
defense counsel that additional time would be needed if Lovan wanted to take
depositions, defense counsel stated the depositions were necessary. The court
continued the trial date based on Lovan’s request to take depositions. In arguing
a pro se motion, Lovan acknowledged that his speedy-trial rights were waived by
counsel during the course of the setting of a new trial date.
A defendant’s “acquiescence in the setting of a trial date beyond the speedy
trial period is a factor which may be considered in determining whether a defendant
has waived his speedy trial rights.” Zaehringer, 306 N.W.2d at 795. However,
there must be “sufficient additional circumstances” beyond the defendant’s
acquiescence in a trial date in order to show waiver. State v. Phelps, 379 N.W.2d
384, 387 (Iowa Ct. App. 1985). A defendant’s motions and request for depositions
past the speedy-trial date show the defendant waived the right to a speedy trial, as
it showed the “defendant neither desired nor was prepared for a speedy retrial.” 9
Zaehringer, 306 N.W.2d at 796. Counsel attended the status hearing and agreed
to the new trial date.
Lovan did more than just acquiesce in a new trial date past the speedy-trial
deadline. He filed several motions and requested depositions, which further
extended the time before the trial was held. Lovan’s actions show he was not
prepared for trial within ninety days after the mistrial was granted. See id. We
conclude Lovan waived his right to a speedy trial. See id. at 795.
III. Motion to Suppress
Lovan contends the stop of his vehicle was an impermissible pretextual
seizure in violation of article I, section 8 of the Iowa Constitution.2 He asserts the
district court should have granted his motion to suppress.
When a motion to suppress is based on alleged constitutional violations, we
review the district court’s decision de novo. State v. Fogg, 936 N.W.2d 664, 667
(Iowa 2019). We make “an independent evaluation of the totality of the
circumstances as shown by the entire record.” State v. Pals, 805 N.W.2d 767, 771
(Iowa 2011) (quoting State v. Turner, 630 N.W.2d 601, 606 (Iowa 2001)). We give
“deference to the factual findings of the district court due to its opportunity to
2 The State claims Lovan failed to preserve error on this issue. Lovan’s motion to suppress stated, “Mr. Lovan’s vehicle was stopped due to traffic infractions. Searching his person was not related to the alleged traffic violations, which were used for this pre-textual stop.” The State’s resistance asserted, “Defendant alleges that the traffic stop was a pre-text.” The district court ruled the officers “testified the intent was to arrest the defendant for traffic violations once he was stopped.” We conclude error was preserved. See Lamasters v. State, 821 N.W.2d 856, 862 (Iowa 2012) (“It is a fundamental doctrine of appellate review that issues must ordinarily be both raised and decided by the district court before we will decide them on appeal.” (citation omitted)). 10
evaluate the credibility of the witnesses, but are not bound by such findings.” State
v. Lane, 726 N.W.2d 371, 377 (Iowa 2007).
The issue of pretextual traffic stops was recently addressed by the Iowa
Supreme Court in State v. Brown, 930 N.W.2d 840, 843 (Iowa 2019). The court
addressed the issue of “whether, under the Iowa Constitution, a traffic stop for a
traffic violation is ‘reasonable’ even if the violation did not happen to be the officer’s
motivation for the stop.” Brown, 930 N.W.2d at 846. The court upheld prior
precedent that held “an officer’s ulterior ‘motive for making the arrest does not limit
the right to conduct a search incident thereto’ under the Iowa Constitution ‘[i]f
probable cause exists for an arrest to be made.’”3 Id. at 854 (quoting State v.
Griffin, 691 N.W.2d 734, 737 (Iowa 2005)); see also State v. Haas, 930 N.W.2d
699, 702 (Iowa 2019) (“[T]he subjective motivations of an individual officer in
making a traffic stop under article I, section 8 of the Iowa Constitution are irrelevant
as long as the officer has objectively reasonable cause to believe the motorist
violated a traffic law.”).
The State has the burden to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that
an officer had probable cause to stop a vehicle. State v. Tyler, 830 N.W.2d 288,
293 (Iowa 2013). “When a peace officer observes a violation of our traffic laws,
however minor, the officer has probable cause to stop a motorist.” State v. Tague,
676 N.W.2d 197, 201 (Iowa 2004). “The existence of probable cause for a traffic
3 Lovan asks us to adopt a burden-shifting totality-of-the-circumstances test for determining whether the stop of a vehicle is pretextual and therefore impermissible. The Iowa Supreme Court rejected such a proposal in Brown, 930 N.W.2d at 851. We are not at liberty to overturn Iowa Supreme Court precedent. See State v. Miller, 841 N.W.2d 583, 584 n.1 (Iowa 2014) (“[I]t is the role of the supreme court to decide if case precedent should no longer be followed.”). 11
stop is evaluated ‘from the standpoint of an objectively reasonable police officer.’”
Tyler, 830 N.W.2d at 293–94 (citation omitted).
Officer Carter followed Lovan and observed that he drove five miles per
hour over the posted speed limit, that he stopped at a stop light directly over a
pedestrian walkway, and that there was a passenger in the vehicle who did not
have a seat belt on. Officer Carter requested that Lovan’s vehicle be stopped due
to these traffic violations. The district court found the testimony of the officers to
be credible that they intended “to arrest the defendant for traffic violations once he
was stopped.”
There was probable cause to stop Lovan’s vehicle once Officer Carter
observed the traffic violations. See id. at 293. The officers’ subjective motivations
for making the traffic stop are irrelevant because the officers had reasonable cause
to believe Lovan violated traffic laws. See Haas, 930 N.W.2d at 702. We conclude
the district court properly denied Lovan’s motion to suppress.
IV. Ineffective Assistance
Lovan claims he received ineffective assistance because defense counsel
failed to object to the State’s breach of the dispositional agreement and failed to
move to dismiss based on violation of speedy trial rules.
We conduct a de novo review of claims of ineffective assistance of counsel.
State v. Maxwell, 743 N.W.2d 185, 195 (Iowa 2008). To establish a claim of
ineffective assistance of counsel, a defendant must prove: (1) counsel failed to
perform an essential duty and (2) prejudice resulted. Id. A defendant’s failure to
prove either element by a preponderance of the evidence is fatal to a claim of
ineffective assistance. See State v. Polly, 657 N.W.2d 462, 465 (Iowa 2003). 12
Prior to the trial on the minutes, the prosecutor set out the parties’
agreement:
Mr. Lovan will stipulate to a trial on the minutes and a finding of guilt with regard to Count I, possession of a controlled substance with intent to deliver, a Class B felony, without the firearm enhancement; and to Count III, possession of a firearm as a convicted felon, a Class D felony. We will recommend that the Court run those sentences concurrent to each other; so it’s a 25-year term in Count I with a mandatory one-third, and a five-year term in Count III. But as I said, we would run them concurrent to each other for essentially a 25-year term. We will ask that the Court suspend the minimum fine in each of these counts, $5,000 in Count I and $750 in Count III; impose whatever court costs there are and the required surcharges; revoke his driver’s license; and dismiss the remaining counts of the trial information.
Defense counsel and Lovan indicated this was their agreement.
Lovan asserts that at the time of sentencing, the State did not make the
sentencing recommendations it had agreed to and instead made no
recommendation. When the State agrees to make a sentencing recommendation,
the prosecutor is required “to present the recommended sentences with his or her
approval, to commend these sentences to the court, and to otherwise indicate to
the court that the recommended sentences are supported by the State and worthy
of the court’s acceptance.” State v. Horness, 600 N.W.2d 294, 299 (Iowa 1999).
If the State does not follow the agreement, defense counsel should make an
objection. State v. Bearse, 748 N.W.2d 211, 218 (Iowa 2008).
The trial on the minutes and sentencing were held in one proceeding. At
the beginning of the hearing, the court recognized the parties had an agreement
and heard the State’s sentencing recommendation in the recitation of the terms of
the agreement. The court reviewed the terms of the agreement with Lovan, then 13
stated, “So I think I’ve heard the plea discussions that have been talked about
today.” The prosecutor stated again, “[I]t is our agreement that we will recommend
that the Court run them concurrent to each other.” When the court asked the
prosecutor and defense counsel if there was anything else before it imposed
sentence, the prosecutor did not give the State’s recommendation again, although
defense counsel asked the court to adopt the joint recommendation.
During sentencing, the court stated, “I heard the arguments of counsel and
I understood that that’s—that they had an agreement coming into court.” The
statements made during the combined proceedings show the court was fully aware
of the State’s recommendation for sentencing. The State set out its
recommendation at the beginning of the proceedings and then again just before
the court explained its discretion in sentencing. We do not find the State breached
its agreement by failing to give the recommendation again in the same
proceedings.
Because we have determined the State did not breach the agreement, we
find defense counsel had no obligation to object. See State v. Lopez, 872 N.W.2d
159, 169 (Iowa 2015) (“Counsel does not fail to perform an essential duty by failing
to raise a meritless objection.”). Lovan has not shown he received ineffective
assistance of counsel.
Lovan also asserts that if it is determined that defense counsel waived
speedy trial, counsel was ineffective in failing to move for a dismissal of the
charges on a speedy trial ground, noting that counsel recited into the record that
Lovan’s waiver of speedy trial prior to the mistrial was valid for purposes of the
second trial. We note that defense counsel was successful in negotiating dismissal 14
of four of the charges and an agreement for a joint sentencing recommendation.
We do not have a record of the conversations that occurred between Lovan and
counsel. We preserve this claim to allow defense counsel to be afforded an
opportunity to respond and to allow for development of the record concerning this
claim. See State v. Stewart, 691 N.W.2d 747, 750 (Iowa Ct. App. 2004) (“Ordinarily
we preserve claims of ineffective assistance of counsel raised on direct appeal for
postconviction proceedings to allow full development of the facts surrounding
counsel’s conduct.”). “Even a lawyer is entitled to his day in court, especially when
his professional reputation is impugned.” State v. Desimone, No. 05-1740, 2007
WL 750649, at *3 (Iowa Ct. App. Mar. 14, 2007) (quoting State v. Coil, 264 N.W.2d
293, 296 (Iowa 1978)).
We affirm Lovan’s convictions.
AFFIRMED.